Psyres-1 Midterm PDF

lOMoARcPSD|29820788 Psyres-1- Midterm Research in Psychology 2 (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by LYEAHANNA EVANGELISTA (levangelis...

lOMoARcPSD|29820788 Psyres-1- Midterm Research in Psychology 2 (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by LYEAHANNA EVANGELISTA ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29820788 PSYRES 1 MIDTERM Guidelines in Selecting a Topic In the title page, all words in the title should be in capital letters. Lesson 5: Research Topic-2 Should be something new or different If possible, the title should not be longer than 15 words. MUST be original Research Topic Avoid long and detailed title that gives too much Should be significant to one’s field of study or information  A research topic or problem is an discipline intellectual stimulus calling for an Lesson 6: The Problem and Its Background answer in the form of scientific inquiry. Should be of researcher’s interests  Research topics must follow the Chapter I 3Ts: timely, trending, and trailblazing. Should be a modest one for a beginner to be carried  Topic or problems are general questions within a limited period of time about relations among variables, or  This chapter provides an overview of characteristics of the phenomenon Should be clear and ambiguous the study and its background. which a researcher needs to undertake.  Comprises the reasons why the Should be specific, not general particular problem is being presented, the previous researches about similar Sources of Research Topic Should consider the training and personal qualifications topics, the importance of the study, as of the researcher well as the operational terms used Prevailing theories or philosophy throughout the research. Should consider the availability of data involved and Observations, intuitions or a combination of both effective instruments to be used Chapter I should include the following: Different subjects taken and from them, identify a Should consider the financial capacity of the researcher problem that interests you the most  Introduction Should consider the time factor  Objective of the study Fields of interest or specialization  Statement of the problem Research Title Existing problems in the classroom, school, campus, or  Hypothesis university The title must contain the following:  Scopes and delimitation  Significance of the study Existing needs of the community or society  Definition of terms  Subject matter or research problem Repetition or extension of studies already conducted  Setting or locale of the study  Respondents involved in the study Introduction Related studies and literatures  Time or period when the study was Discusses 4 relevant ideas: conducted Advice of authorities or experts  Topic or subject matter The title must be broad and at the same time, must be Offshoots of friendly conversations  Importance of the topic brief and concise as possible.  Reason for choosing the topic Incidental from interesting topics of professors during “Analysis of”, “A Study of”, “An Investigation of” and  Purpose of the study the lecture the like should be avoided. TIPS: If the title contains more than one line, it should be written in inverted pyramid Downloaded by LYEAHANNA EVANGELISTA ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29820788  Keep it short. ALTERNATIVE Hypothesis is usually taken to show  In this part, the researchers  Define the problem. that the observations are the result of a real effect; defines who will benefit out of the  Make it well-organized. denoted by Ha findings of the study and how they will  Include citations. benefit from it.  Use funneling technique.  NOTE: In Qualitative type of research,  AVOID making it preachy. Hypothesis or Assumptions are Usual beneficiaries of a research:  AVOID including opinionated optional. statements.  Experts concerned about the problem Scope and Delimitation  Administrators who make decisions or Objective of the Study implement programs The SCOPE describes the coverage of the study;  The subjects themselves  Statement of a long-term objective  Future researchers expected to be achieved by the study.  Specifies what is covered in terms of  It is usually prefixed by this concept, number of subjects, and Those who are directly and indirectly affected by the introductory phrase: “The main timeline when the study was conducted. problemLesson 7: Review of Related Literature objective of this study is to…” DELIMITATION refers to factors or variables that are Review of Related Literature (RRL) EX: not included in the study and the boundary in terms of time frame, number of subjects who are excluded;  This chapter reviews several studies and The main objective of this study is to determine the emotional quotient and purpose in life of prisoners as literature which were written by local well as formulate useful recommendation that aims to  Specify those that you will not deal and foreign authors containing valuable improve the mental state of the prisoners. within the study. information the researchers need as they undertake the study. This chapter also Statement of the Problem This section should BRIEFLY answer the basic provides the rational explanation in questions: conducting the study.  Specific questions which are to be answered in the study.  WHAT - the topic and the variables RRL should include the following:  It can be a general statement of the included whole problem followed by specific  WHERE – the venue or setting of the  Review of foreign literature (books, questions or sub-problems into which research journals, articles, researches, etc.) the general problem is broken up.  WHEN – time frame by which the  Review of local literature (books, study was conducted journals, articles, researches, etc.) Hypothesis  WHO – participants or respondents,  Theoretical framework population, and sampling  Conceptual framework  WHY – general purpose of the study  Research paradigm  A tentative answer to a research problem  HOW – the methodology of the research (research design, methods, Purposes and Functions of RRL NULL Hypothesis is the one that states NO research instrument) relationship between variables. Its function is to let the research test the hypothesis statistically; denoted by Ho  To provide justification of the study Significance of the Study  To identify gaps, problems, and needs of related studies Downloaded by LYEAHANNA EVANGELISTA ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29820788  To provide rationale of the study as well  Coherence principle must be observed EX: Taylor and Todd (1995) suggested that social as the reasons of conducting the study in writing literature review. influence affects other people’s opinion, superior  To have basis that will be used to influence, and peer influence. support findings of the study How to Write a Literature Review  INTRODUCTORY 3 Kinds of Literature Review 1.Identify the general topic of the sources under review. 2.Discuss what was already presented about the topic Verb_Author_(Year)_Statement 1. RESEARCH LITERATURE- these (describe, summarize, identify key concepts) are empirically-based, like scientific EX: As suggested by Taylor and Todd (1995), social paper, theses, and dissertations, both 3.Explain why the literature used is worth reviewing influence affects other people’s opinion, superior published and unpublished, coming (compare and contrast) influence, and peer influence. from local and foreign sources. 2. CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE- it 4.Input of your conclusions or inferences Citation Guidelines contains foreign and/or local literature coming from books relevant to the Citations / References  Works by multiple authors: study, but are data-free or non-empirical  When a work has two authors, always material.  Acknowledgement of the authors and/or cite both names EVERY TIME the 3. GRAY LITERATURE- from other sources of the article, journal, or any reference occurs in the text. sources such as magazines, newspapers, literature that was reviewed  In a narrative text, join the names of the flyers, and other forms of material.  A way of strengthening or concretizing two authors with the word “and”. one’s idea Characteristic of the Materials to be Cited  Referencing is a method used to EX: As Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated, demonstrate to the readers that you have scholastic standing impacts the confidence level of the  The review material must be current, at conducted a thorough and appropriate student. least 10 years back. literature search and reading. Materials must be as objective and  CITATION STYLE- predefined styles   In parenthetical material, join the names unbiased as possible. stating how to properly cite or give with an ampersand (&).  Materials must be relevant to the study. credit to the sources of your literature. EX: It was believed that scholastic standing impacts Sources of Related Literature and Studies Ways to Properly Cite a Material the confidence level of the student (Leiter & Maslach, 1988)  Graduate theses and dissertation  IMPLICIT  Encyclopedia of Educational Research  Works by multiple authors:  Journals Statement_(Authors, year)  When a work has more than two  Articles authors, cite all the authors the first time  Books EX: An e-learning system with higher educational the reference occurs.  Internet sites and resources (website, e- compatibility is believed to effectively facilitate the journals, e-books) learning processes of students (Xu & Wang, 2006). EX: Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found that  Dictionaries in education or other field there is a strong relationship between parenting style of of specialization  EXPLICIT parents and the personality dynamics of their child. Author_(Year)_Verb_Statement Downloaded by LYEAHANNA EVANGELISTA ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29820788 It was found that there is a strong relationship EX: As Hail (1999) asserts, “culture also defines  OUTPUT: What are the expected results between parenting style of parents and the personality boundaries of different groups” (as cited in Samovar & of the study? (main objective) dynamics of their child (Kahneman, Knetsch, Porter, 1997, p.14) and Thaler, 1991) Bibliography Theoretical Framework  Works by multiple authors:  A list of all the sources of articles,  When the citation is made the second  Foundation of the research study; highly studies, and journals utilized in the or third time, you can include the related theories and principles that were study. surname of the first author followed established and proven by  Each citation found anywhere on the by “et.al” experts/authorities. research should also be found on the list  Refers to set of interrelated construct, of references. definitions, and prepositions that EX: Kahneman, et. al, (1991) found that there is a  Must follow the APA format. presents a systematic view of strong relationship between parenting style of parents phenomena. and the personality dynamics of their child. REMINDER: It was found that there is a strong relationship Conceptual Framework between parenting style of parents and the personality  ALWAYS save the sources of your dynamics of their child (Kahneman, et. al 1991) RRLs (website links, authors, title of  A tentative explanation of the books/journals, articles, etc.). phenomenon or problem and serves as  For the complete guidelines and format  IN-TEXT CITATION- used when the basis for the formulation of research for bibliography, kindly download the directly quoting or paraphrasing a hypotheses. APA citation guidelines from the source.  It includes the investigator’s own website.  DIRECT QUOTATION – use position on the problem based on the quotation marks around the quote various theories that are related to the and include page numbers. topic.   It is the researcher’s new model which  Field of specialization or discipline that has its roots on the previous models will gain contribution of knowledge EX: Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that which the researcher has studied.  Specific sectors who will also benefit “language involves attaching meaning to symbols”  Narrative explanation of the research from the study (p.188). paradigm. Alternatively, “Language involves meaning to TIPS: symbols” (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188) Research Paradigm  Refer to the statement of the problem  INDIRECT QUOTATION – no  A diagrammatic representation of a  Write from general to specific quotation marks. conceptual framework.  It shows the flow of the research and Definition of Terms EX: Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be how the study will be conducted. the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter,  It should follow the IPO Model  Only terms, words, or phrases which 1997). (INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT) have special or unique meanings or roles  INPUT: Who are your respondents? in the study are defined.  PROCESS: How will the study be  CITATIONS FROM A SECONDARY  Terms should be arranged conducted? SOURCE alphabetically. Downloaded by LYEAHANNA EVANGELISTA ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29820788  Terms should be Research Methodology should include the following: Sampling – process of selecting the sample or a portion defined operationally and conceptually of the population.  Research Design Population – consists of all the members of the group  Research Setting about which the researchers want to draw a conclusion. Conceptual definition – describes what a construct or  Research Subjects word actually means; dictionary meaning  Research Ethics Sample – a portion or part of the population of interest  Research Instruments selected for analysis; subset of the population elements Operational definition – describes how the particular  Validation of Instruments construct or word was used in the study.  Data Gathering Procedure REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE – one whose  Statistical Treatment characteristics closely approximate those of the TIPS in writing your D.O.T.: population Research Design  Include the variables involve in your –The bigger the sample, the better and this is because study (IV, DV, sub-variables). –Discusses the approach (qualitative/quantitative) and of the sampling error.  Include words and concepts related to design (phenomenology, experimental, descriptive, your main variable. etc.) use in the study. –Sampling error occurs if the selection of the sample  Include terms that may be considered as does not take place in the way that it was planned. jargons. –In this part, the reason(s) why the design was chosen must be justified. –Sampling error can result in the over-representation or under-representation of some segment of the Lesson 8: Research Methodology population. –Identification of the independent and dependent variables are also included on this chapter. Research Methodology –Sampling error depends on the size of the sample. Research Setting –This chapter covers the methods of the research, the Types of Non-Probability Sampling: variety of procedures made, and the entire preparation –Description of the geographical characteristic of the of the study. place of study 1.Convenience sampling – selection of the samples based on the convenience of the researcher. Research methodology is written with 2 purposes in –State the reasons why the specific locale was chosen mind: - also called as the accidental sampling –In special cases, anonymity must always be observed 1.Replicate EX: Stopping people in the street to conduct an Research Subjects interview or to administer a survey questionnaire. 2.Evaluate –Description of the demographic characteristics of the 2. Purposive sampling – the selection of  In this section, the researcher writes participants in the study the sample is based on the selective each sub-section concisely yet judgment of the researcher. completely to provide enough detail for –Explanation of the population and sampling a competent reader to replicate the study procedures should also be discussed: - also called as judgmental sampling and reproduce the results.  This section also ensures that the study  Number of respondents - there is a criteria set by the researchers that is has undergone scientific process and  Profile of the respondents relevant to the topic under study that the tools utilized in the study are  Sampling technique used valid and reliable. - Disadvantage: researcher’s judgment may be in Sampling: error. Downloaded by LYEAHANNA EVANGELISTA ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29820788 EX: The HR director interviews only those qualified 2. Systematic sampling - a process of EX: If we want to conduct a survey about the opinion candidates (based on the initial interviewer’s judgment) selecting the kth element in the of Manila regarding the war on drugs campaign, we for the final interview. population until the desired number of may use the cluster sampling by: samples is attained. 1.Subdividing Manila into districts then select at 3. Quota sampling – the researcher random the number of district to be included; identifies population sections or strata - the researchers set the sample size (n); the size of the and decides how many participants are population is known (N); then through dividing N by n, 2.From the chosen districts, choose particular required from each section. the sampling interval width (k) is determined. barangays to be part of the samples. SAMPLING INTERVAL – standard distance between Research Ethics - usually, the stratification is based on variables element chosen for the sample. relevant to the study. –This is the section where the researcher can attest that EX: The researcher sets 100 as the sample size from a the study was conducted with consideration to the - allows better representation of the population population of 2,000 students found on the student rights of the human subjects they will involve in the EX: A researcher conducts a study about the academic directory: study. performance of SHS students. He uses quota sampling K = 2,000 ÷ 100 –Ethical principles observed in the study and how it technique to make sure there is equal number of students coming from all academic strands. was maintained (ex: ethical board reviews, permissions K = 20 on animal usage, etc.)should be enumerated. 4. Snowball sampling – a technique In other words, every 20th student from the list would Research Ethical Considerations: wherein initial sample members are be sampled. asked to refer other people who meet the 1.Intellectual property – a work or invention that is the criteria required by the researcher. 3. Stratified sampling – the population is result of creativity to which one has rights and for divided into subgroups or strata. After which one may apply for a patent, copyright, - based on the assumption that people who share the the stratification, an appropriate number trademark, etc. same traits or experiences know each other. of elements are selected from each stratum randomly. 2.Informed-consent – ensures that the individuals - useful for subjects who are hard to find involved are voluntarily participating. EX: Supposed that you are studying about the self- 3.Respect for confidentiality and privacy – security EX: A researcher asks his first participant to refer confidence of Grade 11 students from all of the measures used to protect information divulged by the other businessman who also earns at least 3 million per academic strands in OLFU-QC and you want to obtain respondents. year. a total number of 300 as samples. Types of Probability Sampling: – Maintaining Anonymity means that the researchers 4. Cluster sampling – is a method of do not collect identifying information such as name, 1.Simple random sampling – most basic probability selecting cluster from a population that address, email address, etc. sampling technique. is large and widely dispersed over a wide geographical area. Research Instruments - selection of sample is purely based on chance and each member of the population has equal chance of –Each questionnaire used in the study must be being selected as a sample. - also known as multi-stage sampling described in detail here: EX: Fishbowl technique - the resulting design is described in terms of the number of sampling stages (three-stage cluster  Number and types of questionnaires sampling) used; Downloaded by LYEAHANNA EVANGELISTA ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29820788  Number of items;  Whether the instruments is borrowed/standardized, adapted, or self-made (for borrowed instruments, permission must be obtained); –Modification and/or construction of tools specific for the study must be carefully described in detail. Validation of Instruments –Reliability and validity of the instruments used should also be explained. RELIABILITY – consistency of the test/instruments VALIDITY – accuracy of the test/instruments; states if the tests measures what it intends to measure –For borrowed/standardized test instruments, reliability and validity testing of the questionnaire should be included. –For adapted test instruments, indicate the original tool used as reference and explain modifications made. –For self-made test instruments, explain how did it undergo validity checking. Data Gathering Procedure –The step-by-step process must be explained comprehensively by the researchers. –For studies where subjects are exposed to a certain intervention (usually in experiments), the intervention must be described in detail. Statistical Treatment –This pertains to the statistical formula used in the study in order to analyzed the data being gathered. –Statistical treatment used for particular variables and the purpose of this statistical measures should also be discussed. 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