PSYCH-REVIEWER-1 PDF - Learning To Be A Better Learner

Module 10: LEARNING TO BE A BETTER MODIFYING YOUR APPROACH LEARNER - The recognition that your strategy is not appropriate with the task, to modify your METACOGNITION...

Module 10: LEARNING TO BE A BETTER MODIFYING YOUR APPROACH LEARNER - The recognition that your strategy is not appropriate with the task, to modify your METACOGNITION strategy in comprehending your material - Common defined “thinking about thinking”, SKIMMING awareness of the scope and limitations of - Browsing over a material and keeping an your current knowledge and skills. eye on keywords, phrases, or sentences. Two aspects: REHEARSING Self-appraisal is personal reflection on your - trying to make a personal interpretation or own knowledge and capabilities summary of the learning experience. Sele-management is the mental process SELF-TEST you employ using what you have in planning - Trying to test your comprehension of your and adapting learning experience or the skills you have METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE acquired during learning. - what you know about how you think METACOGNITION REGULATION Module 11: DO NOT JUST DREAM, MAKE IT HAPPEN - how you adjust your thinking processes to help you learn better ALBERT E. BANDURA’S SELF-EFFICACY a. personal variable, which is your - Bandura’s social cognitive theory states that evaluation of your strengths and weaknesses people are active participants in their in learning environment and are not simply shaped by that environment. b. task variable, which is what you know or what you think about the nature of the task THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT: c. strategy variable, refers to what strategies - This experiment has proven right the or skills you already have hypothesis that social modeling is a very effective way of learning. SUMMARY OF SELF-EFFICACY THEORY: EXERCISING METACOGNITION Outcome expectancy is “a person’s estimate KNOWING YOUR LIMITS that a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes.” - The scope and limitations of your resources so that you can work with what you have Efficacy expectation is “the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes.” FOUR MAIN SOURCES OF INFLUENCE - Outcome and efficacy expectations are 1. performance accomplishments or mastery differentiated because individuals can experiences; believe that a particular course of action will 2. vicarious experiences; produce certain outcomes. 3. verbal or social persuasion; and HIGH ASSURANCE IN THEIR CAPABILITIES 4. physiological (somatic and emotional) 1. Approach difficult tasks as challenges to be states. mastered; CAROL S. DWECK’S FIXED AND GROWTH 2. Set challenging goals and maintain strong MINDSET THEORY commitment to them; TWO TYPES OF MINDSET: 3. Heighten or sustain efforts in the face of failures or setbacks; People who believe that success is based on their innate abilities have a “fixed” theory 4. Attribute failure to insufficient effort or of intelligence, and goes under fixed deficient knowledge and skills which are mindset. acquirable; and People who believe that success is based 5. Approach threatening situations with on hardwork, learning, training, and assurance that they can exercise control over perseverance have growth theory of them. intelligence, which goes under growth WHO DOUBT THEIR CAPABILITIES mindset. 1. shy away from tasks they view as personal EDWIN A. LOCKE’S GOAL SETTING THEORY threats; 1. The more difficult the goal, the greater the 2. have low aspirations and weak achievement. commitment to goals they choose to pursue; 2. The more specific or explicit the goal, the 3. dwell on personal deficiencies, obstacles more precisely performance is regulated. they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse 3. Goals that are both specific and difficult outcomes, rather than concentrating on how lead to the highest performance. to perform successfully; 4. Commitment to goals is most critical when 4. slacken their efforts and give up quickly in goals are specific and difficult. the face of difficulties; 5. High commitment to goals is attained 5. are slow to recover their sense of efficacy when: following failure or setbacks; and a. the individual is convinced that the goal is 6. fall easy victim to stress and depression. important; and  b. the individual is convinced that the goal is body with a burst of energy so that it can attainable (or that, at least, progress can be respond to perceived dangers. made toward it). The parasympathetic nervous system - Continued commitment might require promotes the “rest and digest” response additional incentives such as supportiveness, that calms the body down after the danger recognition, and rewards. has passed. - Financial incentives may facilitate TECHNIQUES TO COUNTER CHRONIC commitment and performance; participation STRESS by subordinates in setting goals leads to RELAXATION RESPONSE higher commitment. - These include deep abdominal breathing, focus on a soothing word (such as peace or Module 12: LESS STRESS, MORE CARE calm), visualization of tranquil scenes, STRESS AND HUMAN RESPONSE repetitive prayer, yoga, and tai chi. - Selye hypothesized a general adaptation or PHYSICAL ACTIVITY stress syndrome. This general stress - People can use exercise to stifle the buildup syndrome affects the whole body. Stress of stress in several ways. always manifests itself by a syndrome, a sum SOCIAL SUPPORT of changes, and not by simply one change. The general stress syndrome has three - Confidants, friends, acquaintances, co- components: workers, relatives, spouses, and companions all provide a life-enhancing social net, and a. The alarm stage may increase longevity. b. The stage of resistance THE CULTURAL DIMENSION OF STRESS AND c. The exhaustion stage COPING - Stress diseases are maladies caused A person’s internalized cultural values, principally by errors in the body’s general beliefs, and norms affect the appraisal adaptation process. If stress is induced process of stressors and the perceived chronically, our defense response lowers its appropriateness of coping responses; resistance since fewer antibodies are SELF-CARE THERAPHY produced and an inflammatory response dwindles. Stop, breathe, and tell yourself: “This is hard and I will get through this one step at a NERVOUS SYSTEM TWO COMPONENTS: time.” The sympathetic nervous system triggers the fight-or-flight response, providing the  Acknowledge to yourself what you are SELF-COMPASSION VERSUS SELF-ESTEEM feeling. All feelings are normal so accept SELF-COMPASSION: whatever you are feeling. - Predicts greater happiness and optimism as SELF-COMPASSION THERAPHY well as less depression and anxiety when Being warm and understanding toward controlling for self-esteem ourselves when we suffer, fail, or feel - Are less focused on evaluating themselves, inadequate, rather than flagellating feeling superior to others, worrying about ourselves with self-criticism; whether or not others are evaluating them, SELF-COMPASSION PHRASES defending their viewpoints, or angrily reacting against those who disagree with This is a moment of suffering. them. Suffering is a part of life. SELF-ESTEEM: May I be kind to myself. - Robust association with narcissism May I give myself the compassion I need. - Evaluation of superiority/inferiority that SELF-COMPASSION AND EMOTIONAL WELL- helps to establish social rank stability and is BEING related to alerting, energizing impulses and A key feature of self-compassion is the lack dopamine activation of self-criticism, and self-criticism is known to be an important predictor of anxiety and depression. Self-compassion is not merely a matter of looking on the bright side of things or avoiding negative feelings. Self- compassionate people recognize when they are suffering, but are kind toward themselves. SELF-COMPASSION, MOTIVATION, AND HEALTH Research supports the idea that self- compassion enhances motivation rather than self-indulgence. Self-compassionate people aim just as high, but also recognize and accept that they cannot always reach their goal.