Psychology of Communication: Introduction to Communication PDF

PSYCHOLOGY OF Presentational - Meaning that adapting the message to a wider 4. Channel - (Sound waves - part of COMMUNICATION: through communication we can context to be able to connect to physics); is the me...

PSYCHOLOGY OF Presentational - Meaning that adapting the message to a wider 4. Channel - (Sound waves - part of COMMUNICATION: through communication we can context to be able to connect to physics); is the message INTRODUCTION TO convey our perspective/version of the audience. 'conveyer'. The manner in which COMMUNICATION things/objects/facts, etc. We can the message moves from source LESSON 1 choose words in such a way to to receiver example airwaves, __________________________ change meaning to show or POV. soundwaves, light waves, etc. Transactional - meaning that it is 5. Feedback - (given by Raj); refers INTRODUCTION TO an action, the action being the to message sent back to the COMMUNICATION sending of the message and to the speaker, reacting to what the receiver, it is exchange between two speaker has said, through non- What is Communication? or more individuals, to create a verbals and verbals. Silence is a Communication is a process which shared understanding, which can be Components of Communication form of feedback - example the involves the transactional use of perceived in different ways. lecturer asks question, and the symbols as a way to form messages Representational - Meaning that 1. People - (Sheldon); People can students do not respond. Can and to generate meaning. through communication we can be sources and receivers of either positive/negative, Communication is: (SCRIPTRR) convey facts and information. communication at the same time, immediate/delayed, Requires Meaning - the meaning and this is a continuous process. supportive/Critical. Symbolic - that it can represent that is attached to symbols which There are things that influence 6. Encoding & Decoding - something else, such as a symbol, people understand. We are our communication such as (Le(ncoding)onard(ecoding) ); sign, object, etc. Signs are speaking about the social gender, culture, race, etc by for related to meaning and making. indicators of something specific and construction of meaning, since it a instance, when it comes to encoding - producing messages + that is unchangeable across SC, meaning is subject to time and shaping and perceiving the process of translating a cultures, such as fire. Symbols place. Symbols also differ in messages. thought or idea in a code, whilst have no direct connection to what meaning based on relational 2. Message - (Speech Bubble); are decoding is receiving messages + they represent for instance, words context, situational context. There is words, sounds, actions, gestures, is assigning meaning into a code. are symbolic - because we choose a verbal and non-verbal influence in that we express to one another Decoding can lead to specific words to refer to an object, meaning. when we interact. It can be both misunderstanding through however, in other cultures, they verbal and non-verbal - tone of assumptions, inadequacy of might refer to it in another way, Requirements for Effective voice, facial expression, symbols. descriptions hence why it is a symbol not a sign. Communication Can be simple or complex, long 7. Noise - (Television); is the Cultural - culture and In order for communication to be or short and un/intentional; interference in the surroundings. communication, cannot be effective, it has to produce (unintentional exmaple blushing) It disrupts the transmission of the separated from one another, favourable outcomes. (CAF) 3. Code - (Bazinga + its meaning); message and it affects the clarity because they reinforce each other. "is a systematic arrangement of of the message. Can be physical, Relational - relationships affect Context - It is important that the symbols used to create meaning visual, spatial (personal space), communication, and communication communication method is suitable in the mind of another person or physiological, psychological affects relationships. for the context. persons." (Pearson et al, 2013, example pain, anxiety, etc. Involves Frames - the cultural Audience - Communication p.12) There are verbal codes 8. Situation - (Living Room - assumptions built-in within different needs to be appropriate, such as language' language is informal); where the contexts and relationships. For depending on the norms of the code symbol - so we translate the communication happens and instance, restaurant frame, job audience, so that you’ll be able to words and grammatical takes place. There are a range of interview frame. These frames allow connect with the audience and phenomena into meaning. contexts such as informal and coordination to take place. So take into account the audience’s Language can express thought formal context. The relationship communication frames limit us to a POV. and feelings. It can also be non- also effects situation. The channel certain boundary to certain things Flexibility - By applying your verbal such as piercings, what we can also interfere and aid the within that context or relationships. point in different context and wear, etc. situation. What is meant personal  communication - feeling example a discussion programme Interpersonal Communication: are actually acting the part. Such comfortable in terms of that descends into chaos. Others establish relationships, fulfil needs of experiments are often used to gain communication times lack of empathy and poor belonging, dyadic communication insight into social psychology listening can lead to and small group communication phenomena. Communication Principles misunderstandings. example families. 7. Communication is pervasive: Public Communication: Using Do people really stop to appreciate 1. Communication begins with the Meaning that communication is messages to generate meanings the beauty of the world? How can self: how one perceives always occurring around us, where one speaker transmits a society encourage people to engage themselves, and how they talk example the little voice in their message to a number of physically in healthy behaviors? Is there about themselves. This is effected heads, this is called the inner seen receivers. anything that can be done to bring by how they have been treated by dialogue. We are constantly Mass Communication: is the peace to rival groups? other people as well. observing people, picking up process of using messages to 2. Communication involves intentional or unintentional generate meaning in a mediated Social psychologists have been others: What are the messages messages and decoding them system (the transmission channels tackling questions like these for that you have received from and judging people in a way. used). There is a source and large decades, and some of the results of others? Did they understand you? However, later on maybe these number of unseen receivers. their experiments just might surprise How do they perceive you? judgements might be proven Example TV, Radio. you. 3. Communication has both a wrong. Digitally Mediated content and a relational 8. Communication cannot be Communication (DMC): email, 1. Robbers Cave Social dimension: describes the reversed: once you've said it, it's twitter, snapchat, Facebook, Experiment: Children playing in a behaviour that is expected. What out there..., this means that we Instagram. Can be asynchronous forest kind of relationship exists have to be careful about what and communication - sending a message – Why do conflicts tend to occur between communication? how we communicate, especially via VLE (not something that is sent between different groups? Relational messages can be if we do not wish to hurt others or instantaneous once sent), – According to psychologist Muzafer harder to understand. How you cause offence. Sometimes we synchronous - the instant message Sherif, intergroup conflicts tend to say it, the situation, etc. hurt each other. is received once instantly sent. arise from competition for 4. Communication involves Requires digital literacy. The variety resources, stereotypes, and choices: how to share a of the devices that range and differ prejudices. message - greatly in comparison to some years language/verbal/nonverbal, which ago. It can be used for positive 2. The 'Violinist in the Metro' transmission channels are used, things, but also for negative things Social Experiment relationships, variables involved unfortunately. – The experiment raised some can have a strong influence. interesting questions about how 5. Communication is complicated: PSYCH OF COMM we not only value beauty but the quality of the message, the LESSON 2 whether we truly stop to verbal and the non-verbal __________________________ appreciate the remarkable works aspects, the transmission Communication Concepts of beauty that are around us. channels might not be clear and SOCIAL EXPERIMENT is a type of therefore, not as straightforward Intrapersonal Communication: is research performed in psychology to 3. The Piano Stairs Social as we believe. that voice inside your head, it is investigate how people respond in Experiment 6. Communication quantity does using messages to generate certain social situations. – How can you get people to change not increase communication meaning inside our heads, we are their daily behavior and make quality: Increased constantly planning, and organising In many of these experiments, the healthier choices? In one social communication can divide people our thoughts. How does the experimenters will include experiment sponsored by as they begin to realise how really individual speaks to himself? In a confederates who are people who Volkswagen as part of their Fun divided and in conflict they are negative or in a positive manner? act like regular participants but who Theory initiative, making even the  most mundane activities fun can – The experiment is a great discovered that when people hold participants interact with people who inspire people to change their example of how much people rely a good impression of one are either average looking or very behavior. on the responses of others to characteristic, those good feelings beautiful, and then ask the – Adding an element of fun can guide their actions. tend to affect perceptions of other respondents to rate the individual on inspire people to change their – When something is happening, qualities. unrelated qualities such as behavior and choose the healthier but no one seems to be 8. False Consensus Social intelligence, skill, and kindness. The alternative. responding, people tend to take Experiment purpose of this social experiment their cues from the group and – During the late 1970s, researcher would be to seek if more attractive 4.The Marshmallow Test Social assume that a response is not Lee Ross and his colleagues people are also seen as being Experiment required. performed some eye-opening smarter, more capable, and nicer. – During the late 1960s and early experiments. In one experiment, 1970s, a psychologist named 6. Carlsberg Social Experiment the researchers had participants What was one of the best known Walter Mischel led a series of – Have you ever felt like people choose a way to respond to an social experiments? experiments on delayed have judged you unfairly based imagined conflict and then The Milgram obedience gratification. Mischel was on your appearance? Or have estimate how many people would experiment is one of the most interested in learning whether the you ever gotten the wrong first also select the same resolution. famous social experiments ever ability to delay gratification might impression of someone based on – The results of these experiments performed. In the experiment, be a predictor of future life how they looked? Unfortunately, demonstrate what is known in researchers instructed participants success. people are all too quick to base psychology as the false to deliver what they believed was a – The results suggest that this their decisions on snap judgments consensus effect. painful or even dangerous electrical ability to wait for gratification is made when they first meet – No matter what our beliefs, shock to another person. In reality, not only an essential skill for people. options, or behaviors, we tend to the person pretending to be shocked success but also something that – These impressions based on believe that the majority of other was an actor and the electrical forms early on and lasts what's on the outside sometimes people also agree with us and act shocks were simply pretend. throughout life. cause people to overlook the the same way we do. Milgram's results suggested that as characteristics and qualities that many as 65% of participants would 5. The Smoky Room Social lie on the inside. A Word From Verywell deliver a dangerous electrical shock Experiment – The exercise served as a great Social psychology is a rich and because they were ordered to do so – If you saw someone in trouble, do example of why people shouldn't varied field that offers fascinating by an authority figure. you think you would try to help? always judge a book by its cover. insights into how people behave in Psychologists have found that the groups and how behavior is What defines a social answer to this question is highly 7. Halo Effect Social Experiment influenced by social pressures. experiment? dependent on the number of other – In an experiment described in a Exploring some of these classic A social experiment is defined by people present. We are much paper published in 1920, social psychology experiments can its purpose and methods. Such more likely to help when we are psychologist Edward Thorndike provide a glimpse at some of the experiments are designed to study the only witness but much less asked commanding officers in the fascinating research that has human behavior in a social context. likely to lend a hand when we are military to give ratings of various emerged from this field of study. They often involved placing part of a crowd. characteristics of their participants in a controlled – This behavior was identified as an subordinates. What is an example of a social situation in order to observe how example of the bystander effect, – Thorndike was interested in experiment? they respond to certain situation or or the failure of people to take learning how impressions of one An example of a social experiment events. action when there are other quality, such as intelligence, bled might be one that investigates the people present. over onto perceptions of other halo effect, a phenomenon in which What are some social psychology – The Diffusion of Responsibility personal characteristics, such as people make global evaluations of experiment ideas? Concept in Psychology leadership, loyalty, and other people based on single traits.  A few ideas for simple social professional skill. Thorndike An experimenter might have experiments might involve:   Stand in a crowd and stare Generally, human communication studies, the discipline was formed theory through one of the following at a random spot on the is concerned with the making of from three other major studies: viewpoints: ground to see if other meaning and the exchange of Psychology is the study of human people will stop to also look understanding. behavior, Mechanistic: This view considers  Copy someone's body Sociology is the study of society communication as a perfect language and see how they One model of communication and social process, and transaction of a message from the respond considers it from the perspective of Anthropology is the study of sender to the receiver. (as seen in  Stand next to someone in transmitting information from one communication as a factor which the diagram above) an elevator even if there is person to another. develops, maintains, and changes plenty of space to stand culture. Psychological: This view considers elsewhere In fact, many scholars of Communication studies focus on communication as the act of sending  Smile at people in public communication take this as a communication as central to the a message to a receiver, and the and see how many smile working definition, and use human experience, which involves feelings and thoughts of the receiver back Lasswell’s Maxim, ―who says what understanding how people behave upon interpreting the message.  Give random strangers a to whom in which channel with what in creating, exchanging, and small prize and see how effect,‖ as a means of circumscribing interpreting messages. Social Constructionist (Symbolic they respond the field of communication theory. Interactionist): This view considers Communication Theory has one communication to be the product of PSYCH OF COMM Among those who subscribe to the universal law posited by S. F. the interactants sharing and creating LESSON 3 transmission model are those who Scudder (1980). meaning. It can also be defined as, __________________________ identify themselves with the how you say something determines communication sciences, and finds The Universal Communication what the message is. Human communication is its roots in the studies of Law states that, “All living entities, understood in various ways by those propaganda and mass media of the beings and creatures The Constructionist View assumes who identify with the field. early 20th century. communicate.” All life that ―truth‖ and ―ideas‖ are This diversity is the result of communicates through movements, constructed or invented through the communication being a relatively THE ACADEMIC STUDY OF sounds, reactions, physical social process of communication. young field of study, composed of a COMMUNICATION changes, gestures, languages, and very broad constituency of breath. Communication is a Robert T. Craig saw the disciplines. Communication has existed since means of survival. Examples – the Constructionist View or the the beginning of human beings, but cry of a child (communicating that it constitutive view as it’s called in his It includes work taken from scholars it was not until the 20th century that is hungry, hurt, or cold); the article, as “…an ongoing process of Rhetoric, Journalism, people began to study the process. browning of a leaf (communicating that symbolically forms and re-forms Sociology, Psychology, As communication technologies that it is dehydrated, thirsty per se, our personal identities.” (Craig, 125). Anthropology, and Semiotics, developed, so did the serious study or dying); the cry of an animal The other view of among others. Cognate areas of communication. (communicating that it is injured, communication, the include biocommunication, which hungry, or angry). Everything living Transmission Model, sees investigates communicative When World War I ended, the communicates in its quest for communication as robotic and processes within and among non- interest in studying communication survival.‖ computer-like. The humans such as bacteria, animals, intensified. The social-science study Transmission Model sees fungi and plants, and information was fully recognized as a legitimate COMMUNICATION THEORY communication as a way of theory, which provides a discipline after World War II. FRAMEWORK sending or receiving messages mathematical model for measuring and the perfection of that. But, communication within and among Before becoming simply It is helpful to examine the Constructionist View sees systems. communication, or communication communication and communication communications as, ―…in human life, info does not behave  as simply as bits in an electronic everything outside of one’s approaches. Robert T. Craig they can fall into thinking stream. In human life, cognitions is simply names and suggests that the field of patterns and emotional responses information flow is far more like labels. communication as a whole can be that can exacerbate any negative an electric current running from o Social constructionists understood as several different feelings. This theory outlines how one landmine to another‖ straddle the fence between traditions who have a specific view an individual's mental (Lanham, 7). objective and subjective reality, on communication. By showing the processes play a critical role in the Systemic: This view considers claiming that reality is what we similarities and differences between development of their emotional communication to be the new create together. these traditions, Craig argues that state. messages created via ―through- Epistemology is an examination of the different traditions will be able to put‖, or what happens as the how the theorist studies the chosen engage each other in dialogue From a therapist's perspective, if we message is being interpreted phenomena. In studying rather than ignore each other. can change the way a person thinks, and re-interpreted as it travels epistemology, particularly from a then we can change the way they through people. positivist perspective, objective Craig proposes seven different interpret the world around them. Critical: This view considers knowledge is said to be the result of traditions which are: This type of approach can help communication as a source of a systematic look at the causal 1.Rhetorical: views communication address unhelpful thinking styles power and oppression of relationships of phenomena. This as the practical art of discourse. and form an initial approach for the individuals and social groups. knowledge is usually attained 2.Semiotic: views communication treatment of neurotic symptoms. through use of the scientific method. as the mediation by signs. Inspection of a particular theory Scholars often think that empirical 3.Phenomenological: Unhelpful thinking styles are on this level will provide a evidence collected in an objective communication is the experience mental blocks that prevent us from framework on the nature of manner is most likely to reflect truth of dialogue with others. achieving our goals. They're often communication as seen within in the findings. Theories of this ilk 4.Cybernetic: communication is the unconscious and hard to recognize the confines of that theory. are usually created to predict a flow of information. because we've been conditioned to phenomenon. Subjective theory 5.Socio-psychological: believe them over time. Theories can also be studied holds that understanding is based communication is the interaction of and organized according to the on situated knowledge, typically individuals. Examples of this type of thinking ontological, epistemological, found using interpretative 6.Socio-cultural: communication is include beliefs such as "People who and axiological framework methodology such as ethnography the production and reproduction of fail at things must be lazy." "I'm not imposed by the theorist. and also interviews. Subjective the social order. smart enough to succeed." "I'm too Ontology essentially poses the theories are typically developed to 7.Critical: communication is the young/old/different/unqualified to question of what, exactly, it is explain or understand phenomena in process in which all assumptions succeed." "I won't ever find a job." the theorist is examining. One the social world. can be challenged. must consider the very nature of Axiology is concerned with what These thoughts are called cognitive reality. The answer usually falls values drive a theorist to develop a WHAT IS COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR distortions because they distort in one of three realms theory. Theorists must be mindful of THEORY? reality. If we can acknowledge and depending on whether the potential biases so that they will not begin to transform unhelpful thinking theorist sees the phenomena influence or skew their findings Cognitive Behaviour styles, we have a good chance of through the lens of a realist, (Miller, 21-23). Theory indicates that changing our behaviour. These nominalist, or social people's emotions, thoughts, types of metacognitive beliefs constructionist. THE CONSTITUTIVE behaviour and body sensations, are provide us with a more significant o Realist perspective views the METAMODEL linked to each other and that Locus of Control, equipping us with world objectively, believing that whatever people do and whatever a greater capacity for positive there is a world outside of our Another way of dividing up the they think, affects how they feel. change. own experience and cognitions. communication field emphasizes the Also, changes in one of these will o Nominalists see the world assumptions that undergird cause changes in the others. When subjectively, claiming that particular theories, models, and a person feels distressed or worried, WHAT IS COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR Different levels of the cognitive What are Cognitive Distortions? Also, not everyone has the time to THERAPY (OR CBT)? model are as follows: think about others' failures Aaron Beck was the first to note the or achievements as all are busy in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is an Core beliefs – are at the basic level Cognitive distortions in depressed their life. effective approach for treatment that of the cognitive model patients in the 1960s. Cognitive 2.Selective Abstraction – Aaron T. helps people identify negative Aaron T. Beck considers the Core distortions hold a fundamental Beck states that it is the process patterns of thinking and behaviors. beliefs to be overgeneralized, rigid position in Aaron Beck's cognitive of demonsrating irrational beliefs CBT is an effective therapy that and global. theory of depression and then and inaccurate interpretations helps people recognize and explore Intermediate beliefs – Rules, Cognitive Therapy or Cognitive while paying more attention to any how their thoughts and emotions attitudes, and assumptions are at Behavioral Therapy. specific element out of context. can affect their actions. After the intermediate level which The person will ignore other more noticing such patterns, people may establishes as a person strives to According to the Cognitive- important aspects of a situation, start learning how to build new make sense of his surroundings. Behavioral Therapy model huge and conceptualize the entire coping strategies, behavioral Automatic thoughts – are variety of problems occur due to the experience based on a specific techniques and change their particular to the circumstances in inaccurate interpretations of the detail. behaviors. which they are created. irrational beliefs or meaning of a Example: A student has CBT is an effective therapy that trigger, traumatic event or situation. performed very well in the class includes a range of strategies that The cognitive model asserts that In 1963, Beck published his original and everyone praises the student. help individuals pay attention to and the particular kinds of automatic list of 5 cognitive distortions. Later However, one class fellow says change problematic behaviour thoughts, to which humans are on, in 1979 he added two more that 'you didn't perform very well patterns or thinking styles which prone are an outcome of the distortions in his Cognitive Therapy and you did much better last year.' allows them to feel better. intermediate and core beliefs held of Depression. In Selective Abstraction, the Research suggests that it is a by the people. Therefore, if student will undergo emotional beneficial treatment for conditions someone's automatic thought is Aaron Beck’s list of cognitive distress and pay more focus on such as pain, anxiety, insomnia biased, then his biased thinking is distortions included: negative events or comments and and depression. due to his assumptions and beliefs. not to what is said by the entire The effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy indicates that 1.Arbitrary Inference / Arbitrary class. Behaviour Therapy remains the one may perceive automatic Interpretation – Behavioural 3.Overgeneralization – It indicates same across different stages of the thoughts like the plants that we Therapy by Aaron T. Beck the process of coming to a general lifespan. Young learners, grow. The growth of a plant will indicates that Arbitrary conclusion about one's adolescents, grown-ups, and older become better by providing better interpretation is a process of performance, or ability, based adults everyone can benefit from soil to the plant. constructing inaccurate on inaccurate interpretations of behavioral techniques of Cognitive interpretations of experiences, just a single incident. Therapy. Also, it is flexible and can events, or situations. Arbitrary Example: A student could not be used in self-help, online, and interpretation occurs in absence perform very well in one of the face-to-face formats. of factual evidence to support the assignments. Due to this, he outcome of a traumatic event or faces psychological distress and Cognitive-Behavioral where the outcome is opposite to thinks that he would fail every Theory states that human thinking the fact. assignment. This is distorted determines human behaviour and Example: A good example of an thinking because there is also a feeling. Behavioural Arbitrary interpretation is when chance that he would perform Therapy indicates that all someone faces psychological better in future to avoid the same these cognitive components may distress and thinks in their mind embarrassment. directly affect how learners study in 'Everyone knows I am a loser.' 4.Magnification and Minimization a classroom setting. However, in reality, no one can – Aaron T. Beck mentioned that find out what others are thinking. these are inaccurate  interpretations of erroneous variety of traumatic event that are The main objective of the Two Basic Emotions (Evans 2011) evaluations which are so far from his control or are not his above Cognitive disturbing that they end up in fault. One more example is when theory techniques is to replace Primary emotions are innate distortions. someone incorrectly speculates self-defeating and unhelpful thinking emotions that are experienced for Example of Magnification: It is that he has been deliberately styles with positive effects of more short periods of time and appear when someone considers a small targeted or excluded. realistic and encouraging events. rapidly, usually as a reaction to an problem as a major problem. For 7.Dichotomous Thinking – is the outside stimulus, and are instance, a broken plate is a small inclination to perceive things in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy has experienced similarly across problem but someone faces binary opposition, like ―all or Positive Effects as it offers effective cultures. The primary emotions are emotional distress and gets too nothing,‖ ―good or bad,‖ or ―black treatment and joy, distress, anger, fear, surprise, much angry. or white.‖ Dichotomous patterns behavioral interventions for and disgust. Example of Minimization: of thinking can be seen as the depressed people as well as those Secondary emotions are not as Minimization occurs when people propensity to get stuck at points, suffering from a wide variety of innate as primary emotions, and demonstrate inaccurate unable to shift toward synthesis emotional disorders including they do not have a corresponding interpretations and downplay 8.Example: An example of treatment of Anxiety, Disorders, facial expression that makes them something to be lesser than it is by Dichotomous Thinking is to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, universally recognizable. Secondary dismissing or denying its consider all the children of a class Bipolar Disorder, Post-Traumatic emotions are processed by a importance. For example, a bully as "good" or "bad" in studies. Stress Disorder, Borderline different part of the brain that might purposefully downplay his Everyone knows that every class Personality Disorder and many requires higher order thinking; inappropriate actions to prevent has a wide variety of students and more. therefore, they are not reflexive. any outcomes for his conduct and many of them are average in Secondary emotions are love, guilt, claim that it was just a joke. learning. shame, embarrassment, pride, envy, 5.Inexact labelling – is a kind and jealousy. of cognitive distortion in which What is included in a Typical labels and judgments are Treatment plan for Cognitive Evolution and Emotions incorrectly applied around others Behaviour Therapy? Attachment theory ties into the or oneself, mostly based on how evolutionary perspective, because such things are perceived by a Following are some of the different researchers claim that it is in our person. types of therapy or the most popular nature, as newborns, to create Example: A student bumps into Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy social bonds with our primary another student after getting off behavioral techniques used to caretaker (Planlap, Fitness, & Fehr, the school bus. One student calls identify how inaccurate thinking may 2006). This drive for attachment the other student a 'complete make the problems even worse. became innate through the process idiot.' In reality, it is just a mistake According to Typical Cognitive- of evolution as early humans who that anyone can make. Behavioral Therapy psychological were more successful at attachment Emotional Influences on 6.Personalization – This is one of interventions mostly involves: were more likely to survive and Communication the most common inaccurate Learning to face challenges and reproduce—repeating the cycle. interpretations and distortions of fears; Attachment theory proposes that Emotions are physiological, thinking in which a person takes Developing new problem-solving people develop one of the following behavioral, and/or communicative something personally when he is skills; three attachment styles as a result reactions to stimuli that are not related to it or something is not Using calming techniques and role of interactions with early caretakers: cognitively processed and caused by him at all. playing in case of secure, avoidant, or anxious experienced as emotional (Planlap, Example: Personalization occurs potentially challenging problems; attachment (Feeney, Noller, & Fitness, & Fehr, 2006). when a person undergoes Gaining confidence and a better Roverts, 2000). psychological distress and blames appreciation and understanding of himself for a single or a wide self-worth. secure attachment  avoidant attachment Of course, later in life, we have more Researchers have defined emotion anxious attachment control over and conscious thoughts as "the body's multidimensional Disorganized attachment about this process. response to any event that Although it seems obvious that enhances or inhibits one's goals." developing a secure attachment For example, your nervousness style is the ideal scenario, it is also before the first date has to do with inevitable that not every child will possible goal interference. The have the same opportunity to do so. possibility of the date going poorly But while we do not have control interferes with your desire to have a over the style we develop as babies, good time and make a new we can exercise more control over connection, possibly for a lifetime our emotions and relationships as partnership. If the date goes poorly, adults if we take the time to develop your goal of making a new self-awareness and communication connection and finding a life partner competence—both things this is inhibited. If your partner is lesson will help you do if you put showing interest in a third-party, you what you learn into practice. feel jealous, because your exclusive relationship with your partner is Emotions VS Feelings being threatened. Emotions are our physical reactions Three Categories This process of attachment leads us to stimuli in the outside environment. 1. joyful/affectionate to experience some of our first They can be objectively measured 2. hostile, and intense emotions, such as love, by blood flow, brain activity, and 3. sad trust, joy, anxiety, or anger, and we nonverbal reactions to things learn to associate those emotions because they are activated through Joyful/affectionate emotions with closely bonded relationships neurotransmitters and hormones include happiness, love, passion, (Planlap, Fitness, & Fehr, 2006). For released by the brain. and liking. example, the child who develops a secure attachment style and Feelings are the conscious Happiness is the most universally associates feelings of love and trust experience of emotional reactions. recognized of all human emotions. with forming interpersonal bonds will They are our responses to thoughts There are many kinds of love. likely experience similar emotions as and interpretations given to Essentially, it is caring for, feeling an adult entering into a romantic emotions based on experiences, attached to, and feeling committed partnership. memory, expectations, and to someone. We experience Conversely, a child who develops an personality. romantic love, love for friends, love anxious attachment style and for family members, love for God, associates feelings of anxiety and and love for self. Love is sometimes mistrust with forming interpersonal accompanied by passion, which bonds will likely experience similar consists of joy and surprise, coupled emotions in romantic relationships with experiences of excitement and later in life. In short, whether we attraction. Liking is the positive form loving and secure bonds or evaluation of another person. You unpredictable and insecure bonds probably like someone if you enjoy influences our emotional tendencies spending time around him or her throughout our lives, which inevitably affects our relationships. and view that person's behavior very sad, you know that it isn't long Among the Four Macro A Speech Disorder is an positively. until everyone is a bit sad, as well. Skills in Communication, impairment of the articulation of The same is true of a so-so mood of what did you learn first? speech sounds, fluency and/or The hostile emotions are anger, a group, or perhaps of yourself, and According to your guardian, voice. contempt, disgust, jealousy, and someone who is very happy joins what was the first word you An articulation disorder is the envy. you. It isn't long until your spirits are uttered? atypical production of speech Anger is the emotion we feel when lifted. Did you experience speech sounds characterized by we perceive we have been wronged. The idea of emotional intelligence delay? substitutions, omissions, additions or Contempt leads someone to feel came to popular awareness in the Now that you’ve grown up, distortions that may interfere with they are better than someone else. 1990s. Emotional intelligence (EI) do you still stutter? intelligibility. A fluency disorder is an The emotion of disgust occurs when has been defined as "the capacity Do you have difficulty interruption in the flow of speaking you have a feeling of revulsion in for recognizing our own feelings and making sounds even when characterized by atypical rate, reaction to something offensive. those of others, for motivating you know what to say? rhythm, and repetitions in sounds, Jealousy and envy are often used ourselves, and for managing Do you overuse fillers such syllables, words, and phrases. This interchangeably, but this is an error. emotions well in ourselves in our as ―um‖ and ―uh‖ when may be accompanied by excessive In fact, we feel jealousy when we relationships." speaking? tension, struggle behavior, and perceive that the existence or quality 2 domains of EI Do you have problems secondary mannerisms. A voice of an important relationship is being understanding and following disorder is characterized by the threatened by a third party. Personal competence includes rapid speech? abnormal production and/or three characteristics: self- Communication Disorder absences of vocal quality, pitch, Sad/anxious emotions can be just awareness, which is emotional self- is an impairment in the ability to loudness, resonance, and/or as unpleasant as hostile awareness, accurate self- receive, send, process, and duration, which is inappropriate for emotions, but they prompt us to assessment, and self-confidence; comprehend concepts or verbal, an individual's age and/or sex. withdraw, instead of attack. self regulation, or self-control, nonverbal and graphic symbol trustworthiness, conscientiousness, systems. A communication disorder Speech Disorder Symptoms Sadness involves feeling unhappy, adaptability, and innovation; and may be evident in the processes of repeating words, vowels, or sounds sorrowful, and discouraged, usually motivation, which is achievement hearing, language, and/or speech. A difficulty making sounds, even when resulting from some form of loss. orientation, commitment, initiative, communication disorder may range the person knows what they want to While sadness is a normal emotional and optimism. in severity from mild to profound. It say elongating or stretching words response to loss, depression is a may be developmental or acquired. adding, omitting, or substituting physical illness. It involves Social competence includes two Individuals may demonstrate one or words or sounds jerky head excessive fatigue, insomnia, weight characteristics: empathy, or any combination of communication movements or excessive blinking changes, feelings of worthlessness, understanding others, developing disorders. A communication disorder while talking frequently pausing and suicidal thoughts. The others, service orientation, may result in a primary disability or it while talking experience of profound sadness in leveraging diversity, and political may be secondary to other response to a loss is known as grief. awareness; and social skills, or disabilities. A Language Disorder is impaired When we perceive danger, our leadership, communication,. comprehension and/or use of minds and bodies react with fear. influence, change catalyst, conflict Types of Communication spoken, written and/or other symbol When we fear not making a good management, building bonds, Disorders systems. The disorder may involve impression on others, we experience collaboration and cooperation, and (1) the form of language (phonology, social anxiety. team capabilities Speech disorder morphology, syntax), (2) the content Emotional contagion is the tendency Language disorder of language (semantics), and/or (3) to mimic others' experiences and Understanding Communication Hearing disorder the function of language in expressions. If you have ever been Disorders Central auditory communication (pragmatics) in any in a group of people that's generally processing disorder combination. content, then someone joins who is Self-Assessment (CAPD) 1. Form of Language production, and/or maintenance of intellectual impairment. This difficulty understanding Phonology is the sound system of a speech and/or language. Hearing information processing involves words that people say too language and the rules that govern disorders are classified according to perceptual, cognitive, and linguistic fast or against a noisy the sound combinations. difficulties in detection, recognition, functions that, with appropriate background Morphology is the system that discrimination, comprehension, and interaction, result in effective problems understanding and governs the structure of words and perception of auditory information. receptive communication of following rapid speech the construction of word forms. Individuals with hearing impairment auditorily presented stimuli. difficulty learning songs Syntax is the system governing the may be described as deaf or hard of Specifically, CAPD refers to lack of musical and singing order and combination of words to hearing. limitations in the ongoing skills form sentences, and the transmission, analysis, organization, difficulty learning a new relationships among the elements Deaf is defined as a hearing transformation, elaboration, storage, language within a sentence. disorder that limits an individual's retrieval, and use of information problems paying attention 2. Content of Language aural/oral communication contained in audible signals. getting easily distracted Semantics is the system that performance to the extent that the CAPD may involve the listener's governs the meanings of words and primary sensory input for active and passive (e.g., conscious Who is at risk of communication sentences. communication may be other than and unconscious, mediated and disorders? 3. Function of Language the auditory channel. Hard of unmediated, controlled and Pragmatics is the system that hearing is defined as a hearing automatic) ability to do the following: Communication disorders combines the above language disorder, whether fluctuating or are common in children. components in functional and permanent, which adversely affects attend, discriminate, and Nearly 1 in 12 socially appropriate communication. an individual's ability to identify acoustic signals; childrenTrusted Source in communicate. The hard-of-hearing transform and continuously the U.S. have some form of Language Disorder Symptoms individual relies on the auditory transmit information through communication disorder. overusing fillers such as channel as the primary sensory both the peripheral and The rates are highest ―um‖ and ―uh‖ because of input for communication. central nervous systems; among children aged 3–6 the inability to recall words filter, sort, and combine years and drop at an older knowing and using fewer Hearing Disorder Symptoms information at appropriate age. words than their peers being behind their peers in perceptual and conceptual According to a 2016 trouble understanding terms of oral communication levels; studyTrusted Source, there concepts and ideas asking others to repeat what store and retrieve is strong evidence that difficulty learning new words they said in a slower, clearer information efficiently; language disorders run in problems using words and manner restore, organize, and use families. Family history is, forming sentences to talking louder than is typical retrieved information; therefore, a significant risk explain or describe muffled speech and other segment and decode factor for developing something sounds acoustic stimuli using communication disorders. saying words in the wrong withdrawal from social phonological, semantic, The same study suggests order settings and conversations syntactic, and pragmatic that males are more likely to difficulty understanding difficulty understanding knowledge; and develop language disorders instructions and answering words, especially in noisy attach meaning to a stream than females. questions environments of acoustic signals through Certain conditions put a use of linguistic and person at risk of A Hearing Disorder is the result of Central Auditory Processing nonlinguistic contexts. communication disorders impaired auditory sensitivity of the Disorders are deficits in the such as aphasia, apraxia, physiological auditory system. A information processing of audible CAPD Disorder Symptoms and dysarthria. The National hearing disorder may limit the signals not attributed to impaired difficulty localizing sounds Aphasia Association notes development, comprehension, peripheral hearing sensitivity or that 25–40% of people who  have experienced a stroke Doctors may also compare a child’s disorders from other conditions, will have aphasia. language with age and such as stroke or brain injury. A 2021 study also found that communication milestones and The best way to treat a more severe traumatic checklists communication disorders in children brain injury puts a person at is through early intervention. Early a higher risk of receiving a Treatment detection and treatment can help communication disorder The treatment for communication address the child’s developmental diagnosis. disorders involves working with a needs and prevent further delays. speech-language pathologist. The Diagnosis specific approach will depend on the type and severity of the A doctor will need to communication disorder. Therapy perform a physical exam to might take place in a one-on-one or diagnose communication group setting. disorders. This exam will A speech-language pathologist will involve examining a work with the rehabilitation team, person’s mouth, ears, and including a physical and nose. If the doctor suspects occupational therapist, to address a communication disorder, other relevant skills before or in they will work with other parallel with speech therapy specialists, such as sessions. Underlying causes, such neurologists and speech- as infections, will also require language pathologists, to treatment. make an accurate Treatment often involves the entire diagnosis. family, other healthcare Common tests include: professionals, and teachers for a hearing tests highly individualized approach. neurological exam Depending on the goal, a speech- nasopharyngolaryngoscopy, language pathologist may remediate which uses a flexible fiber- and promote skills or teach optic tube with a camera to alternative forms of communication, view the voice box such as augmentative and psychometric testing to alternative communication (AAC) or assess thinking sign language. performance and logical reasoning abilities Summary psychological testing to Communication disorders are a assess cognitive abilities variety of disorders that affect any psychiatric evaluation, if aspect of communication. They can emotional and behavioral occur at any age, and there are problems are also present various possible causes, although speech and language the cause is often unknown. assessments Communication disorders commonly imaging tests, such as an appear in children in the early phase MRI or CT scan of their development, whereas adults often acquire communication