Psychology in Nursing: Scope, Branches & Significance PDF

Okay, here's the conversion of the provided text into a structured markdown format. # Unit-1 ## Describe scope, branches & Significance of Psychology in Nursing ### Introduction Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. Psychologists are actively involved in studying and under...

Okay, here's the conversion of the provided text into a structured markdown format. # Unit-1 ## Describe scope, branches & Significance of Psychology in Nursing ### Introduction Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. Psychologists are actively involved in studying and understanding mental processes, brain functions & behaviour. ### Meaning of Psychology Psychology is a Greek word derived from "Psychi and Jugos...". Psychi means soul and logos means the study of soul. Later William James used the word "mind" instead of "soul" in 1890. William Wundt of Germany, defined psychology as the study of consciousness. Current definition of Psychology as the systematic study of Human & animal behaviour. According to Sigmund Freud mind is divided into three parts - conscious, subconscious & unconscious. The word Psychology was used by Rudalf Gockle in 1590. ### Definition According to the Oxford Dictionary - "Psychology is the scientific study of metal processes and behavior. It is the study of mind & how it works." According to W. Hamilton - Psychology is the science of human and animal behaviour which includes the application of this science to solve human behaviour. ## Scope of Psychology ### Clinical Psychology Focuses on assessing and treating mental, emotional & behavioral disorders. ### Counseling Psych. Primarily deals with helping individuals cope with life challenges and transitions. ### Educational psychology Examines learning processes and educational systems to enhance teaching and learning. ### Developmental Psych. Studies human growth and development across the lifespan, addressing physical, cognitive & socio-emotional changes. ### Social Psychology Investigates how individuals thoughts, feelings, & behaviours are influenced by others & their social environment. ### Industrial - Organization Psych. Applies psychological principles to workplace issues, such as employee motivation, leadership & organizational behaviour. ### Forensic Psychology Applies psychological principles to legal and criminal justice systems, including criminal profiling & assessment. **8) Health Psych.** - Explores the interaction between psychological factors and physical health, emphasizes the promotion of well-being & prevention of illness. **9) Sports Psych.** - Focuses on enhancing athletes performance & well-being through psychological interventions. **10) Neuropsychology** - Studies the relationship between brain function and behaviour, often dealing with neurological disorders and injuries. **11) Experimental Psych.** - conducts research to understand fundamental psychological processes, contributing to the development of psychological theories. **12) General Psych.** - It is a branch that deals with the study of behavior of a normal person in normal life conditions. It includes learning, intelligence, sensation & memory. **Abnormal Psychology** - Study of behavior of an abnormal person, who are suffering from psychological disorders. **Childhood Psychology**- Study of behaviours of the children. It studies the physical, emotional, & moral development of children. ## Methods of Psychology * Introspection method * Observation * Scientific * Clinical * Survey * Genetic & development Method ### Introspection Method Introspection or self-observation is the oldest method for the study of behavior which was introduced by Wilhelm Wundt. #### Merits * It gives information about one's own self which is difficult by other methods. * It is an easy method & needs no equipment. * It make a base for other methods such as experimental and observation method. #### Demerits * This method is subjective in nature & lacks scientific objectivity. The observer and the observed are the same. * Introspection cannot be employed on children and insane people. ### Observation Method Systematic observation of behavior in natural settings without manipulation, the method of introspection was replaced by careful observation of human & animal behavior. There are two basic types of observation. **(a) Natural observation** - In this observer observes the specific behavior & characteristics of subjects in natural settings & subjects are not aware of the fact that their behavior is being observed by someone. **(b) Participant observation**- The observer becomes a part of the group which he wants to observe. #### Merits * This type of observation is a natural & normal way of knowing not only the external world but also the mind of the subject. * This method is objective in nature & free from personal bias and prejudice. * Through this method, we can observe as many children as we like. * This method is quite suitable for children & abnormal persons who cannot be examined through introspection. This can be used anytime & anywhere. #### Demerits * This overt behavior does not provide reliable information regarding the internal mental process. * It becomes very difficult to draw any conclusion in case of adults who can hide their actual behavior in the presence of the observer. ### Scientific Method It is a form of critical thinking based on careful measurement & controlled observation. Six basic elements involved in scientific method are as follows: * Observation * Defining a problem * Propusing a hypothesis (an educated guess that can be tested) * Gathering evidence / testing the hypothesis * Publishing results * Building a theory It is also called experimental method. #### Merits * This method is the most systematic procedure for solving problems. It provides reliable information. * It Provides objective and Precise information about the problems. * It Provides innovative ideas for the further experimentation * It is applicable in educational, individual, & social problems #### Demerits * It is arranged in an artificial laboratory-like situation. * Behavior is a natural Phenomenon & it may change under artificial environment. * It is time-consuming & costly * Requiring specialized knowledge & skills ### Clinical Method The main objective of this method is to study individual case or cases of group to detect and diagnose their specific problems & to suggest therapeutic measures to rehabilitate them in their environment. It involves the following steps: * Interview * Information gathering * A hypothesis formulated * Diagnoses made * Planned treatment program. ### Case Study Case study is in-depth study of the subject. It is the in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon Case Studies are most often used in psychology in clinical research to describe the rare events & Conditions of the subject; case study is especially used in education psychology It deals with education for the following Problems: * Lack of interest in students * Aggressive behavior in student * Day dreaming * Pool academic Performance * Emotional Problems * Social Problems * Empathetic understanding * Find the Problem. * Establish rapport * Treatment ### Survey / Interview Method It involves collection or gathering of information from a large People by using question or interview method ex- Political opinion, attitudes, health-care. needs, etc. It is #### Merits * A large amount of data can be collected in a short time. * Flexibility * Can be applied to many populations * Breadness of scope. * can focus on wide range of topics/ can be used for many topics. * The data collected through the method is reliable. #### Demerits * It is a costly method. * It also time consuming. * It requires lot of Planning. ### Development or genetic method It studies growth and changes in behavior in terms of its development from till death and influence of heridity & environment in the development of Person's behavior & conditions favorable & infavriable for development & abnormality.