PsychAssess_1_PsychAssesHistory.pdf

Psychological Assessment Psychological Testing and History Source: Cohen & Swerdlik (2018), Ka...

Psychological Assessment Psychological Testing and History Source: Cohen & Swerdlik (2018), Kaplan & Saccuzzo (2018) Testing and Assessment Assessor is the key to the process of selecting o 1905: Alfred Binet published a test designed to tests and/or other tools of evaluation help place Paris school children in appropriate Requires an educated selection of tools of classes evaluation, skill in evaluation, and thoughtful o Testing – refer to everythingꟷfrom organization and integration of data administration of test to interpretation of the test Entails logical problem-solving that brings to bear scores many sources of data assigned to answer the ▪ Once used to describe the group of screening referral question individuals of thousands of military recruits o Test – measuring device or procedure o Psychological Assessment – gathering and o Psychological Test – device or procedure integration of psychology-related data for the designed to measure variables related to purpose of making psychological evaluation psychology ▪ Educational – evaluate abilities and skills ▪ Content – subject matter relevant in school context ▪ Format – form, plan, structure, ▪ Retrospective – draw conclusions about arrangement, layout psychological aspects of a person as they ▪ Item – a specific stimulus to which a person existed at some point in time prior to the responds overtly and this response is being assessment scored or evaluated ▪ Remote – subject is not in physical proximity ▪ Administration Procedures – one-to-one to the person conducting the evaluation basis or group administration ▪ Ecological Momentary – “in the moment” ▪ Score – code or summary of statement, evaluation of specific problems and related usually but not necessarily numerical in cognitive and behavioral variables at the very nature, but reflects an evaluation of time and place that they occur performance on a test ▪ Collaborative – the assessor and assesee ▪ Scoring – the process of assigning scores to may work as “partners” from initial contact performances through final feedback ▪ Cut-Score – reference point derived by ▪ Therapeutic – therapeutic self-discovery and judgement and used to divide a set of data new understanding are encouraged into two or more classification ▪ Dynamic – describe interactive approach to ▪ Psychometric Soundness – technical quality psychological assessment that usually ▪ Psychometrics – science of psychological follows the model: evaluation > intervention measurement of some sort > evaluation ▪ Psychometrist or Psychometrician – refer to o Psychological Testing – process of measuring professional who uses, analyzes, and psychology-related variables by means of interprets psychological data devices or procedures designed to obtain a o Achievement Test – measurement of the sample of behavior previous learning Testing o Aptitude – refers to the potential for learning or Usually numerical in nature acquiring a specific skill Could be individual or by group in administration o Intelligence – refers to a person’s general Test administrators can be interchangeable potential to solve problems, adapt to changing without affecting the evaluation environments, abstract thinking, and profit from Requires technician-like skills in terms of experience administration and scoring o Human Ability – considerable overlap of Yield a test score or a series of test score achievement, aptitude, and intelligence test Assessment o Structured Personality tests – provide Answers the referral question through the use of statement, usually self-report, and require the different tools of evaluation subject to choose between two or more Administered individually alternative responses  Psychological Assessment Psychological Testing and History Source: Cohen & Swerdlik (2018), Kaplan & Saccuzzo (2018) o Projective Personality Tests – unstructured, and b. extent to which they understand and agree to the stimulus or response are ambiguous the rationale for the assessment o Interview – method of gathering information c. capacity and willingness to cooperate through direct communication involving d. amount of physical or emotional distress reciprocal exchange e. amount of physical discomfort ▪ Panel Interview (Board Interview) – more f. alertness level than one interviewer participates in the g. predisposed to agree or disagree when assessment presented with stimulus statements ▪ Motivational Interview – used by counselors h. received prior coaching and clinicians to gather information about i. portraying themselves in good or bad light some problematic behavior, while j. “luckiness” or have “bad luck” on multiple- simultaneously attempting to address it choice achievement test therapeutically o Psychological Autopsy – on the basis of archival o Portfolio – samples of one’s ability and records, artifacts, and interviews previously accomplishment conducted with the deceased assess or people o Case History Data – refers to records, who knew him or her transcripts, and other accounts in written, o Other parties: organizations, companies, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival government that could sponsor the information, official and informal accounts, and development of the test other data and items relevant to an assessee What? ▪ Case study – a report or illustrative account Educational Setting concerning a person or an event that was o Achievement Test – evaluates accomplishment compiled on the basis of case history data or the degree of learning that has taken place ▪ Groupthink – result of the varied forces that o Diagnostic Test – refers to a tool of assessment drive decision-makers to reach a consensus used to help narrow down and identify areas of o Behavioral Observation – monitoring of actions deficit to be targeted for intervention of others or oneself by visual or electronic ▪ Diagnosis – description or conclusion means while recording quantitative and/or reached on the basis of evidence and opinion qualitative information regarding those actions o Informal Evaluation – nonsystematic ▪ Naturalistic Observation – observe humans assessment that leads to the formation of an in natural setting opinion or attitude o Role Play – defined as acting an improvised or Clinical Settings partially improvised part in a stimulated o Used to help screen for or diagnose behavior situation problems ▪ Role Play Test – assesses are directed to act o Tests could be intelligence tests, personality as if they are in a particular situation tests, neuropsychological tests, or other o Other tools include: computer, physiological specialized instruments devices (biofeedback devices) o Usually individualized Who, What, Why, How, and Where? Counseling Settings Who? o May occur in environments as diverse as school, o Test Developers – create tests or other methods prisons, and governmental or privately owned of assessment institutions o Test User – clinicians, counselors, o Goal: improve the client in terms of adjustment, psychologists, HR personnel, consumer productivity, or some related variables psychologists, experimental psychologists, and Geriatric Settings social psychologists o Quality of Life – variables related to perceived o Test taker – taking the test stress, loneliness, sources of satisfaction, o Test takers vary in terms of: personal values, quality of living conditions, and a. amount of test anxiety quality of friendships and other social support  Psychological Assessment Psychological Testing and History Source: Cohen & Swerdlik (2018), Kaplan & Saccuzzo (2018) o Dementia – loss of cognitive functioning that assessee or by means of alternative methods occurs as the result of damage to or loss of brain designed to measure same variables cells o Accommodation – adaptation of a test, o Pseudodementia – a severe depression that procedure, or situation of one test for another, to mimics dementia make the assessment more suitable for an Business and Military Settings assessee with an exceptional needs o A wide range of achievement, aptitude, interest, Where? motivational, and other tests may be employed in o Test Catalogues – contain only a brief the decision to hire as well as in related description of the test and seldom contain the decisions regarding promotions, transfers, job kind of detailed technical information that a satisfaction, etc. prospective user might require o Psychological Tests involves the engineering o Test Manuals – detailed information concerning and design of products and environment the development of a particular test and o Can work in marketing to help “diagnose” what technical information relating to it should be can be improved with the brand found in the test manual Governmental and Organizational Credentialing o Others: professional books, journals, online o Governmental licensing, certification, or general databases credentialing of professionals History Academic Research Settings o Testing programs was first held in China as early o Conducting any sort of research typically entails as 2200 B.C.E. for Civil Service measurement of some kind, and any o 1733: Abraham De Moivre introduced the basic academician who ever hopes to publish notion of sampling error research should ideally have a sound knowledge o 1859: Charles Darwin argued that chance of measurement principles and tools of variation in species would be selected or assessment rejected by nature according to adaptivity and Other Settings survival value o Judiciary, program evaluation ▪ Humans had descended from the Ape as a How? result of such genetic variations o Test users should only use tests that are o 1869: Francis Galton explored and quantify necessary and appropriate for the individual individual differences of people being tested ▪ Classified people according to the “natural o Test user must be prepared and suitably trained gifts” and to ascertain their “deviation from an to administer the test properly average” o Protocol – refers to the form or sheet or booklet ▪ Pioneered the use of a statistical concept on which a testtaker’s responses are entered central to psychological experimentation and o Rapport – working relationship between the testing: the coefficient of correlation examiner and the examinee o Karl Pearson developed Product-Moment o Test users who have responsibility for Correlation Technique interpreting scores or other test results have an o First experimental psychology laboratory was obligation to do so in accordance with founded by Wilhelm Wundt in Germany established procedures and ethical guidelines ▪ Wundt focused on how similar people are and o Alternate Assessment – for children who, as a viewed individual differences as frustrating result of a disability, could not otherwise source of error participate in state- and district-wide o James McKeen Cattell – coined the term Mental assessments Test ▪ An evaluative or diagnostic procedure or o Charles Spearman – originated the concept of process that varies from the usual, test reliability as well as building mathematical customary, or standardized way a framework for the statistical technique of factor measurement is derived, either by virtue of analysis some special accommodation made to the  Psychological Assessment Psychological Testing and History Source: Cohen & Swerdlik (2018), Kaplan & Saccuzzo (2018) o Victor Henri – collaborated with Alfred Binet on o Hermann Rorschach – developed Rorschach papers suggesting how mental tests could be Inkblot test used to measure higher mental processes o Henry Murray & Christiana Morgan – developed o Emil Kraepelin – early experimentation with the Thematic Apperception Test word association technique as a formal test o 1943: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality ▪ One of the founding founders of modern Inventory was published psychiatry ▪ to use empirical methods to determine the ▪ Classification and diagnosis of mental meaning of a test response disorders o Factor Analysis – method of finding the minimum ▪ Dementia Praecox number of dimensions (factors) to account for a o Lightner Witmer – “Little know founder of large number of variables Clinical Psychology” o J.R. Guilford – made the first serious attempt to ▪ Founded the first psychological clinic in US use factor analytic technique in the development o 1895: Alfred Binet and Victor Henri published of a structured personality test several articles in which they argued for the o Raymond Cattell – introduced 16PF measurement of abilities o Beginning of 1980s, several major branches of o 1905: Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon published applied psychology emerged such as the first intelligence test designed to help neuropsych, health psych, forensic psych, and identify Paris schoolchildren with ID child psych ▪ Considered standardization sample end ▪ Representative Sample – one that comprises individuals similar to those for whom the test is to be used ▪ 1908: Mental Age was determined ▪ L.M. Terman revised Binet’s test for US use o 1939: David Wechsler introduced Adult Intelligence Test ▪ Intelligence was the aggregate or the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment (Weschler, 1939) o Binet devised his intelligence test into group intelligence test in response to the US Military’s need for screening of recruits for WWI o Lewis M. Terman, Robert M. Yerkes, and others developed Army Tests for recruits ▪ Army Alpha – for literate folks ▪ Army Beta – for illiterate folks o Robert Woodworth was assigned the task of developing a measure of adjustment and emotional stability that could be administered quickly and efficiently to groups of recruits ▪ Disguised as Personal Data sheet o Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory – first self-report measure of personality to identify soldiers at risk for shell shock o Projective Test – one in which an individual is assumed to project onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique feelings