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⟢ GABA ᶻ 𝗓.ᐟ Introduction to Research in Physical and Occupational Therapy 3.​ diagnosis 4.​ prognosis (how long will it take for the patient to walk — What is Research?...

⟢ GABA ᶻ 𝗓.ᐟ Introduction to Research in Physical and Occupational Therapy 3.​ diagnosis 4.​ prognosis (how long will it take for the patient to walk — What is Research? again? go back to work? be independent) Portney, 2018 5.​ intervention (set goals, make a plan of care, designing your ​ Clinical research is a structured process of investigating study) facts and theories and exploring connections, with the 6.​ outcomes purpose of improving individual and public health ​ It proceeds in a systematic way to examine clinical or social Why do we do research? (Westerdahl, 2013; Connolly et al, 2001) conditions and outcomes, and to generate evidence for – to promote knowledge development decision making ​ important to be more autonomous in your practice ​ don't depend on the physiatrist in making decisions Beck & Polit, 2017 – to guide practice decisions ​ systematic inquiry that uses discipline methods to answer – to validate OT and PT practices questions or solve problems. The ultimate goal of research – to provide evidence for the effectiveness of treatment is to develop and expand knowledge – to provide answers to therapists question — How do we come to “know” these things? — Research in the PT and OT Professions Sources of Knowledge Shirley Ryan Ability Lab ​ tradition ​ rehab + research ○​ ‘that’s the way it has always been done’ ​ recheck ○​ practitioners have standard ways of doing things ○​ limitation: short lived effects when modalities are TYPES OF RESEARCH applied 1.​ Basic vs applied research ​ authority Basic ○​ that’s what the experts say’ ​ principles and theories ○​ basing your knowledge on experts ​ knowledge-driven ○​ more we practice more we develop own style ​ theory focused ​ experience – best if you do not know a certain topic ○​ ‘it’s worked for me before’ – sample topic: caregiver provided PT home programs for children ○​ limitation: they’re not always right; what works for with motor delay: a scoping review (what has been written? one pt may not work for another synthesized from different types of research) ○​ we have to explore other sources of knowledge Applied (action research) The Scientific Method ​ knowledge application 1.​ observation ​ problem-driven (how will this contribute to clinical practice) 2.​ question ​ solution focused 3.​ hypothesis – sample topic: effects of a parent-administered exercise program in 4.​ experiment the NICU: does does matter-a randomized controlled trial 5.​ analysis 6.​ conclusion The Research Process 2.​ Quantitative vs Qualitative 1.​ identifying a problem (identifying the research question) - criterion Qualitative Quantitative check written review 2.​ design the study (methodology: come up plan in answering purpose to understand and to test hypothesis, look at your research question) interpret social cause and effect, make 3.​ implement the study interactions and predictions experiences 4.​ analyze the data 5.​ disseminate your findings objective explore, discover, describe, explain, predict construct PT Patient Management Model scientific exploratory: theory or confirmatory: hypotheses 1.​ examination hypothesis generation testing method 2.​ evaluation  ⟢ GABA ᶻ 𝗓.ᐟ ​ positive relationship does not equate from the data cause and effect subjectivity/o subjectivity is expected Objectivity is critical ○​ if one value increases, does the other value not bjectivity (include biases) (readers do not know the increase? (negatives) intervention) nature of natural environment natural or controlled — Sample Correlational Questions observation conditions (intervention) ​ do students who consume more energy drinks score higher in tests results words, imagery, stories numerical data (means, ​ is there a relationship between energy drinks and statistical analyses) students? 3.​ Descriptive (quali or quanti) > Correlational (quanti) > Descriptive and Exploratory: Observe Variables Experimental (quanti) Experimental: Manipulate Variables, there are intervention Descriptive- qualitative ​ describe populations Experimental Research (Cause and Effect) ​ all qualitative studies are descriptive, but not all descriptive – manipulation of variables studies are qualitative – getting average scores Exploratory– observational ​ find relationships between 2 or more variables For a research to be considered as experimental ​ correlational research – must have key characteristics: Exploratory – experimental 1.​ Manipulation - intervention ​ cause and effect 2.​ Control - introduces control over experimental situation; strict inclusion and exclusion criteria (qualification of Descriptive Research (describe relationships) characteristics; putting limits of duration of treatment ​ developmental research (sequence) 3.​ Randomized - “equal chances of winning”: participants ○​ Either cross sectional (data collection happening have equal chance of receiving intervention, minimizing once; different segments of the population) biases; if no randomization, you will put participants of ○​ or longitudinal (data for a long period of time) certain characteristics in one group (those who want to ​ normative research participate will have more participants = more results); fish ○​ Requires some background in epidemiology bowl method ○​ It looks at the average performance of a group ○​ allow us to interpret patient scores ​ Randomized Controlled Trial ​ descriptive surveys ○​ must have the 3 key characteristics ​ case reports ​ Pragmatic clinical trials ○​ Exploring a novel intervention ​ Quasi-experiments ○​ done if you’re looking a novel topic (not known) ○​ “Took average score before and after ​ historical research intervention” ○​ Missing control or randomization — Sample Descriptive Questions ​ Single-Subject designs (N-of-1) up Topic: student and energy drink ○​ does not mean you only have 1 participant, few ​ how many PT students take energy drinks? participants ​ how much do they consume per week? ○​ collect data from individual participants ​ what are the side effects of energy drink consumption? ○​ rather than taking average scores of overall score for pre and post, take average of each participant Exploratory – Observational Research (find relationships) (pre and post) ​ correlational and predictive research (diagnosis, prognosis) ○​ correlational – determine if there is a relationship Ex. Effects of note taking of students in test performance between two or more variables ○​ if one value increases, does the other value increase? (positive) ​ if both increases, does not mean causality  ⟢ GABA ᶻ 𝗓.ᐟ ​ what is the process by which IDENTIFYING A RESEARCH PROBLEM ​ what is the meaning if ​ hat is the extent of ​ process of research cycle: read write rinse repeat ​ what influences or causes ​ what difference exust ​ between ​ what factors contribute to Let’s Brainstorm ​ neck pain and office workers ​ ankle ​ sprain ​ stroke ​ (cva) and adjustment to disability ​ virtual reality and ambulation/hand function ​ scoliosis ​ pt and ot in PD ​ adhd and school performance ​ feeding behaviors of children with autism I’ve narrowed my topic - now what? So what ek ​ determine if the problem is researchable ​ Consider: ​ Significance - social value as a criterion for ethical conduct of research ​ Feasibility - consider the budget Getting Started in research ​ critical mass - is there enough literature review of ​ “Which question merits an answer?” the topic you are interested in? ​ interest - public’s interest sources of research problems: ​ intellectual curiosity How to State Research Problem ​ serendipity – components of planning a study -​ finding something that you are not intentionally ​ how you construct your research problem will determine looking for (accidental findings) your methodology of research design ​ analysis of practice needs ​ quality improvement Stating the research problem ○​ “redesigning care for back pain” ​ objective/statement of purpose ​ theory ○​ specific and measurable ​ professional literature ○​ verbs consistent with type of study ○​ journal articles ○​ break down into general and specific objectives ​ organizer and systematic determination of research needs ​ question ​ hypothesis When choosing a Research Problem ○​ not needed in descriptive studies ​ what fascinates you? ○​ contains IV (presumed cause) and DV (presumed ​ keep it simple effect) ​ who will benefit and how? ○​ research and null hypothesis ​ for experimental studies ​ treatment: in (population), what is the effect of (IV: intervention or an alternative) on (DV)? ○​ IV - independent variable (intervention) Narrowing. aresearch probles ○​ DV - Dependent Variable (outcome, ​ what is goin on with variable you want to change)  ⟢ GABA ᶻ 𝗓.ᐟ In summary REFERENCES AND CITATION ​ defining a research problem is an iterative process (back and forth) Citation ​ your research problem must be researchable, feasible, ​ also called in-text citation/in line citation significant to the profession, and interesting to you ​ It appears in the body of the paper ​ it can be stated as either an objective, question or ​ hypothesis ​ how your research problem is stated influences Two formats of In-text citation methodological decisions in a research project Parenthetical: ​ Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public's perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016). Narrative: ​ Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage. ​ + In 2016, Koehler noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage. RULES IN IN-TEXT CITATION Direct quoting ​ Include sentence using quotations ​ Include the page Direct quoting: (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199- 201) – Example: ​ According to Jones (1998), "students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). ​ Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? Capitalizations: ​ Proper nouns, including the author names and initials (always): D. Jones ​ Title of the source: if >4 letters (Permanence and Change) ​ Except for short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. ​ First word after a colon or dash: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo." Authors: ​ One author: (Ahmed, 2016) or As Ahmed (2016) mentions.. ​ Two authors: Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports... or (Wegener & Petty, 1994) ​ Three or more authors: (Kernis et al., 1993) or Kernis et al. (1993) suggest… ○​ If there are ambiguities such as Jones, Smith, Liu, Huang, and Kim (2020) and Jones, Smith, Ruiz, Wang, and Stanton (2020)