Psychology Unit 3: Development (PDF)

The Key themes of Development - Stability and change = analyze the ways we stay stable vs change Stable (ex: relationships that stay the same) Change (ex: used to shy,but am no longer shy) - Nature vs nurture = are we the way we are because of our personalities or the...

The Key themes of Development - Stability and change = analyze the ways we stay stable vs change Stable (ex: relationships that stay the same) Change (ex: used to shy,but am no longer shy) - Nature vs nurture = are we the way we are because of our personalities or the nurturing we received growing up (they way your are vs they way you were raised) - Continuous and Discontinuous stages Continuous = development is gradual and occurs over time (ex: teenage years) Discontinuous = development is the result of distinct events (ex: covid) Types of Development Psychology Studies - Cross-sectional = compare variables changes from participant from various ages over time - Longitudinal = tracking one group over a long period of time Physical Development in Babies/Infants Affects to out physical development in utero - Teratogens = chemical agents that can harm the mother (ex: fetal alcohol syndrome) - Maternal illness = mothers health can affect the fetal’s health (ex: hypothyroidism) - Genetic mutations = sometimes genes don't act right (ex: down’s syndrome) - Hormonal factors = mothers hormones directly enter placenta (ex: stress = premature birth) - Environmental factors = things out in the world (ex: pollution) Infant reflexes and milestones - Rooting reflex = you stoke the side of the baby’s mouth, it will turn to find food source - Fine motor skills = hand and small muscle movement (fine = small) - Gross motor skills = large muscle movement (gross = large) Everyone hits these milestones, but when will vary The visual cliff = trying to see if a baby would perceive heights are a treat - Found that the baby would not go over the “cliff” Imprinting = will imprint on the first thing they meet (baby ducks follow their mom) Adolescents, Main Physical Development Puberty = physical change where someone can now produce offspring Growth Spirts = the summer that kid got really tall Menarche = first menstrual cycle of female Spermarche = first ejaculation of male  Gets better until your 30 Women go through puberty (again) when your 20-25 yrs old Literal grown man change = gain muscle faster when 20 - 25 yrs old Decreasing Flexibility Mobility Reaction Time Visual and Auditory acuity Reproductive ability Gender and Sexual Development - Sex = the biological parts you were born with (fathers chromosome) - Gender = primarily a societal interpretation of sex (social and psychological factors) Everyone starts as a female in utero Piaget argues that the way our cognitive changes is because we develop schemas We develop schemas via continuous and discontinuous stages which Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages - Sensorimotor age - infancy through toddlerhood) object permanence develops (thinking an object as disappeared if its out of sight) - Preoperational age - toddlerhood through early childhood CAN : animism = non living things have people traits, egocentrism = toddlers cannot empathize until they develop theory of mind (other people don't have the same pov) CANNOT : conservation = quantity is consistent even if it appears different, reversibility = things can be reverted back to its og state - Concrete Operations age - early to late childhood (middle school to high school) You correct cognitive errors, develop logic and realism, difficulty following systemic process - Formal Operational age - late childhood through adulthood Abstract thinking, not everyone thinks the same way Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development - Argues kids are social learners but should do most learning in this zone - The gap between what kids can do with help and wat they can do independently You don’t learn when things are to easy or too hard (the spot in between the two is your Zone of Proximal Development) Development as adults Crystalized Intelligence = our ability to use past experience/knowledge (increases with age) Fluid Intelligence = our ability to think abstractly think to solve problems (decreases with age) QUIZ ON WEDNESDAY (11/20) ON EVERYTHING UP TILL THIS POINT !!!!!!! Langage Development The Basic of Language Language = shared system of symbols and suns that means something Phonemes = the smallest unit of sound (babies start cooing) Morphemes = the smallest meaningful unit of start (babies start saying “da da”) Semantics = the meaning of words and phrases Grammar and Syntax = governors of language The Formal Stages of Language 1) Cooing 2) Babbling 3) One word stage 4) Telegraphic stage One generalization = over using language rules as we learn them We are born with critical sensitive learning periods that are best for learning language Social Development Our social systems influences how we develop Social Systems - Microsystem = direct contact groups (friends from pride of 27 and 28) - Mesosystem = relationship between microsystem groups (both groups are in the same class) - Exosystem = indirect factors of an individual’s life (parents relationship) - Macrosystem = cultural events that affect individuals (2024 election) - Chronosystem = current stage of life (young adult) Attachment theory - Secure attachment = comfortable with new places, but seek parent for reassurance when needed - Insecure attachment Avoidant = little distress when caregiver leaves, ignores upon return Anxious = very distressed when the caregiver leaves, resistant when they return (fear to trust again) Disorganized = inconsistent and organized response Types of Parent Styles - Authoritarian = strict standards, value obedience, lack of discussion or debate (“bc i said so”) - Permissive = no clear set of guidelines, rules either not enforced or changing, response varies (bipolar) - Authoritative = very consistent, reasonable discussions, explanations provided (gentle parenting) (hardest parenting style, but as the best results) Effects of Patenting styles and Attachments - Separation anxiety = distress when aware from caregiver - Comfort > Food = babies prefer soft mom instead of mom with food (Rhesus Monkey Study) (kids would rather me cared for emotional than taken care of physically) Peer interactions - Parallel play = play near each other, but not same thing (ex: reading books together, just not the same book) - Pretend play = using imagination to act out pretend scenarios (ex: playing house)