PURC Reviewer - Prelims PDF

LESSON 1 : The Nature of Communication ====================================== Communication is derived from the Latin word "**common**," which means, "**belonging to many**" and"**communico**"-to confer with others. It is the mutual exchange of information, ideas and understanding by any effective...

LESSON 1 : The Nature of Communication ====================================== Communication is derived from the Latin word "**common**," which means, "**belonging to many**" and"**communico**"-to confer with others. It is the mutual exchange of information, ideas and understanding by any effective means. Elements of Communication ========================= The **sender,** also known as the encoder, decides on the message to be sent and the best/most effective way that it can be sent. The **medium** is the immediate form which a message takes. The **channel** is responsible for the delivery of the chosen message form. - A medium serves as the **means of communication** whereas a channel refers to the **means of transmission** of a message between the sender and the receiver. - A medium, which is an **abstraction**, can be oral , written or non verbal. Channel, on the other hand is **concrete** and could be a letter, a report, a book, a memorandum, a fax, an email, the television, the telephone, etc. The **receiver** or the decoder is responsible for extracting/decoding meaning from the message. **Feedback** is important as it determines whether or not the decoder grasped the intended meaning and whether communication was successful. Communication does not take place in a vacuum. The **context o**f any communication act is the environment surrounding it. **Noise** is any factor that inhibits the transmission of a message. It is anything that gets in the way of the message being accurately received, interpreted and responded to. LESSON 2 ======== **Communication is a Schemata-driven-**Communication begins within yourself, you begin with what you have already stocked in your brain or with what you have already known or understood about the subject matter of the communicative act. Transmitted messages become understandable or meaningful because of your innate or old knowledge about the messages. **Communication is an interpretative act-** The only person who knows the exact or full meaning of the message transmitted is the or speaker. Being the creator or source of the ideas, he/she has the absolute knowledge about his message. It is called interpretative act because the role of the receiver or listener is just to interpret, infer, or guess the meaning of things appealing to his sense of hearing. different meanings or reactions, these messages are prone to changes. Subjected to the changeable and continued existence of the world, communication is dynamic (A process or system characterized by constant change) as life that goes on and on like a river. Nothing remains permanent or fixed in the world of communication. **Communication is symbolic**- Symbols, signs, or marks like letters, words, sentences, graphs, pictures and other concrete objects represent or stand for ideas that you intend to convey verbally. For non -verbal communication, you resort to bodily actions (gestures, eye movements, posture, facial expressions) voice quality, space and time elements to stand for the ideas you want to express. **Communication is irreversible-** You are free to talk about anything under the sun. But once you utter something, the things you have said remains as it is susceptible to different interpretations or meanings. **Communication is contextual**- An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings doesn't only involve the sender and the receiver, but also other aspects of the communication setting like time, place, topic, occasion, purpose, and manner of communication. **Communication is developmental or progressive-** To communicate ideas is to go through the different stages of language learning that begins from birth to elementary, high school, and college levels. It is not a one-time learning towards communicative competence. **Communication is process-** Several stages of communication take place when people exchange or share ideas with one another. Each stage involves elements with different functions. beliefs agreed upon by societal members. Guided by these standards determined by the cultural group you belong to, your communication becomes ethical, good or desirable. **COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION** - Globalization affect us so many filipinos have decided to work or leave in other country and some of them migrated in other countries in asia, europe or in the US. - The free trade of services and goods all over the world has brought multinational companies and foreign investors to our country. - Global it has something to do with the world or worldwide - Globalization can be defined in various ways. it can mean as the speed up of movements and exchanges of goods products services etc. - ECONOMIC - FINANCIAL - CULTURAL - POLITICAL - SOCIOLOGICAL - **TECHNOLOGICAL** - **GEOGRAP** - **HIC ECOLOGICAL** **WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION** - According to alex gary. Globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders - Globalization is not a relatively new phenomenon; it\'s been around for centuries. Oce example is the silk road. - It has speeded up enormously over the last half century because of the great leap in technology. One best example is the internet which revolutionized the connection. The advent of email made communication faster than ever. The invention of ship, trains and planes allowed us to move around the globe efficiently. - It has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty it has not only allowed nations to trade with each other but also cooperate with each other as never before **EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION** - goods and people are transported with more easiness and speed - The possibility of war between the developed countries decreases - free trade between countries increases - the global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital and the world becomes more accessible and equitable in general - global mass media connects all the people in the world - the communication between the individuals and corporations in the world increases **THE COST OF CULTURAL IGNORANCE** - **Cultural misunderstandings** often lead to lost opportunities and increased levels of tension between people. Communicators who fail to realize that persons from different cultures may not look, think, or act as they themselves do run the risk of having those with whom they interact judge them to be insensitive, ignorant, or culturally confused. The culturally confused pay a high price. The following examples demonstrate the extent to which cultural ignorance affects communication: - **Accommodation -- It is the means by which co-culture members maintain their cultural identity while striving to establish relationships with members of the dominant culture.** - **Assimilation -- It is the means by which co-culture members attempt to fit in with members of the dominant culture.** - **Co-cultures -- It refers to group of people who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture.** - **Collectivistic Cultures -- It refers to cultures in which group goals are stressed.** - **Cultural Imperialism -- It is the expansion of dominion of one culture over another culture.** - **Cultural Pluralism -- It is the adherence to the principle of cultural relativism.** - **Cultural Relativism -- It refers to the acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one\'s own.** - **Culturally Confused -- It refers to the lacking an understanding of cultural difference.** - **Culture -- It is a system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, shared, and used by members during daily living.** - **Diversity -- It refers to the recognition and valuing of difference such factors as age, gender, race, ethnicity, ability, religion, education, marital status, sexual orientation and income.** - **Ethnocentrism -- It is the tendency to see one\'s own culture as superior to all others.** - **Globalization -- It refers to the increasing economic, political, and cultural integration and interdependence of diverse cultures.** - **High-context Communication -- It is a tradition-bound communication system which depends on indirectness** - **Individualistic Cultures - It pertains to the cultures in which individual goals are stressed.** - **Intercultural Communication -- It is the way of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals from different cultures** - **Interethnic Communication -- It refers to the interaction with individuals of different ethnic origins.** - **International Communication. It refers to the communication between persons representing different nations.** - **Intracultural Communication. It refers to the interaction with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture as yours.** - **Interracial Communication - It is the way of interpreting and sharing of meanings with individuals from different races.** - **Low-context Communication -- It is a system that encourages directness in communication.** - **Low-power-distance Cultures -- It pertains to the cultures that believe that power should be used only when legitimate.** - **Masculine Cultures - It pertains to the cultures that value aggressiveness, strength, and material symbols of success.** - **Melting-pot Philosophy -- It is the view that different cultures should be assimilated into the dominant culture.** - **Multiculturalism -- It refers to the engagement with and respect toward people from distinctly different cultures.** - **Prejudice -- It is a positive or negative prejudgment.** - **Separation -- It is the means co-culture members use to resist interacting with members of the dominant culture** - make sure to give a detailed overview of the experience and tell what exactly was taken out of the experience. - be more than a simple summary of the material that you are reacting upon. - include your opinion or reaction to the material. **A REACTION PAPER IS AN ANALYSIS AND AN EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL PRESENTED.** - This may take on a variety of forms: - You may compare the work to other related material; - You may come up with ways to improve the work; - You may express what you learned; - You may concur with the work or argue against the work - You can even use "I" or the first person, in this type of paper. **GUIDELINES IN WRITING A REACTION PAPER** 1. Pull your thoughts together on what you just experienced. Come up with a thesis statement. Come up with what reaction you want to put down on paper. 2. Decide on your organization and format draft your reaction paper.As a starting point for your reaction paper, select two or three major points from the following list and write a paragraph for each point. **REACT TO THE IDEAS PRESENTED.** - Are they clear and suitable? Explain the ideas, give examples of their application in the material presented, and compare/contrast the ideas with your own. **COMPARE IT TO ANOTHER MATERIAL** - How was it similar to the other material? How was it different? Which did you enjoy more? What makes it more enjoyable? Which did you learn more from? **DISCUSS SPECIFIC INSIGHTS OR FACTS YOU HAVE LEARNED OR GAINED FROM READING THE MATERIAL PRESENTED.** - Discuss each insight or fact you have learned in a detailed paragraph, using direct examples from the material presented. Include a page reference to the material you are reacting to. **MAKE A JUDGMENT ABOUT THE MATERIAL PRESENTED AND SUPPORT IT.** - Did you like it? Why or why not? Elaborate on your answer by commenting on the content, style, clarity, validity of ideas and method of presentation. **ANALYZED THE MATERIAL PRESENTED** - What is its purpose? How does it go about achieving its goal? What is the plan/method of presentation? **TELL WHAT OTHERS MIGHT GAIN FROM THE MATERIAL PRESENTED.** - Is it valuable? Is it informative, entertaining, or accurate? Do you think your instructor should use it again? Why or why not? **IN YOUR CONCLUSION, SUMMARIZE YOUR IDEAS AND TIE THEM TOGETHER.** **WRITING A REACTION OR RESPONSE ESSAY** - How do you feel about what you are reading? - What do you agree or disagree with? - Can you identify with the situation? - What would be the best way to evaluate the story? 1. **PREWRITING FOR YOUR REACTION PAPER** - The following statements could be used in a reaction/response paper. Complete as many statements as possible, from the list below, about what you just read. - My Reaction to What I Just Read Is That... - I think that; I see that; I feel that; It seems that; In my opinion; Because; A good quote is; In addition; For example; Moreover; However; Consequently; Finally; In conclusion. - What you\'ve done in completing these statements is written a very rough reaction/response paper. Now it needs to be organized. 2. **ORGANIZING YOUR REACTION PAPER** - A reaction/response paper has an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. - The introduction should contain all the basic information in one or two paragraphs. - The introduction should include a concise, one sentence, focused thesis. This is the focused statement of your reaction/response. - The body should contain paragraphs that provide support for your thesis. Each paragraph should contain one idea. Topic sentences should support the thesis, and the final sentence of each paragraph should lead into the next paragraph. 3. **STRATEGIES FOR WRITING A CONCLUSION** - **Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write, and many writers feel that** they have nothing left to say after having written the paper. A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best part of your paper. - The conclusion can be a restatement of what you said in your paper. It also be a comment which focuses your overall reaction. Finally, it can be a prediction of the effects of what you are reacting to. Note: your conclusion should include no new information. - **stress the importance of the thesis statement,** - give the essay a sense of completeness, and - leave a final impression on the reader. - Answer the question \"So What?\" - Synthesize, don\'t summarize - Redirect your readers - Create a new meaning - Answer the question \"So What?\" - Synthesize, don\'t summarize - Don\'t simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together. - Redirect - Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the \"real\" world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally. - Create a new meaning - You don\'t have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts. IN SUMMARY Organizing - Write the thesis statement first. - Decide on the key points that will focus your ideas. These will be your topic sentences. - Develop your ideas by adding examples, quotations, and details to your paragraphs. - Make sure the last sentence of each paragraph leads into the next paragraph. - Check your thesis and make sure the topic sentence of each paragraph supports it. WEEK 4 **LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS** **\--CULTURE AND CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION** - **CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION** - **Culture is the lifeblood of a vibrant society, expressed in many ways we tell our stories, celebrate, remember the past, entertain ourselves, and imagine the future. Our creative expression helps define who we are, and helps us see the world through the eyes of others. In this way, cultures can be part of culture globalization which involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. Henceforth, globalization brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures. This has been successful through the use of Internet, popular culturemedia, and international travel.** **THE IMPORTANCE OF HAVING ONE'S CULTURE** **A. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS OF CULTURE** 1. **Intrinsic benefits Cultural experiences** are opportunities for leisure, entertainment, learning, and sharing experiences with others. From museums to theatres to dance studios to public libraries, culture brings people together 2. **IMPROVED LEARNING AND VALUABLE SKILLS FOR THE FUTURE** - 3. **BETTER HEALTH AND WELL-BEING** - 4. **. VIBRANT COMMUNITIES** - **B. ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CULTURE** on greater importance as economies transition from the industrial model, and work based on physical labour, to a new model in which knowledge and creativity drive productivity and growth. 2\. Contribution to tourism Culture makes a significant contribution to the tourism industry, further supporting job creation and encouraging infrastructure development. The many festivals and events hosted each year coupled with then province's museums, art galleries, and historic sites, are magnets for cultural tourists. 3\. Cultural planning Increasingly, municipalities are recognizing the contribution of culture to sense of place, quality of life, and community and economic prosperity through a process called "cultural planning." Cultural planning is led by local governments and involves broad community engagement to identify and leverage a community\'s cultural resources, strengthen the management of those resources, and integrate them in all facets of local planning and decision making **CULTURAL DIFFERENCES** \-\-\--Culture influences many parts of people's lives including the food, dress, opinions, identity, **In order to avoid possible problems, here are some ways on how to be**  **CULTURAL SENSITIVITY** - Cultural sensitivity begins with a recognition that there are differences between cultures. These differences are reflected in the ways that different groups communicate and relate to one another. Cultural sensitivity is more than an awareness that there are differences in culture in order to interact effectively either through verbal or non- verbal communication. People who don't recognize differences between cultures fall on stereotyping and discriminating minority group **SENSITIVITY TO GENDER IS BEING AWARE THAT THERE ARE DIFFERENCES** **BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE, BUT THOSE DIFFERENCES ARE NOT UNIVERSAL.** Aspects of Gender: 1\. Assignment. This is the gender from birth, either being male or female, it is also the gender prescribed by the society. 2\. Role. This is the set of behaviours, mannerisms and other traits that society use to express as part of the assigned gender. 3\. Identity. This is what we think the gender should be at any given time. 4\. Attribution. This is the gender assigned to people when we first meet them and is based on a set of cues that differentiate from culture to culture **INCREASING CULTURAL SENSITIVITY** - Prepare yourself. Read about and listen carefully for culturally influenced behaviors. - Recognize your fears. Recognize and face your own fears of acting inappropriately toward members of different cultures. - Recognize differences. Be mindful of the differences between yourself and those from other cultures. - Recognize differences within the group. At the same time that you recognize differences between yourself and others, recognize that there are often enormous differences within any given cultural group. - Recognize differences in meaning. Be aware that words don't always mean the same thing to members of different cultures. - Be rule conscious. Think mindfully about the cultural rules and customs of others. **EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL APPROPRIATION** In 2013, Miley Cyrus became the pop star most associated with cultural appropriation. During recorded and live performances, the former child star began to twerk, a dance style with roots in the African-American community. Writer Hadley Freeman of The Guardian particularly took issue with Cyrus' twerking at the MTV Video Music Awards in August 2013. Nike caused so much anger when they 'borrowed' some Samoan tattoo designs for their Pro Tattoo Tech collection that it actually led to a petition calling on the company to stop sales. More recently the high street fashion retailer, Top Shop, caused consternation for using the Palestinian black & white scarf design for a summer dress. **CULTURAL APPRECIATION VS CULTURAL APPROPRIATION** 1\. Research the Culture Prior to using another culture's intellectual property, it pays to properly research and understand it. Taking without respect, knowledge or insight will ultimately lead to a serious backlash and accusations of cultural theft and cultural misrepresentation. 2\. Avoid the Sacred In the West, it can be easy to sometimes overlook the sacred. What might seem a bit of fun, a joke or an innocent mistake to some, may cause serious distress to others. Much of the world still holds some things sacred, whether that be God, gods, spirits, symbols or anything else. Using the sacred is a serious no-no unless you want to cause trouble. 3\. Don't Stereotype A big issue with adopting from other cultures is that it can be based on stereotypes, often negative and incorrect. It is natural when a foreigner peers into another culture for them to do so with their own cultural preconceptions and baggage. They cannot have an objective opinion nor an insider's insights and therefore their understanding of the culture may be based on stereotypes. 4\. Promote Diversity One area in which many fail when it comes to borrowing from other cultures, is that more than often that culture is not represented in any shape or form in the decision-making process. There is a dire need for more diversity in businesses and organisations, whether media, marketing, fashion or art. Having people with knowledge of different cultures and who understand the psychology of minority cultures or faiths is a sure-fire way of avoiding many of the potential pitfalls. 5\. Engage, Promote & Share Benefits Perhaps the most effective way to avoid cultural appropriation is to engage with the culture you are adopting from. Spend time in it, understand it, engage with it and then when it comes to using a pattern, symbol, headdress or anything else make sure you use that platform to promote that culture, its people and if possible share benefits with them. **CULTURAL APPRECIATION VS CULTURAL APPROPRIATION** - Culture is important in a society, without culture; there is no identity on a particular area. It is the quality of a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arets, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. In Anthropology it is the sum total of ways of living built up by group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another. - In today's quickly changing times, many different cultures are being brought into light, but in the wrong way. We imitate the culture without properly knowing why certain place has that kind of practices among them. We are bound to use one's culture in another way and purpose. - **Appropriation** is the action of taking something for one\'s own use, typically without the owner\'s permission. - **Appreciation** on the other hand is the recognition and enjoyment of the good qualities of someone or something. The two are strikingly different but can easily be confused as the same thing due to the fact that a lot of people don't know when they are culturally appropriating. - **Cultural appreciation** is when elements of a culture are used while honoring the source they came from. It is important to note that appreciation involves respect and value. - **Cultural appropriation** is taking intellectual property, traditional knowledge, cultural expressions, or artifacts from someone else\'s culture without permission. This can include unauthorized use of another culture\'s dance, dress, music, language, folklore, cuisine, traditional medicine, religious symbols, etc. **Examples of Cultural Appropriation** In 2013, Miley Cyrus became the pop star most associated with cultural appropriation. During recorded and live performances, the former child star began to twerk, a dance style with roots in the Africa American community. Writer Hadley Freeman of The Guardian particularly took issue with Cyrus' twerking at the MTV Video Music Awards in August 2013. Nike caused so much anger when they 'borrowed' some Samoan tattoo designs for their Pro Tattoo Tech collection that it actually led to a petition calling on the company to stop sales. More recently the high street fashion retailer, Top Shop, caused consternation for using the Palestinian black & white scarf design for a summer dress.