Psych Note.pdf

Module I : The Hestoy and scope of Psychology Psychology Grst Laboratory ' s o w ithelom Wundt ( Germany ). measued...

Module I : The Hestoy and scope of Psychology Psychology Grst Laboratory ' s o w ithelom Wundt ( Germany ). measued how tong it took for people to pess a elegraphkeyafter heainga ball rta platform - 0 to be awae of one s ' awarmess takes a ITtthe longer Stmcturalism o classifye understand elementsofthemind ' sstectuuce. Edward Bradford πfchener 0 - Tntrospectron foundedbyWilnelm Wundt in 187a Functronatison o label our Tnner thoughts and feelings by considering therr ewlued functrons. Wellcam James. thincingisadaptThe - 「 helpedour ancestorssuive t and leproduce Beharorusm John 13. Watson. & BF.. skTner - 0 dsmissedTntrospectrone redeftnedpsychology as srentifrc the studyofobsenablebehavcor. " ' Cou cannotobsenme a sensutcon , a feeling or a thonght , but you can obsene benaror. o Law of Effeat : beharors that lead to posttrve consequences ae tend to be epeated Frendran ( Psychoanalytrc ] Psychology. Srgmund Frend - emphaszedthewaysour unconsccous mind & crldhoodexperrencesaffectour behaTon Humanrstic Psychology. rejected benartortst defTnTton. CarlRogerseAbraham Maslow : focased on growth Potentral , needs for lone e aceptance , and the olI 와enrron ments that nurtore or ITmTt personal growth CognTtre Psychology. szentifrc exploration of how we pererve process , and remember Tnformatton , Evolutconary Psychology and BehavrorGenetrcs. Natalkeus.Nurtuce - Natue ( Plato ) : we Tnnertcharacter and intelrgence - wurfueCArstotte): theee isnothangTnthemand thatdoesnotfrrstcomen fromthe external world. John Locke : mind is a blank slate on whrcn expemence uTtes. Rene Descartes. some Tdeasae innate. chares Darowtn ' natualselectron- ofoom amongchancevarattons , nafreselectstarts that best enable an orgarism to sunTme and aproduce Tn a sperfrc enrronment. Evolutconaay Psychology : How ae we numans arke because of our shaed bTology & ewoufronay histoy ?. BeharorGenetias : How do we ndurdmally dTfferbecaauseofour dTfferinggenese entTronments ? Psychology Frrst Women ' s. May whTfon CalkTns - o frrst femalepresidentoftheAmecanPsychologTcalAssoccatron. Margaet FloyWashbum- oforst woman toeceTve psychologyPb. D , second female pesident of APA Posthe Psychology. Martrn Selrgman : numan flourshing - oanottons and trots that help us to thrve nappTnessTsa by- product of a pleasant , engaged , and meaningful ife Psychology of Andlysis ' s Thee Maon Lewels. BTopsychosozal approach Psychology Theoefrcal PerspectTues ' s o nenroszence: hovw the bodyand boin enable emottons , memornes , and sensory experrences evlutronany : nowthenatural selectron oftartsnaspromoted the surTval of genes o benayor genetcs: now our genesand ourenronmentinfurenseonrindTridual arffeences. psycnodynamic : now behaccor spings from unconsccous drrves and conflects. beharroral : nowwelearn obsewableesponses. cogiTtTwe : how we encode , process , stor , and retrewe Tnformation. socal - culturas : monbenaror andthinkng ray acossstuafrousand culttues Psychology Subfields ' s o counseling psycnology : nelp people to cope rith challenges and carses andassistthoseith psycnologl drsorders toTmplovether personal and sotal functroning. clTTcal psycnology : assessandteatpeoptewithmental ,notconal , and benauior dTsorders. psychTatoy : actual medccal doctors kcensed to pescrrbe dugs Testing Effe나 HemyRoedrger & Jeffrey KarpTake' testingisa powertul meansofTmproing learning. epeated self testinge - enearsal SQBR. Sumey , Questron , Read. Retrzeve , Rerrer. Module 2 : Research stutegies : Hon Psyomologrsts AskandAonsmer Qnestrons ? Hindsight Bras. I knew it all along. the tendency to bekeve , after tearning an outcome , that one would nuve forseen다 Overconfrdence. the tendencay to think we know moe than we do ConstouctingTheores. theovy explarnsbehavrors or events by offeringdeas that organTze obsewatcons.. nypothesis : testable pledcctrons o operatronal defTiitTon : ex ) sleep deprved= atleast 2 hours less 기준점. eplecatetheorgTnalobservatronswithdTffeenf partroxpants & get simTlar resust - lerabTy β o Case study examiresoneTndTuTdral or groupindeptTnthenopeofrevealug things tore of us all o ex) braTn damage , chTden ' sminds, anTmal Tntelligence 장. allowsforan in -dept ,detaled exploration of a sperfcc indirdual group , , orstuation unepesentatTveTnformationcanleadtomistaken Judgements and false 단 concdustons. seTues epTlepsy abnormalbTn ACTTy를 가진환자의TPPOCamPus를잘랐데서sexues 줄린 했는데oMernoy. , , - β다른 종류의 메모리가 뇌의 각각 다른 부분에 위치한다는 것을 알게된 Naturalistrc Obsevatton. record responses In natural enTronment 장단 o does not explan ben에 tr … It desrbes「 f- o descptronsTtprordescanbeevealing 단. doesnotcontrol forall thefactorsthatmayTnfllencebehato아 oobsener 단 eactruity : when an obsenea 's data 「s influenced by the awareness that they ae berng morittoed 단 o obsemerscan be brased : Rosenhan ' sstudy on beingsane Tn insane places - 0 it demonstrates how mentas nealth professTonals cobseners) wee influenced by peconcerved labels ratherthanobjectwe benaror surmey o ask people to eport therbenator or opnTons 장 I can collect parf that IIm inerested in easy Tnexpensiue. , , 단 o obsener eactTtyifTt s ' not anonymous , brased sample. people may shake therr answers In a soaally destrabledretron wording effect systematrcmethodvarancecausedbyposre negative : and THem wordings on a seney. moe approval less approal ard to those in need owelface undocumented morkers Tllegal alrens gun safety laws gun control Laws revenve ennansers faxes enhanced interrogation tortuse Random Sampling. eves person in the entiepopulatconhasan equal chanceo fbeangincdudedTnsamplegroup. the best basis for generakzingisfrom a epesentatre , randoun sample. Correlation measuceoftheextentto whch toro factors andthusofhowwell ether factor a vary together. , pedrcts the other cr). correlatconal coeffrxent : a statistrcal Tndex of the dTectcon and stiength of the elatconsbrp between tho things ( from - 100 to +1. oo ] , no such thing as perfeat t& -1. postTre correlatcon o drect relatconship (two things Tncease 1 decease together) exs herght o werght negatTve correlatTon o Tnverse elatconsrpconethTngTnceases, theother decceases ). - exs sleep depTratTon I cogTtTve performance t =0meansno relatconshTpbetueenvarrables Illusary Corvelations and Regession Toward The Mean. Ilusory corvelatcon : tendencs to pererve a elatron siip between two varables wnen no suan relatronsurp exrsts. egesscontowardthemean : tendencsforextemeor unusual scoes or erents to fal back toward the average why Corvelation Cannot Be used To Fnfer Causation thtrdVarableproblem ex) correlation between number of churchesTn aty & number of murders Tn a ty aboutto. 8 - o thtrd varable : populatTon ExPerTmentatTon Ccan only malce causal elafroushTp ). a cesearchmethodTn wnrc an Tnvestrgator manrpulates one or moe varablescTndependent varables ) to obseme the effect onsomebenaior or menal process c dependent varrable).. Tndependent varable : the factor the esearnermarpulates Tn a contolled expeiment (the cause ). dependent vanable : the benatoror mental processthatismeasuced Tn an experrment (the effect). confounding rarable : a varabbe other than the vamable being strrdred that might Tnfluence the esults. causal elatronshTp. experiments enabre esearrners to tsolate the effects of one or moe varables by C) manrpucatrng the Varables of interest holding ) other varables " (2s constant ( " controlling. experrmental group : peophe eceTve the heatoment conthol group : they donst get anything tomTnToiizeany preexrstingdrffeencesbetweenthetwo groups , experrmenters randonly assagn people to 사람에게 each fTon condㆍ - 사립기 0 ^ 주기 random random diffent ! sampmmm & assgmanmmm ae o Lo cceates Lo eqhalszes +he experrment에 a epesentatTve surreysample and conttol groups o Corvelatconal studres , wtcchuncover naturally occuing elatconsuips , ae complemented by xperrments , wchnaripulate avarabletodeternineitseffect.. ex ) experrmental group : dug takers control group : placebo takers Tndependent varable : dueg dependent Vanable : effect of the dng - o operattonal defrritron 필요 Procedues And The Placeno Effet. double - blind phoceduce.boththeesearch partiepantsandthe researkh staff ae uninformed ( blind ) about whether the eseach partrrpantshave ecervedtheteaterentor a placebo. placebo effect : experrmental results caused by expectatrons alone : any effect on benayor caused by the administration of an Tnertsubstanceor condrtron ,whichtheerprent assumes is an actewe agent compaing Research (hethod Is one better than ttheother ? - ! 0 Studyinge Protecting Humaus obtarn potentral Tnforned ' o particepants couscent to take part mmm potthal pattrrpantsenough Tnformatcon about study to enable them Logring a to anoose whether they loish to particrpate. protectpartrrpantsfoom greater - than usual ham anddrscomfort keepTnformatronaboutTndTrdnal parrapants confrdentTal fullydebmefpeopleCexplarntheesearhafterward, Tncduding any temporary deceptron ) General Ethcal GurdelTnes o Po no harrm ,PrencrpleofTnfomed consent o whether to not use deception - 0needtothTnk about norwpeople' sbenaron willchangeith infomed consent PCartTrBafron. Is Voluntay 0 no coertion 'wil thepartiorpantstill beatng toparticrpatenthestudy evenwathoutthecoeaon ? - - o feetoothdraw whenerer : can 't contTnure the study if the person wants to withdaw - o compensatron is not contrgent on compheton Studres Using Aumals o need to protect physecal comforts healthofarmals o requed to use miimal amountsof paTncDothphyscal psycnolo gcas discomfort] totheaironals , o Harlowe and Tmportance of comfort rs. sustenance with monkey thestudywasnotexhcal They took the baby monkey foom therr mother. ,. Module 4 : NenralandHormonalsystems our expererceswle. our adaptTne braTn o among the body s ' cellsace neme celksthat conductelestrcty and by sending chemical messages tiny gap " ' talk to one another across a that separutesthhen. spectfrcbirn systems sene speifrc functrons we TntegrateTnformatron processedinthesedrffeent brtnsystemsto constectour experence of sights and sounds meanings and memones , patn and passlon ,. Our evnotions ,Tke ourtHoughtsandmemones , ave supportedbybrin networks The PowerofNeuroplastiity the braTn change espectallyduingchTidnood ,byreorgarzrng after damage by ' s abiity to. , or brcdingnew pathwaysbasedon expemence Newral Communrcatcon o nenrons : a neve cell ; the basc burding block of the nervoussystem. Cell body : the partof anenon thatcontarnsthenualens; thecell s ' Tfe support center - denditea : nenron ' s often bushy , branching extenstons that receTve and Tnegrate messagesfrom atous , conducting impulses toward the cell body ( lrsteb) o axon : the segmented nenronexxensionthatpassesmessagesthough s branches to other neurons , muscles , or glands (speak) o myeTn sheath : a fatytissuetager segmentally encoasingtheaxonsofsomenerons , enables vastly geater transmisshon speed as nenal Tmpulses bopfrom one mode to the next. glTal Cells:. cells Tn the nevous system thatsupport, noursh, andprotecthenrons: theyalsoplaya olein leapning thimking , , and memory The Nenral Impulse o actron potentral : anenalTmpuse ; a bzefelectrcal chargethaftravels dowm an axon o nevron ' schemistry t - o - electrityprocess exchangesTons celectrallycharged atoms) the flurrd outside anaxon' smembrone has most posttTuelychargedsodum Tons. oa estingaxon' sflurdTntemor has a mostty negatove charge.. selectTwelypermeable'. theaxon' surfarce s Ts selective about what Tt allows through its gates o esting potentral : positTve - outsrde 1 negatTue - instde state theforstsectronofthe axon opens sgates - 0 esodumTonsfloodTn- o the loss of the Tnstde outsidecharge diffrence cdepolatzatron) causes the next seatron of axon channels to open theshold: the level of stTmulation reqred to tragger a newral impulse comosta b ) excTtatory Pushing nenron' sacceleator 0 : a TnnIbTry: pushing「 tsbrake refactonyperod: ( ) Tnneural processing a. , bmefrestingpausethatoccurs after a nenron has fried : subsequent actron potentrals cannot : ocaur untl the axon retums to ts resting state oall - or -none esponse : anenron' sreactron ofeither feing or not firing. stronger stimulTthe slap) canse more nearons to fre and to fe moe fequently than happens with weaker strmuk (the tap ) Horw Neurons Commurircate N 보내는 뉴를 f synap 감이없을 유는. syhapse : the Junctron between the axon typ of the sending neon and the dendateor cell body of the receiving nenron. (synaptic gap : the Tny gap at thsJunctron ). nenrotansmitters. chemical messengers that Eooss the synaptrc gap betwees nenrons. hhen eleased by the sending nenron , nenrotransmTfters travelacossthesynapseandbindtoeeptor stesonthececervng nenron, theebyTnflrening whether thatnenron will gemerate a nenal impulse. 1) menrotransomattercrossthesynaptragapandbindtoreceptorstes on the recerving heuron ( 2) neltotransiitter unlocks tTny channels at the recerving stte , and electarcally charged atomsfloww (n , extsting o 아TnhibrtingthereceTving nenron 'sreadiness tofe (3) excess nenrottansmitter diftaway, ae broken downby ensmes , acereabsorbedbythesendng nenron ( = euptake ) Commonly studred NenrotransomstterandTher Functrons dopamine' Tnfluencesmovement, learoring , attention , and emotion 0 oversupply lTnced to schTzophrenta , undersupplyITnkedto tremorsanddeceasedmobTty in Parlkrnson. serotonTn : affectsmood, nunger , sleep, andarousal w undersuppls ITnked todepesstom some drigsthat raiseserotonTnlevels areused toteat deplesscom endorpin:neuo transuitter thatTnflrence the perceptcon of patn or pleasuce - 0 oversupply with oprod dugs can suppess the body ' s watuoal endorptin supply How DrugsAnd Other chemcalsAler Neurotansmtter Agourrst '. : a molecule thas incceases a neurotransmictten s actron Antagonist : a molecule that ntsorblocksanentottansmtter 's actron The Nenous systern o nevous system. the body ' s speedy , electoochemcalcommunTcatronnetwork ,consistingof all the neme cells of the perxpheral and cental nenoussystem.. bastc utofnevoussystem : nenron The Power of Popamine o thee re theegroups of rats food sgven nen fooddepmevedratspress the lever for food - - water is gTven when water ceprzeved rats pess the lever for water - pleasuce center rats coon pess the tever for strmulatron cprorrdes dopamine ) - 0 pleasure center rats leam fastest tatscwill endue eletrc shockstopress evers thatstimulate pleasue w anrmals thepleasucecenterdespiteberngnungry or thhirsty will pessalever thatstrmurates - Nenrotransitter & Addrctron Experments: gave eachdugs( alconol cocarne nhottne heoTn maTJuana) to 5 groups for year. a , , , , - ofourndoutthatnTcotinetsthe mostaddrctve (33 % ) - 0 heroine : 25 % , ofhers : (5. 20 % o wny 2. :becausencotrne causes the strongest elease of dopanine ceven mole than cocarne ]. tegh dopamine = high addrotron o natd to tteat Tmagrse you take dungrepeatedy and elease dopanione - o brarn 's lesponse : thee is enongh dopamTne bengproduced. SoI caneducenatural dopamine Phoductron - 0 Theefoe people take , moe dugs to produce moe dopamine since your brain starts to reduce dopasine 생성 MenorNurons & Benaror. I frrst have you smleandrecordyouur nenal actTurty.hen , now I have you watch someone smbe, butyoudon' changeyour faaal expression. Now t , Ihave youtTnkabouut seeingsomeone smtebuut again no change in faaal expession eimpathye mnor nenrons, nenronsthatfTebothwnen you perform anaonandwhen you obseve. someome eise dorng the same actron. relcatronshTpclove ) andmTnor nenrons How Nenrotianstters Inflrence µs () Dopamine : Tnfluenses movenent , leamng , atsentron , and emotron oversupply : sonTzophrenta 1 undersupply : tottamorsanddeceasedmobty In Parkinson ITnked - roleTnschzphesracausedby excessof dopaminein cetarnbroorn aeas tteatmentofschTzophonta dugs that block or cegulate dopaiune - - role Tn Parkenson 's : caused by lacsofdopamnetn aeasof thebotnresponsible for motor control , leading to ttesors andaiffrculty n moons  - treatment ofParkinson ' s:drugsthatTrcceasedopamne ormTmicitsaion Tn the ban - nowcouldthesamenenrotransmittercausebothmotordesmprons and schTzophonra 로 - o thas is becanse the tocathou in the brron whee thermbalanceocursdiffers. CParkenson' s : motor aea , schTzophenior :cogttrve aea ) dopamine doves the brin pleaseandewardsystes ' - also s - cocarne : setecthe dopamineceuptake Tnebtor -o blockstheceuptakeofdopanmine a2) serotoin: affects mood hunger sleep , and arousal , , undersupply : depesscon / some dugs thatseserotorinlevelsae usedtotteat depession - depession ' caused by low serotonnlevels - treatmentofcepression :Prozac- oseletrve serotontn reaptake TNHTDTTor 0 block the reuptake of serotonin so that the serotorin conldbef - (3) Endorphtn ' thatTnflwencetheperceptron ofparnor pleasule nenrottansmitters opTorddugscan suppessthebody' ratural endorphin supply s Oversupply :vth - importatfor parn regulatron - highest levelsofhatral endopirons ae rereased during CHTHbTth - endorpthinandthe " mnner' s high " : a feetong of euphoraduetohigh endorpioon levels duong prysccal exerase endorpren & acupunctue(한편침 : acupuntucereducesparn because It produces endorpuin - ) ↑ Logrc behind lesion studres ( 1) Arrmaa 에 (+) can damage highly sperfrc deas , we know the aeas whee the damage is happened (- ) alwaysneedtowomyaboutgeneaizing the study of animaltothestudyofuman ( 2) numan - naturallyocurringdamagesuon asstrokeseactidets ( ) - does evey body who nas this type of braTn damage have the same benator ? Module 5 : Tools of Descovey HaingOur Head Examined e BraTn Study leston ' : trsshe destuctron : braTn lestons occur naturally cdTsease or trouma ) , in surgery , or experimentally C nsing electrodes to destroy brain cells ). EEG ) l Celecthoencephalogram am ampifredrecordingoftherwanes of electrcal actTurty sweepTng across the bratn ' s surfase. These waves ae measued by electrodes plased on the scalp. MEG Cmagnetoencephalographyll 3 : abraTn -Tmaging techtarethatmeasuces magnettc frelds from the brarn 's naturaalelectical actTurty PET( PosTthon emrsstontomography ) a techicauefor detectingbroitnactuity that dsplayswhere a radToactve form of glucose goes wTrethebrainperformsoa grven task (uRI Cmagnefra resonanse Tmaaging techricqne that magnetrc frelds and radto to produce a. ) uses waves computer - generated Tmages of soft trsshe. MRI scans show briin anatomy. FMRI( functronalMRI) ' : a teannrame for rewealng bloodflowand, therefole , braitnactrity by comparrng sucesshveMRI scans.turI scansshow broinfunctTonas well asstmcfure. Modute 6 : BroirnRegronsandStmctue 3 MajorFreas o Tndbrarn: consistsofthemedula , pons, andcerebellum , dvects essentzal sunival funatrons , such as breathing , sleepTng , and wakefulness , as wellascoordTnatron andbalance. 1 evoved earrest 1 where the spTne core and brain connects mrdbrarn: found atopthebrainstem , connects the hindboin ith the foeboin , conthols some motor movement , and transiitsaudrtory and iTsual Tnformatcon / between brainstem and the cortex. forebrain : consistsofceebral cortex,thalamus, and mypothalamus: managescomplexcogntrveactrres , sensory and assotiatwe functrons, andvoluntaymotor actTurtress most ecently evohed The Brainstem. brarnstem : thecontral core o fthebrain,beginriing wnere thespTnal cordswellsasitentersthe skull : the brornsternis esponsibre for automathc sunTval funtrons medulld : thenendbrinstmctue thatis thebrainstem ' base; controlsmeartbeatandbleathing s. pons : Just abone the medulla , nelps coordinate movements and contros sleep Tne Cebral cortex. celebralcortex. the cntcate thefoobrn'ceebral fabmoofTnterconnecedneralcellscoverg s hernisphees the body ' s utTmate controlandTnformation -plocessagcenter - 0 dTstingoshes human most from other anTmals o connetedtooneanotherbycrpscallosum- t commurcatesbetweentrwo hemisphees. contralateral brarn : Tnformatron recerved on the left goes to the ight heispbere and rce versa 0 ff I cover mybefteye ,Tnfornatronfrommyhefteye willferstgotomy aght heisphee and rae versa Stictue of the cortex. frontal lobes. the portron of the celebial cortex Iying Just benind the foahead ; invobued in and and in making plans and Judgemen movements 5s speaking musle.. Paretal lobes the porTon of the cerebral cotex yngatthetopofthe head and toward the rear , recerves sensoy Tuput for tonch and body postTon OcTpTtallobes: thepotronoftheceebral cortex yingatthebackofthenead: Tncdudes aeas that receTve informatron from the vishal frelds. temporal lobes theportron oftheceebral cortexyingronghlyabobetheears ;TncdudestheaudTtoly aeas , each ecerving information pemattly from the opposite ear Modute 7: Pamage Responses and Brain Hemispheres Spkting the Bain corpuscallosum' : the large basd of nenralfrbersconnectangthetrwobratn hemispheresandcayig messages between them - ospkt brain : a condtronesuttingfromsurgay thatseparatesthebrarn' two s hermspheres by carttrang the frbers cmarnly those of the corpus callosuom) connectg them. eacheyeecevessensory iooput fromthe ente isual field left esonal freld ogt heisphee) corposcallosum - - both connects hemispheas ,allowing them toshaceufosatron - hght iishalfrerd- olefthemisphere * HEART Expeiment sereredcorpuscallosum patrents shourstotheleftVisnalfeld (processedbytheaghthemsphee) " ". fE was processed by left hemisphea ) " smown to thetaghtishal frelt ( ". ART was the. when asked to sA4 what word they saw , the patrents mould say " ART " Decause the left hemisphere ( esponsible for langnage and speech ) probessed ight asuar freld whee " the , ARF " appeaed. o when asked to pornt to the word thhey saw withtherrlefthandccontrolled by the ight hemisphere) , the pathents pornted to "HE " , shoving that the aght hemispherehadprocessedtheeft freld and recognrzed " asnal HE" "HEART" split brain 실험 1. split brain 환자에게 HEART 라는 단어를 보여줌 (HE는 left visual field / ART는 right visual field) 2.뭘 봤냐고 물어보면 ART라고 대답함... 말하는 건 left hemisphere와 관련되어있고 left hemishpere은 right visual field에 서 본 걸 process하기 때문 3. 오른손으로 뭘 봤냐고 짚으라고 해도 ART를 짚음. 오른손은 left hemishpere에서 컨트롤하고 left hemishepre은 right visual field에서 본 걸 process하기 때문 VICE VERSA!!! 4. 본 걸 왼손으로 짚으라고 하면 HE 라는 단어를 짚음. 왼손은 right hemispere가 컨트롤하고 right hemisphere은 left visual field에서 본 걸 process하기 때문. Brocoa' s aea :lefffrontal lobeoproductronofspeech ,nerpot econtrol emotronalbenarors,makedesrons , camy ont plans leff femporal tole Tn understanding languageandmaingmeauingful sentences '. Werorcke s aea : lobe - o. General Piniples older bratn aeasc hindbarn ) conttlmoebass ITfe functrons (drgestion , beathing, neatpumBing.ete. ) ∞ 식물인간 : 높은 가능성으로 damage in hindbrarn. moe cecently evolved aceas ( foebraTn , corfex) control igher level functrons cemotiou , relatconsiips , etc ).. localtzationof functronTnthebrin : sperfrc parts of the brain control speafrcaspectsofbraTn funtron Module 8 : Basic Consclousnessconcepts Pefining Consrousness. consrousnessoursubjectrve arwaeness of ourselves and our enTronment o nyprosis. a socal Tnteracron n choneperson( thenypnotist3 suggeststo another(thesuJet ) that cematn pereptions , eelings, thonguts, or bebamors Tll spontaneously ocaut. o CognTftne newrosrene : the TnverdsGpTnastudyof thebratnacturtyITnkedwithourmental processes. constroushess- o what we sense , percerve sensatronspereption t how wesense thingboth emal andeatemal world o factors affectrng conscousness cawaness): atfentron , alexed states ( dugs hypros?s , , medtatron , etc) , continnum o fwakefuubness Controltong Attentron. sthoop effect - 0 drstrnctron between automatrc and controlled processing - reading : automatlc - Eolor managing : contolled Selectine Attention o focusing conscousawarenessona patcularstTmulus. cocktrlpabyeffect'ablissto attend to onlyone voce witon a sea of many Tnattentronal blondness: fartingto see vasbleobjectswhen our attentronisdrectedelsennere o change brndness: farlingtonotcechangesTn theentronmert : aom f of Tnattentronal bandness Module 9 : sleep and Deams BTologrcal Rnythons and steep. sleep : a perodrc , natural loss of conscrousness. circadranhythm. our bTologTcalclock : egularbodly mythms that ocur on a 24h cyde. salertness , body teuperatue 0 what controls cirradTan thytums oghtdarkaycbe: your bodyusesITgntasa segnal to know when to wake up or feel sleepy o cave experiment ( no external ight ] : still haveTradzan thythms but 25 hours sleep ounder contros of cTradran rhythms importanceofEEG: records broarn 's electcalactTurtyduring sleep - 0 electrodesrecordthebain' satron potentrals a unTtarystatetheoy steepisa singhe, unrfown staterather than havingdistTnctstagesor phases Stage of sleep arwake : tow amptrtude , high flequency. stage l √ 4 : amptnde0 , freqhency d REM: taprdeyemovenent, brarn waresofREar brain waves of. = nhen you ae awake, paradoxrcal sleep, deepestsleep REM sleep o brainactrurtyclosest to waking state 0 muschesae most elaxed o least ITkely stage to sleepwalk(stages | & 2most( πEaly ) o most dTffrcult stage to wake someone from. REM ebound: deprve ofREMsleepo stage1 , 2. 3 조 가는게 아니라 바로 REM Sleep [ 그정도로 중요). If awakeneddurong REM : about 90 % eport deaming duing stage 4 : only apout10 % oportdeaning. paladoxzcal steep. the brarn is actve , stmlarto whenyou'ce vey awake , but the body is deeply relaxed and almost parayzed StaagesofsleepThroughthebught ∞ 선장. frrst fatlasteep - stage I Chypragagrcstate ) only ferstfallasleep when ostage 4 after about 30 min aycle back tostage 2thennavesREN(1 -0 2 - 0 3 - × 4 - 03 □ 20 Rㆍ서 ) frrstREUiselatwely short  usnalky 4 5 cyles per mTght o - - easlest to wake at earlTer stages - rwill be most alert waakeateareer stages - least alert wake at REM or stage 4 - 10 min 파대법이 45mTn sleep 보다 개운한 이유 : 10 mµm 이연 stage | 에서 서 E a 더의 하하는데45m 이면 stage 4에서 꽹 □ 더 피곤하고 least alert changes of sleepayale thronghoutthernignt ' :duratcorsofREheperrods f o across the Tfespars : as age s total sleep tome to. , 0 But % of tTme spent TnREe sheep omarns consistent - 0 indrcaates howcucalREesees esfor human Module t8 : Bascc Concepts of Sensation and Perception Poocessingsensatcons and Pereptrons. sensatron : the process by whrch our sensory receptorsand newous system reeTne andraplesenf stimulas emergres from our enTronment ( bottom - up ). sensory eceptors sensoryneve endrngsthatrespondtO STTMUT perceptcon : the processby whechourbtn oganTzesandTnepetssensory Tnformation enabing us to. , recoghTze objeats and events as meaingful ( fop- dom) o sensatcon : recervingsensoryTnput1 pereption: makingsenseofthat input in the brain. bottom up processing - :Tnformatronprocessingthatbeginsith tthesensory receptorsandworks up to the brirnsTntegration of sensoryTnformation uhat am I seeing ? ) top- dom processing:Tn formatronprocessingguurdedby hgher-levelmental processes , as when we constuct Perreptrons drawing on our expertence and expectatrons. (IsthatsthIoe seen befoe ? ) o transductron :theprocessof convertongonefomof energyintoanotherthatourbris can use All our sense cs )recervesensorystTomulatron,ofenusTngspecaltzed receptor cells. (2) transfom that strmulafron Tnto nenal Tmpuises (3) dever theneaval information to ourbran adequatestimuus:theamountand typeofenergy equred to simulate a speifrc sensory organ  ( ne o round Perceptual set o a mental pedrsposion to pere ne trsongandnotarnother ∅ frgue theorganTzatronofthe isual freld Tnto objects (the frgnes ) that - : g stand out from theor suroundrngs ( the ground). Tlluston - ouse our assumptcons to fool us 0 assumptrons ae based on our pereptrons Cexpetatronse pior experence) ex) Ames Room Module 19 : VisTon : Sensoy and Perceptual Processing The Strmulrs Input ' :Light Energy. wave length : the drstance from the peak of one lgntor sound wave to the peak of the next.. frequenos detemoneshue( thedrmensTono fcolor ) redtoblue ampttudedeteminesTntensty밝기 ( ]baghtto dull The Eye o now does it get transduced 로 0 - retina : the leght sensttTue back Tnner surface of the eye , contaringtheeceptortods & cones plus layer of heenrons that begin the processingofisual Tnfomatron - lkghtisfocusedbythe lens onto theetrna - o hodsare senstTve tolom leghtlevels andnelp twithegnt IsTon cons detect color and ae responsible for daytrse viston - photochemircals Tn rodsecozesrespondtolgnt ( fTles actron potenteas ) - optrc neme - to occTprtal lobe - o featue deeators  featre desecfors : nenrons Tn the ocoptallobethatfTeactron potentral only for reay speefrc - stTmut. cex - o some oillfces (f τtdesetsonyhozontar ITses Color Processing ' Conng Helmholtz tchomatrc cthee color )theoy : rettna contarns thee diffeent types of color reseptors. - - one most sensite tored, geen , and blue o show a colorpink : al zconeswTll fe o selectrve color btondsess :mes one or moe photoeceptor Isdefestiwe - oimtatrono fthetrcnromatrctheovy: cannotexplainafter Tmages o oppoment process theory - : opposing retinal processes cied-goen 1 blue yellow - , mhte black ) - enable color visTou. o when see red , the paotoreceptor prevents from green seing Module 20 : Heaing , skin , chemcal , and BodySenses Heaing adequatestrmulus of hearing : change Tn ar pessue. sound waes - bampltude chergh+) : loudness - 0 fequencychertz) : PTton The u 나 o cochlea - frlled with flurd basilar membrane in the coanlea has harr cells monementofarpressuesetsup atravetrong wave into the flurd - o the wave bendsthenarrceads - o the bending causes an aatron Polen+7l πnnrtus( 이명증, inging Tn the ears :proective mechaismfor eurs ∞ TonofopcorganTzation: harrcelsrespondtodrffeent frequerresdependingon thelocathous tn the ean. wat the apex : 20 - 30 tz 1 at the base : 16 , 000 - 17, 000 Hz deafpeople do not have har Gebls howdoyoubearithouthaircels ? - cocblear Tmplant. a derce for converting sounds nto electrcas gnasls and strmulatingtheaudrtoy 5 heme throngh electrodesthreadedTntotthecocklea. tosignalsaegenerated- ostTmulatetheaudory nene o - sent to the ran