PSYCH 150 Second Long Exam Shared Notes PDF

PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 Through his close friendship with his Abraham Maslow’s cousin, Will Maslow, he was able to Holistic-Dynamic (Mikee) develop social s...

PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 Through his close friendship with his Abraham Maslow’s cousin, Will Maslow, he was able to Holistic-Dynamic (Mikee) develop social skills. Completed Maslow fell in love with his cousin, Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Bertha Goodman. They ended up getting Theory (Pasted from Darrah) married, after overcoming his parents’ Completed resistance. Rollo May’s Existential Psychology He was repulsed and disinterested with Completed (Pasted from Ciara) people and occupations that he Hans Eysenck’s Biologically Based considered cold and dispassionate by Factor Theory (Precious) nature (e.g., law, Edward Titchener, surgeons.) Completed He met and learned from other Gordon Allport’s Psychology of the prominent psychologists such as Erich Individual Completed (Belle) Fromm and Karen Horney. and Robert McCrae and Paul Costa’s Five-Factor Trait Theory Maslow’s View of Motivation Completed (Pasted from Ciara) B.F. Skinner’s Behavioral Analysis 1. holistic approach to motivation (Precious) In Progress That is, the whole person, not any Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive single part or function, is Theory (Addie) In Progress motivated. Julian Rotter’s Social Learning Theory (Belle) Completed 2. motivation is usually complex Walter Mischel’s Personality a person’s behavior may spring Theory (Aleeza) Completed from several separate motives. and George Kelly’s Psychology of For example, the desire for sexual Personal Constructs (Mikee) union may be motivated not only Completed by a genital need but also by needs for dominance, companionship, love, and self-esteem. Moreover, the motivation for a Abraham Maslow’s Holistic-Dynamic behavior may be unconscious or unknown to the person. For example, the motivation for a Biography of Abraham Maslow college student to make a high Maslow’s childhood life was filled with grade may mask the need for intense dominance or power. feelings of shyness, inferiority, and 3. people are continually motivated depression. by one need or another. Maslow was not close to either parents; When one need is satisfied, it he ordinarily loses its motivational tolerated his often-absent father but felt power and is then replaced by hatred another need. and deep-seated animosity toward his For example, as long as people’s mother. hunger needs are frustrated, they Maslow’s childhood life was filled with will strive for food; but when they intense feelings of shyness, inferiority, and do have enough to eat, they move depression. on to other needs such as safety, Maslow was not close to either parents; friendship, and self-worth. he tolerated his often-absent father but felt hatred and deep-seated animosity toward his mother. 1 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 4. all people everywhere are of more food can even have a motivated by the same basic nauseating effect. needs. 2. A second characteristic peculiar to The manner in which people in physiological needs is their different cultures obtain food, build recurring nature. After people shelters, express friendship, and have eaten, they will eventually so forth may vary widely, but the become hungry again; they fundamental needs for food, safety, constantly need to replenish their and friendship are common to the food and water supply; and one entire species breath of air must be followed by another. 5. needs can be arranged on a hierarchy Safety Needs Although the most common visual safety needs, including physical representation of the hierarchy is a security, stability, dependency, pyramid, it is worth noting that protection, and freedom from Maslow himself never created or threatening forces such as war, argued for a pyramid terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural Hierarchy of Needs disasters. the concept assumes that lower The needs for law, order, and level needs must be satisfied or at structure are also safety needs least relatively satisfied before Safety needs differ from higher level needs become physiological needs in that they motivators. cannot be overly satiated; people The five needs composing this can never be completely protected hierarchy are conative needs, from meteorites, fires, floods, or meaning that they have a striving the dangerous acts of others. or motivational character. Most healthy adults satisfy their These needs can be arranged on a safety needs most of the time, thus hierarchy, pyramid, or a staircase. making these needs relatively Lower level needs have unimportant. Children, however, prepotency over higher level are more often motivated by safety needs. needs because they live with such threats as darkness, animals, Physiological Needs strangers, and punishments from The most basic needs of any parents. person Some adults feel relatively unsafe includes food, water, oxygen, because they retain irrational fears maintenance of body temperature, from childhood that cause them to and so on. act as if they were afraid of Physiological needs are the most parental punishment. They spend prepotent of all far more energy than healthy differ from other needs in at least people trying to satisfy safety two important respects needs, 1. First, they are the only needs that Basic Anxiety - when adults are can be completely satisfied or even not successful in their attempts, overly satisfied. People can get they suffer from basic anxiety. enough to eat so that food completely loses its motivational power. For someone who has just Love and Belongingness Needs finished a large meal, the thought such as the desire for friendship; the wish for a mate and children; 2 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 and the need to belong to a family, is based on more than reputation a club, a neighborhood, or a or prestige; it reflects a “desire for nation. strength, for achievement, for Love and belongingness also adequacy, for mastery and include some aspects of sex and competence, for confidence in the human contact as well as the face of the world, and for need to both give and receive independence and freedom” love self-esteem is based on real People who have had their love competence and not merely on and belongingness needs others’ opinions. Once people adequately satisfied from early meet their esteem needs, they years do not panic when denied stand on the threshold of love. These people have self-actualization, the highest need confidence that they are accepted recognized by Maslow by those who are important to them, so when other people reject Self-Actualization Needs them, they do not feel devastated include self-fulfillment,the second group of people realization of all one’s potential, consists of those who have and a desire to become creative in never experienced love and the full sense of the word belongingness, and, therefore, People who have reached the level are incapable of giving love. of self-actualization become fully They have seldom or never been human, satisfying the needs that hugged or cuddled nor others merely glimpse or never experienced any form of verbal view at all. love. They are natural in the same Third category includes those sense that animals and infants are; people who have received love that is, they express their basic and belongingness only in small human needs and do not allow doses. Because they receive only them to be suppressed by culture. a taste of love and belongingness, Self-actualizing people maintain they will be strongly motivated to their feelings of self-esteem even seek it. when scorned, rejected, and dismissed by other people. In other words, self actualizers are not Esteem Needs dependent on the satisfaction of people satisfy their love and either love or esteem needs; they belongingness needs, they are free become independent from the to pursue esteem needs, which lower level needs that gave them include self-respect, confidence, birth. competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high Maslow identified three other categories of esteem needs—aesthetic, cognitive, and Maslow identified two levels of neurotic. esteem needs 1. Reputation The satisfaction of aesthetic and cognitive the perception of the prestige, needs is consistent with psychological recognition, or fame a person has health, whereas the deprivation of these achieved in the eyes of others, two needs results in pathology. Neurotic whereas self-esteem is a person’s needs, however, lead to pathology own feelings of worth and whether or not they are satisfied. confidence 2. Self-esteem Aesthetic Needs 3 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 aesthetic needs are not universal, relationship may be a neurotic, but at least some people in every symbiotic one that leads to a culture seem to be motivated by pathological relationship rather the need for beauty and than genuine love. aesthetically pleasing experiences. People with strong aesthetic needs General Discussion of Needs desire beautiful and orderly surroundings, and when these 1. Progression as a Gradual Process needs are not met, they become sick in the same way that they Rather than thinking of each need become sick when their conative level as fully satisfied before needs are frustrated. moving on to the next, Maslow People prefer beauty to ugliness, believed people have “percentages and they may even become of satisfaction” across different physically and spiritually ill when levels. For instance, a person forced to live in squalid, disorderly doesn’t need to meet all environments physiological needs 100% before Cognitive Needs addressing safety needs. Most people have a desire to Example: Maslow estimated that know, to solve mysteries, to an average person may have understand, and to be curious physiological needs satisfied at When cognitive needs are blocked, around 85%, safety needs at 70%, all needs on Maslow’s hierarchy love and belongingness at 50%, are threatened esteem at 40%, and People who are denied knowledge self-actualization at 10%. This and kept in ignorance become distribution shows that while sick, paranoid, and depressed. people may focus more on higher Once again, people who have needs as they move up, basic satisfied cognitive needs do not needs don’t go away completely. necessarily become self-actualized. 2. Emergence of Needs as Lower Levels Are Met Neurotic Needs lead only to stagnation and As lower-level needs are pathology increasingly met, the needs at the are nonproductive. next level emerge. For instance, a They perpetuate an unhealthy style person with only 10% satisfaction of life and have no value in the of love needs might not feel the striving for self-actualization. need for esteem, but as love needs Neurotic needs are usually become more satisfied, esteem reactive; that is, they serve as needs will also grow. compensation for unsatisfied basic Example: If love needs are 75% needs. satisfied, then esteem might be at For example, a person who does 50%. Needs don’t need to be fully not satisfy safety needs may satisfied but only sufficiently met to develop a strong desire to hoard allow focus on higher needs. money or property. The hoarding drive is a neurotic need that leads 3. Simultaneous Motivation by Multiple to pathology whether or not it is Levels satisfied. a neurotic person may be able to People can be motivated by needs establish a close relationship with from multiple levels at once. Even another person, but that a self-actualizing person, who has 4 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 progressed far up the hierarchy, with little effort. It has no goals or will still have physiological needs, aim but is merely the person’s safety needs, and so on. mode of expression. Example: A self-actualized person Expressive behavior includes may attend a celebratory dinner actions such as slouching, looking with friends. While they’re eating stupid, being relaxed, showing (fulfilling a physiological need), anger, and expressing joy. they also feel secure in the setting Expressive behavior can continue (safety), enjoy companionship even in the absence of (love), feel appreciated (esteem), reinforcement or reward. and experience fulfillment For example, a frown, a blush, or a (self-actualization) all at once. twinkle of the eye is not ordinarily specifically reinforced. 4. Higher Percentages for Expressive behaviors also include Self-Actualizers one’s gait, gestures, voice, and smile (even when alone). For self-actualizing individuals, Expressive behavior is usually Maslow believed the satisfaction unlearned, spontaneous, and percentages would be higher determined by forces within the overall because they have already person rather than by the satisfied much of their lower-level environment needs. This means that self-actualizers might operate at Coping Behavior levels like 95% for physiological, coping behaviors deal with a 85% for safety, and so on, while person's attempt to cope with the also experiencing higher environment. satisfaction of self-actualization is ordinarily conscious, effortful, needs than the average person. learned, and determined by the external environment. Reversed Order of Needs It involves the individual’s attempts For some people, the drive for to cope with the environment; to creativity (a selfactualization need) secure food and shelter; to make may take precedence over safety friends; and to receive acceptance, and physiological needs. appreciation, and prestige from An enthusiastic artist may risk others. safety and health to complete an Coping behavior serves some aim important work. or goal (although not always Reversals, however, are usually conscious or known to the person), more apparent than real, and some and it is always motivated by some seemingly obvious deviations in deficit need the order of needs are not variations at all. Deprivation of Needs If we understood the unconscious Deprivation of any of the needs motivation underlying the behavior, leads to pathology of some sort. we would recognize that the needs For example, people's inability to are not reversed. reach self-actualization results in metapathology, defined as an Expressive and Coping Behavior absence of values, a lack of Expressive behaviors have no aim fulfillment, and a loss of meaning in or goal but are merely a person's life. Lack of satisfaction of any of mode of expression. the basic needs leads to some kind It is frequently unconscious and of pathology. usually takes place naturally and 5 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 Deprivation of physiological needs be used as a model for studying results in malnutrition, fatigue, loss human motivation. Only humans of energy, with sex, and so on. can be motivated by esteem and Threats to one’s safety lead to fear, self-actualization. insecurity, and dread. When love Fourth, though difficult to change, needs go unfulfilled, a person instinctoid needs can be molded, becomes defensive, overly inhibited, or altered by aggressive, or socially timid. Lack environmental influences. Because of esteem results in the illnesses of many instinctoid needs (e.g., love) self-doubt, self-depreciation, and are weaker than cultural forces lack of confidence. Deprivation of self-actualization Comparison of Higher and Lower needs also leads to pathology, or Needs more accurately, metapathology. Maslow (1967) defined Higher needs are similar to lower metapathology as the absence of ones in that they are instinctoid. values, the lack of fulfillment, and Maslow (1970) insisted that love, the loss of meaning in life. esteem, and self-actualization are just as biological as thirst, sex, and Instinctoid Nature of Needs hunger. instinctoid needs - some human needs First, higher level needs are later are innately determined even on the phylogenetic or evolutionary though they can be modified by learning. scale. For instance, only humans Sex, for example, is a basic (a relatively recent species) have physiological need, but the manner the need for self-actualization. in which it is expressed depends Second, higher level needs on learning. For most people, then, produce more happiness and more sex is an instinctoid need. peak experiences, although One criterion for separating satisfaction of lower level needs instinctoid needs from may produce a degree of pleasure. noninstinctoid needs is the level of Hedonistic pleasure, however, is pathology upon frustration. usually temporary and not The thwarting of instinctoid needs comparable to the quality of produces pathology, whereas the happiness produced by the frustration of noninstinctoid needs satisfaction of higher needs does not. Self-Actualization For example, when people are Maslow believed that a very small denied sufficient love, they become percentage of people reach an sick and are blocked from ultimate level of psychological achieving psychological health. health called self-actualization. A second criterion for Maslow held that self-actualizing distinguishing between instinctoid people are metamotivated by such and noninstinctoid needs is that B-values as truth, goodness, instinctoid needs are persistent beauty, justice, and simplicity. and their satisfaction leads to Four criteria must be met before a psychological health. person achieves self-actualization: Noninstinctoid needs, in contrast, (1) absence of psychopathology, are usually temporary and their (2) satisfaction of each of the four satisfaction is not a prerequisite for lower-level needs, (3) full health. realization of one's potential for A third distinction is that instinctoid growth, and (4) acceptance of the needs are species-specific. B-values Therefore, animal instincts cannot Criteria for Self-Actualization 6 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 First, they were free from confidence and self-esteem, and psychopathology. They were yet fail to pass over the threshold neither neurotic nor psychotic nor to self-actualization. did they have a tendency toward maslow Identified 14 B-values, The psychological disturbances. values of self-actualizing people Second, these self-actualizing include truth, goodness, beauty, people had progressed through the wholeness or the transcendence of hierarchy of needs and therefore dichotomies, aliveness or lived above the subsistence level spontaneity, uniqueness, of existence and had no ever perfection, completion, justice and present threat to their safety order, simplicity, richness or Maslow’s third criterion for totality, effortlessness, playfulness self-actualization was the or humor, and self sufficiency or embracing of the B-values. His autonomy self-actualizing people felt comfortable with and even Characteristics of Self-Actualizing demanded truth, beauty, justice, People simplicity, humor, and each of the To be self-actualizing, Maslow other B-values that we discuss believed, people must be regularly later. satisfied in their other needs and must also embrace the B-values. Values of Self-Actualizers held that self-actualizing people are motivated by the “eternal verities,” what he called B-values These “Being” values are indicators of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs, which motivate non-self-actualizers. B-values are not needs in the same sense that food, shelter, or companionship are. Maslow termed B-values as “metaneeds” to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs. He distinguished between ordinary need motivation and the motives of self-actualizing people, which he called metamotivation. Metamotivation is characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior and is Efficient Reality Perception: associated with the B-values. It They can detect authenticity in differentiates self-actualizing others and identify underlying people from those who are not. In positive or negative traits in other words, metamotivation was people, art, literature, and music. Maslow’s tentative answer to the They see things as they are, prob lem of why some people have without prejudice or idealization, their lower needs satisfied, are and are comfortable with ambiguity capable of giving and receiving and complexity, welcoming love, possess a great amount of uncertainty and doubt. This 7 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 adaptability makes them flattery. Their independence well-suited for philosophical or enables a stable self-worth and scientific pursuits. serene sense of self, driven by Acceptance of Self, Others, and personal growth rather than Nature: They accept themselves external approval. without excessive guilt, anxiety, or Appreciation for Life: shame and enjoy basic human Self-actualizers maintain a fresh needs like food, sleep, and sex and grateful outlook on life’s basic without feeling guilt. Similarly, they joys, such as health, relationships, accept others’ imperfections and and nature. They don’t take these strengths without judgment or a for granted, consistently feeling need to change them. They also awe and gratitude rather than accept life’s natural cycles, boredom with everyday including aging and mortality. experiences. Spontaneity and Simplicity: They Peak Experiences: Maslow found act naturally and without pretense, that self-actualizers often have valuing honesty and simplicity. peak experiences—moments of Although typically conventional, intense joy, unity, and they are willing to act transcendence that can be unconventionally when they see a triggered by everyday beauty, like meaningful reason, even if it a sunset. These experiences bring results in criticism. This feelings of humility, power, love, spontaneity aligns them with the and acceptance, freeing them from natural, uninhibited behavior often fears and conflicts and sometimes seen in children and animals. leading to lasting life changes. Problem-Centering: They focus Gemeinschaftsgefühl on external, meaningful issues (Community Feeling): rather than self-centered concerns, Self-actualizers feel a profound developing a sense of purpose or connection with humanity, often mission beyond personal gain. feeling a sense of kinship and Their work becomes a calling social interest. They may get rather than just a job, guided by a frustrated with others' deep ethical and philosophical shortcomings but continue to care orientation that helps them for them, demonstrating a genuine prioritize significant matters over desire to help and support others. trivial ones. Profound Interpersonal Need for Privacy: Comfortable in Relationships: Although they care solitude, they do not require about humanity in general, constant social interaction, having self-actualizers form deep, already met their needs for love meaningful connections with only a and belonging. This detachment is few people. They value quality not indifference but a freedom from over quantity in friendships, often trivial concerns, allowing them to choosing emotionally mature make decisions based on personal individuals as friends, while values rather than societal maintaining empathy for less approval. healthy individuals. Autonomy: Self-actualizers are Democratic Character Structure: self-reliant, having built confidence Self-actualizers are genuinely from unconditional acceptance in accepting of people from all their past. This autonomy frees backgrounds, showing respect and them from needing external openness to learn from anyone. validation, providing inner peace While humble, they do not and resilience against criticism or 8 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 condone evil, standing against it B-lovers may approach sex with when necessary. humor and playfulness, integrating Discrimination Between Means it naturally into their lives as part of and Ends: They have a strong other B-values. sense of values and can enjoy activities for their own sake, finding intrinsic pleasure in the journey Maslow’s Psychology and rather than focusing solely on Philosophy of Science: goals. Philosophical Sense of Humor: Maslow advocated for a humanistic Their humor is insightful and and holistic science, emphasizing non-hostile, aimed at provoking value-laden research that cares thought rather than mocking about the subjects studied. others. It’s spontaneous, fitting to He favored studying individuals the moment, and cannot easily be holistically over rigid group-based repeated. studies, allowing subjective Creativeness: Self-actualizing experiences to guide people are creative in their unique understanding. ways, whether in traditional arts or Maslow criticized "desacralized" everyday tasks. They have an science, which he saw as original perspective on truth, detached, lacking joy, wonder, and beauty, and reality, which fuels awe. their creativity. He called for a "resacralized" Resistance to Enculturation: science where scientists are They are autonomous and follow emotionally engaged, inspired, and their own values rather than responsive to the beauty of their conforming blindly to societal work. norms. Though they don’t defy Maslow proposed a Taoistic customs unnecessarily, they resist approach to psychology, cultural pressures that conflict with emphasizing receptiveness over their inner principles, making them control and valuing awe over strict distinctively individualistic and less analysis. shaped by societal norms. He argued that psychologists should be healthy, intuitive, and Love, Sex, and Self-Actualization: courageous, unafraid of ambiguity and willing to explore important, Self-actualizers fulfill love and complex problems. belongingness needs, enabling Maslow’s research on them to both give and receive self-actualization and peak genuine love. experiences was intuitive and They experience "B-love" subjective, often relying on his (Being-love), which is mutual, insights and allowing others to unconditional, and not driven by follow up with technical studies. deficiency or need. B-love allows self-actualizers to Measuring Self-Actualization love without expecting anything in Personal Orientation Inventory return, fostering a relaxed, open, (POI). The POI measures values and honest relationship. and behaviors of self-actualizing Sexuality between self-actualizers people, such as time competence (B-lovers) can be profound and (how present-oriented is a person) mystical, though they are not and support (how self- versus driven by a need for sex. other-oriented is a person) 9 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 Growing up, he was close to his devout mother and often read the The Jonah Complex Bible. Because humans are born with a Initially intending to become a natural tendency to move toward farmer, he entered the University of psychological health, any failure to Wisconsin as an agriculture major. reach self-actualization can be But soon became involved in technically called abnormal religious activities. development. One such abnormal He returned to Wisconsin more syndrome is the Jonah complex, or confident and socially engaged. fear of being or doing one's best, a In 1924, he enrolled at Union condition that all of us have to Theological Seminary in New some extent. Maslow believed that York to become a minister. many people allow false humility to Yet opted to study clinical stifle their creativity and to fall short psychology at Teachers College, of self-actualization Columbia. is characterized by attempts to run This shift marked his commitment away from one’s destiny just as the to psychology and education. biblical Jonah tried to escape from He completed his PhD in 1931 and his fate. worked with the Rochester Society The Jonah complex, which is found for the Prevention of Cruelty to in nearly everyone, represents a Children. fear of success, a fear of being He was influenced by Otto Rank’s one’s best, and a feeling of emphasis on the therapeutic awesomeness in the presence of relationship as a means for beauty and perfection. emotional growth. His first book, The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child (1939). Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory His book brought him to teaching, where he began developing his Carl Rogers unique approach to therapy, later called "client-centered" therapy. During World War II, he directed counseling services for a university. Where he conducted research on psychotherapy. His work emphasized the client-therapist relationship; Leading to groundbreaking insights into therapy. He later helped form the Center for Studies of the Person and extended his person-centered approach to education and international relations. Rogers led workshops globally until his death on February 4, Biography of Rogers 1987. Born on January 8, 1902, in Oak Rogers was open to change and Park, Illinois. emphasized authenticity. 10 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 Despite early social challenges, he "person-centered," and "person championed the importance of to person." interpersonal relationships for "Client-centered" describes his psychological growth. therapy approach, while His theory of personality, first "person-centered" is used for his shared in detail in Client-Centered broader personality theory. Therapy (1951), remained Rogers’ theory closely follows an adaptable, reflecting his belief that if-then structure: if certain no theory should be fixed or conditions are met, then specific final. outcomes can be expected. For example; Overview of ○ If a therapist demonstrates “Person-Centered Theory” congruence, unconditional positive regard, and He was best known for founding empathy, then therapeutic client-centered therapy, developed change will occur. This a humanistic theory of personality change leads to greater based on his experiences as a self-acceptance and therapist. self-trust in the client. Unlike Freud, who focused on theory, Rogers prioritized helping Carl Rogers' person-centered theory is people grow rather than analyzing based on two primary assumptions: why they developed a certain way. He asked, “How can I help this Formative Tendency: person grow?” instead of “What ○ Rogers believed that all caused this person to be this matter, both living and way?” nonliving, tends to evolve Rogers built his theory from his from simpler to more therapeutic work and uniquely complex forms. emphasized the need for research ○ This creative process is to support both his theory and seen; therapy approach. Galaxies form from He advocated for a balance scattered matter. between compassionate and Single cells grow empirical studies to deepen into complex understanding of human thoughts organisms. and feelings. Human awareness Rogers preferred to help people becomes more directly rather than theorize. developed over In the 1950s, he wrote about time. "client-centered" personality Actualizing Tendency: theory, which he published in ○ The natural drive in all Psychology: A Study of a living things to reach Science (1959). their full potential. ○ In humans, this means “Person-Centered Theory” working toward personal growth and self-fulfillment. His therapy approach went through ○ It includes basic needs several name changes. Food Initially called "nondirective," it Safety was later known as Stability "client-centered," Desire to grow and improve 11 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 ○ Although people tend to ○Ideal Self: avoid change to stay i. This is who we comfortable; want to be. If there’s ○ They also push a big gap between themselves to learn and our self-concept and grow, driven by curiosity ideal self, we feel and the need for unhappy. self-improvement. ii. Healthy individuals have a closer Carl Rogers’ person-centered theory alignment between focuses on how people develop a sense the two. of self and work toward self-fulfillment. 3. Awareness and Levels of Here are the simplified concepts: Awareness: ○ Ignored or Denied The Self and Self-Actualization: Experiences: ○ Infants’ Early Awareness: i. Some experiences i. As infants, we start stay below our to recognize awareness because ourselves through they don’t register personal or we deny them. experiences, like ii. For example, a knowing what we woman walking on a like or dislike. busy street ignores ii. We value things that many sights and help us grow, like sounds. Or, a food or sleep. mother may hide ○ Self-Actualization vs. feelings of Actualization: resentment toward i. Self-actualization is her children, the drive to grow keeping them out of and become our her conscious mind. best self, while ○ Freely Admitted actualization Experiences: involves our whole i. These are being (conscious, experiences that we unconscious, body, can easily accept and mind). because they fit our ii. Ideally, these align, self-image. but conflicts arise if ii. For instance, if a our real feelings confident pianist is don’t match our told by a friend that self-image. his playing is 2. Self-Concept and Ideal Self: excellent, he ○ Self-Concept: accepts the i. This is how we compliment without view ourselves. issue. ii. Once we form our ○ Distorted Experiences: self-concept, we i. Sometimes, when tend to avoid an experience change and may doesn’t fit our deny experiences self-view, we alter it that don’t fit our to make it align with view of ourselves. 12 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 how we see self-image, they may start ourselves. behaving in ways that ii. If that same pianist please others rather than hears praise from a fulfilling their own needs, rival, he may distort which can lead to it as insincere or psychological stress. manipulative 3. Defensiveness: because he a. To avoid feeling distrusts the source, threatened, people may which fits his distort (twist) or deny self-concept. experiences that don’t 4. Positive Regard and match their self-image. Self-Regard: b. While this shields them ○ Positive Regard: from discomfort, it also i. People develop a blocks them from need for approval or understanding and acceptance from addressing their real others, especially feelings. significant people. 4. Disorganization: ○ Positive Self-Regard: a. If these defenses fail, the i. Once we feel good person may become about ourselves, we confused or behave no longer need inconsistently. constant approval to b. This can happen when the maintain our gap between their self-worth, self-image and true becoming experiences becomes too self-sustaining. large to manage, leading to a breakdown in their sense In short, Rogers believes that developing of identity. a sense of self, aiming for self-actualization, and receiving positive Rogers saw psychological health on a regard from others help us become fully spectrum, with minor inner conflicts at one functioning and satisfied individuals. end and severe disorganization at the other. Carl Rogers suggested that not everyone achieves full psychological health due to Rather than using strict labels, he viewed several key obstacles: these challenges as part of a range of experiences people may face. 1. Conditions of Worth: a. People often feel valued Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy is only when they meet based on three core conditions that the others' expectations, therapist needs to create for the client to causing them to adopt experience growth: others' values instead of following their true feelings. 1. Counselor Congruence: b. This leads to a “false self” a. The therapist is genuine, that’s disconnected from expressing true feelings who they really are. without pretending or hiding 2. Incongruence: behind a “mask.” a. When there’s a mismatch b. This authenticity allows between a person’s real clients to feel they’re feelings and their interacting with a real 13 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 person rather than a detached professional. 2. Unconditional Positive Regard: a. The therapist accepts and values the client without any conditions. b. This means that the therapist cares for the client regardless of what they say or do, encouraging clients to accept themselves as they are. 3. Empathic Listening: a. The therapist deeply understands the client’s As clients’ ideal selves align more closely feelings and experiences. with their real selves, they experience b. Empathy involves seeing reduced psychological and physiological things from the client’s tension, leading to: perspective without judgment, which makes Less Anxiety and Vulnerability: clients feel safe and ○ Clients become less understood. susceptible to feeling Therapeutic Process: threatened and anxious. ○ Therapy progresses Increased Self-Direction: through stages, starting ○ They rely less on others for from defensiveness and guidance, using their moving toward openness internal criteria to evaluate and self-acceptance. their experiences instead of ○ At the end of therapy, seeking approval from clients ideally reach a state others. of self-congruence, Ownership of Experiences: where they are true to ○ Clients feel safe enough to themselves, accept their accept more of their feelings, and are more experiences without adaptable. needing to deny or distort Expected Outcomes: them. ○ Through this process, clients become less Their relationships also improve, as they: defensive, more realistic about themselves, and Become More Accepting: better able to cope with ○ They make fewer demands life’s challenges. on others and allow them to ○ The gap between their ideal be themselves without self and real self narrows, imposing expectations. leading to a more Exhibit Maturity: integrated and healthier ○ They are seen as more sense of self. likable and socially adept, thanks to their authenticity and positive self-regard. Extend Empathy Beyond Therapy: ○ Their ability to empathize and connect with others 14 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 enhances, allowing them to highest levels of engage in more psychological health, growth-promoting aligning more closely with relationships. Rogers' expectations of growth to a Stage 3 or 4 Overall, this process fosters greater rather than the ideal Stage self-acceptance and healthier interactions 7. with others. Conclusion Philosophy of Science Rogers’ client-centered therapy is Rogers viewed science as rooted in effective for fostering personal growth, but subjective experience but requiring it may not fully transform individuals into objective methods for study. He the "fully functioning persons" he emphasized the importance of scientists envisioned. being deeply involved with their subjects, nurturing ideas from intuition to testable Recent Researches hypotheses. Carl Rogers was a psychologist who The Chicago Studies thought people feel happiest when they’re true to who they are. He said we all have Rogers and colleagues conducted two parts inside us: research on client-centered therapy at the University of Chicago. Their approach 1. The real self — who we really are. focused on understanding therapy 2. The ideal self — who we wish we outcomes without letting methodology could be. dictate their research. They used various methods to assess the therapy's impact If these two parts are close, we feel happy. on clients, examining changes in If they’re far apart, we feel sad. self-concept and emotional maturity. Another psychologist, E. Tory Higgins, Findings added that this gap can make us feel bad in two ways: Therapy Effects: ○ Clients in therapy showed If we don’t live up to who we wish reduced discrepancies we could be, we feel sad. between their self-concept If we don’t live up to what we think and ideal self, maintaining we should be, we feel anxious. gains over time, but did not reach the psychological Social media can make this gap bigger health levels of the control because people show only their best parts group. online. Video games do this too, since you Behavioral Changes: can make a character look exactly like you ○ Friends of participants did want to be. Sometimes, if the difference is not report significant too big between online and real life, it can behavioral changes make people feel worse. post-therapy, though some individuals improved Some people are naturally more likely to significantly. feel bad about this gap because of their Overall Growth: genes or the way their brains work. ○ While clients experienced growth during therapy, they Rogers also thought that people feel often did not achieve the happiest when they go after goals that 15 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 truly matter to them. If we work hard for Picasso), breaking the boundaries goals that are important to us, like learning of realism. new things or helping others, we feel more - Post-WWII, European joyful and satisfied. existentialism spread to the US, embraced by a diverse group He called this idea eudaimonia, or true including writers, artists, happiness. When we work hard for goals professors, clergy, and dissidents. that matter to us, it helps us feel happier and more satisfied with life. What is Existentialism? - Common elements are found among most existential thinkers. Rollo May’s Existential Psychology 1. Existence takes precedence over essence. a. Existence means to Key Points from the Overview of emerge or to become; Existential Psychology essence implies a static He saw people as living in the immutable substance. world of present experiences and b. Existence suggests ultimately being responsible for process; essence refers to who they become. a product. May believed that many people c. Existence is associated lack courage to face their destiny, with growth and change; and in the process of fleeing from essence signifies it. stagnation and finality ○ They give much of their d. Western Society valued freedom and having to essence over existence. negate their freedom, they 2. Existentialism opposes the split likewise run away from their between subject and object. responsibilities. a. According to Kierkegaard, people are more than mere Background of Existentialism cogs in the machinery of an - Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) industrialized society, but pioneered modern existential they are also more than psychology, focusing on human subjective thinking beings dehumanization trends and living passively through emphasizing individuals as thinking armchair speculation. and willing beings. b. People are both subjective - Kierkegaard highlighted the and objective and must balance between freedom and search for truth by living responsibility, where active and authentic lives. self-awareness leads to freedom 3. People search for some meaning but also anxiety from assuming to their lives. responsibility for one's actions. 4. Existentialists hold that ultimately - Influential philosophers like each of us is responsible for who Nietzsche and Heidegger we are and what we become. popularized existentialism in the 5. Existentialists are antitheoretical. 20th century, leading to its a. Theories dehumanized application in psychotherapy by people and render them as Binswanger, Boss, Jaspers, and objects. Frankl. b. When experiences are - Existentialism influenced literature molded into some (Sartre, Camus), religion (Buber, preexisting theoretical Tillich), and art (Cezanne, Matisse, model, they lose their 16 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 authenticity and become objects, then we are living solely in divorced from the individual Umwelt. who experiences them. - The difference between Umwelt Basic Concepts and Mitwelt can be seen by contrasting sex with love. However Being-in-the-World love means respect for the other person’s being-in-theworld, an We exist in a world that we can be best unconditional acceptance of that understood from our own perspective. person. Not every Mitwelt - The best unity of a person and relationship, however, necessitates environment is expressed in the love. german word Dasein, which means to exist here. EIGENWELT - Many people suffer from anxiety - To live in Eigenwelt means to be and despair brought on by their aware of oneself as a human being alienation from themselves or from and to grasp who we are as we their world. relate to the world of things and to - The feeling of isolation and the world of people. alienation of the self from the world - Healthy people live in Umwelt, is suffered not only pathologically Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt disturbed individuals but also most simultaneously. They adapt to the individuals in modern society. natural world, relate to others as Alienation is the illness of our time, and it humans, and have a manifests itself in three areas: - keen awareness of what all these (1) Separation from nature experiences mean to them (May, (2) Lack of meaningful interpersonal 1958). relations (3) Alienation from one’s authentic self Nonbeing With these, people experience three - Dread of not being; non-being; simultaneous modes in their nothingness being-in-the-world; - one needs to grasp the fact that he Umwelt (the environment around might not exist, that he treads at us) every moment on the sharp edge Mitwelt (our relations with other of possible annihilation and can people) never escape the fact that death Eigenwelt (our relationship with will arrive at some unknown ourselves) moment in the future. UMWELT - Umwelt is the world of objects and things and would exist even if people had no awareness. - we must learn to live in the world around us and to adjust to changes within this world. - Freud’s theory, with its emphasis on biology and instincts, deals mostly with Umwelt MITWELT - We also live in the world with people, that is, Mitwelt. We must relate to people as people, not as things. If we treat people as 17 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 - People experience anxiety when they become aware that their existence or some value identified with it might be destroyed. May (1958) - “the subjective state of the individual’s becoming aware that his [or her] existence can - be destroyed, that he can become ‘nothing’ - Anxiety can wither spring from an awareness of one’s nonbeing or from another threat to some value essential to one’s existence. It - death is not the only evenue of exists when one confronts the non-being, but it is the most issue of fulfilling one’s obvious one. potentialities. - when we do not courageously - Freedom cannot exist without confront our non-being by anxiety, nor can anxiety exist contemplating death, we without freedom. May (1981, p. nevertheless will experience 185) non-being in other forms. The Case of Philip Summary: Normal Anxiety - May (1967) defined normal anxiety - Existential psychology focuses on as that “which is proportionate to individual growth through life the threat, does not involve experiences, illustrated through repression, and can be confronted Philip's struggles. constructively on the conscious - Philip faced challenges in his level” relationship with Nicole, where she - Normal anxiety is also experienced had multiple affairs. Despite feeling during those creative moments betrayed, Philip found it difficult to when an artist, a scientist, or a leave Nicole. philosopher suddenly achieves an - Philip's conflicting emotions of insight that leads to a recognition acceptance and betrayal paralyzed that one’s life, and perhaps the him, leading him to seek therapy lives of countless others, will be from Rollo May. permanently changed. - Philip's story will be used to explore May's concepts of anxiety, Neurotic Anxiety intentionality, destiny, - the type experienced during psychopathology, and periods of growth or of threat to psychotherapy. one’s values, is experienced by everyone. Anxiety - It can be constructive provided it - Most theories of anxiety held that remains proportionate to the threat. high levels of anxiety were But anxiety can become neurotic indicative of neuroses or other or sick. forms of psychopathology. - May (1967) defined neurotic - May claimed that much of human anxiety as “a reaction which is behavior is motivated by an disproportionate to the threat, underlying sense of dread and involves repression and other anxiety. forms of intrapsychic conflict, and is managed by various kinds of 18 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 blocking-off of activity and Care, Love, and Will awareness” - To care for someone means to Guilt recognize that person as a fellow - Guilt arises when people deny their human being, to identify with that potentialities, fail to accurately person’s pain or joy, guilt or pity. perceive the needs of fellow Care is an active process, the humans, or remain oblivious to opposite of apathy. their dependence on the natural - Care is an active state in which world (May, 1958) something does matter. - May identified three forms of - Care is not the same as love. ontological guilt corresponding to Love different modes of - To love is to care, to recognize the being-in-the-world: essential humanity of the other - Umwelt person, to have an active regard - Mitwelt for that person’s development. - Eigenwelt. - May (1953) defined love as “a - Separation guilt arises from delight in the presence of the other alienation from nature in person and an affirming of value technologically advanced societies, and development as much as leading to guilt from reliance on one’s own” others for basic needs. - Care is also the source of will. - Guilt from Mitwelt stems from the Will inability to accurately perceive - May (1969) called will “the capacity others' needs, causing feelings of to organize one’s self so that inadequacy in relationships. movement in a certain direction or - Eigenwelt guilt results from toward a certain goal may take denying or failing to fulfill one's place” own potentialities, leading to a universal sense of guilt related to Union of Love and Will self-fulfillment. - May (1969) claimed, is suffering - Ontological guilt can have both from an unhelathy divison of love positive and negative effects on and will personality, with the potential to - Unhealthy Division: In modern foster humility, improve society, love and will are often relationships, and enhance separated. Love is equated with creativity, but can become neurotic sensuality or sex, while will is if not accepted, leading to associated with determination or nonproductive symptoms. willpower. - The Ideal: A mature person unites Intentionality love and will. This unity involves - The structure that gives meaning both caring for others and being to experience and allows people to able to make deliberate choices make decisions about the future is that benefit both oneself and called intentionality (May, 1969b) others. - Acton implies intentionality, just as intentionality implies action; the May believed that modern society has lost two are inseparable. sight of true love and will, often confusing - “The structure of meaning which love with sex and will with willpower. makes it possible for us, subjects Psychologically healthy people are able to that we are, to see and understand combine love and will because both imply the outside world, objective that it care, choice, action, and responsibility. is.” 19 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 Forms of Love responsibility for their choices, and willing May identified four kinds of love in to face their destiny. Western tradition—sex, eros, philia, and - Freedom comes from an agape. understanding of our destiny. - Sex: A biological function related - We are free when we recognize to reproduction and the release of that death is a possibility at any sexual tension. Modern Western moment and are willing to culture has fluctuated between experience changes even without guilt around sex (Victorian period) knowing what those changes will and an overemphasis on it (1920s bring. onward). - Eros: A psychological desire for an - May recognized two forms of enduring union with a loved one. freedom: Eros transcends mere sexual - Freedom of doing, or freedom of gratification and involves care, action, which he called existential tenderness, and a longing for a freedom. lasting connection. It requires a - Freedom of being, or inner deep emotional bond and personal freedom, which he called essential growth. freedom. - Philia: A non-sexual friendship that is built over time. It is based - May defined destiny as "the design on mutual respect and of the universe speaking through companionship, often seen in the design of each one of us." sibling relationships or lifelong It includes limitations of our environment friendships. It forms the foundation and personal qualities, including mortality, for eros. gender, and genetic predispositions. - Agape: Altruistic, unconditional Freedom and destiny form a paradox: love focused on the welfare of others, often seen as spiritual or - Freedom gains vitality from divine love. It is disinterested and destiny. does not depend on the recipient’s - Destiny gains significance from behavior. freedom. Four kinds of love in Western tradition: Freedom and Destiny - Sex: Americans no longer view - Freedom involves both sex as a natural biological function self-assertion and affirming the but have become preoccupied with other person, as well as it to the point of trivialization. understanding one's destiny. - Eros is a psychological desire that - Healthy individuals can recognize seeks an enduring union with a and confront their destiny while loved one. It may include sex, but it asserting their freedom. is built on care and tenderness. Freedom Defined - Philia is an intimate nonsexual - Rollo May defines freedom as the friendship between two people, capacity to recognize that an takes time to develop, and does individual is the "determined one." not depend on the actions of the - Destiny refers to the inevitable other person. elements of life, such as death, - Agape is an altruistic or spiritual gender, biological weaknesses, love that carries with it the risk of and life experiences that shape playing God. Agape is undeserved behavior. and unconditional. Freedom involves the ability to change, - Freedom and Destiny even if the changes are uncertain. This Psychologically healthy individuals are can cause anxiety, but it is normal and comfortable with freedom, able to assume manageable. 20 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 Forms of Freedom helped him gain freedom and make - Existential Freedom (Freedom of healthier relationship choices. Doing): The Power of Myth - Refers to the freedom of - Myths have a profound impact on action and choice (e.g., individuals and cultures; they traveling, voting, picking provide meaning and coherence in items in a supermarket). a chaotic world. - It is more about acting on - May suggested that Western choices made. society lacks shared myths, Essential Freedom (Freedom of Being): leading to the search for meaning in cults or addictions. - It is the freedom to be one's true - Myths serve as "support beams" self, not dependent on actions or for society and provide individuals external conditions. with the meaning they seek. - Sometimes, existential freedom makes it harder to achieve Existential Myths essential freedom. For example, - Myths help individuals transcend prisoners with limited existential the immediate, offering deeper freedom often find inner peace. self-awareness and a sense of - Essential freedom emerges when identity. we face our destiny, recognizing - The Oedipus Myth is an example the limitations and opportunities of an existential myth that inherent in life. resonates with universal human Destiny experiences like birth, separation, - Defined as the "design of the sexual union, identity, guilt, and universe speaking through the death. design of each one of us" (May, - The myth can provide healing and 1981). growth through acceptance of - Destiny includes both inevitable one's suffering and eventual peace biological traits (like gender and with death. health predispositions) and psychological/cultural influences. Hans Eysenck’s Biologically Based - Destiny does not equal being Factor Theory preordained or fixed. While we can't escape certain aspects of our Traits are biologically based, not destiny, we can choose how to just psychometrically sound. respond to them. Who is Eysenck? Freedom and Destiny are Paradoxical: Only child of theatrical, - They are interdependent; freedom emotionally detached parents, without destiny leads to chaos, and closer to his grandmother destiny without freedom is Grow up in a little discipline and meaningless. few strict controls over his behavior Philip’s Case ○ neglected in benign incidents Philip, an architect, had a difficult ○ bought by his father a relationship with his mother and sister, bicycle and promised to which affected his adult relationships. teach him and learn bike all He could not confront his destiny (his past by himself and its effects), and this denial trapped ○ told his grandmother to buy him in resentment and confusion. cigarettes expecting to Through therapy, he learned to face his forbid him but he was told past and accept his limitations, which “if you like it, do it by all means” 21 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 Genetic factors > Childhood experiences Quite the 'warfreak' A psychologist by accident The first wife was a math major, Their second wife was a quantitative psychologist Received many accolades Extraversion / Introversion (E) Overview of Biologically based Theory High E scorers have low cortical Individual differences in people’s arousal, high in sensory threshold personalities were biological, and not and they experience greater merely psychological, aspects of reactions to sensory simulations. personality. That is why they seek experiences. Derived three dimensions of personality: ○ To maintain an optimal level extraversion/introversion, of simulation, introverts with neuroticism/stability, and their congenitally low psychoticism/superego. sensory threshold, avoid Psychometrics alone is not enough to situations that will cause explain behavior/personality. too much excitement. Criteria for identifying factors to be ○ Because extraverts have a considered as legitimate traits: habitually low level of ○ Strong psychometric properties cortical arousal, they need - this must be reliable and replicable a high level of sensory ○ Heritability (suggesting biological roots) stimulation to maintain an - characteristics is influenced by optimal level of stimulation. genetics Therefore, they participate - eliminate learned characteristics, more often in exciting and such as the ability to mimic the stimulating activities. voices of well-known people or Low E scorers have high cortical religious political belief arousal that is why they tend to be alone because too much ○ Theoretically makes sense stimulation is not bearable for them - employed deductive method of because they are already investigation, from theory and then stimulated enough gathering data that are logically consistent with the theory ○ Possesses social relevance - demonstrated that mathematically derived factors have a relationship with such socially relevant variables as drug addictipn Hierarchy of Behavior Organization Neuroticism / Stability (N) High N people often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and have difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional arousal. ○ They always complain of physical symptoms such as headache and backache and of vague psychological problems such as worries Dimensions of Personality and anxieties. 22 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA PSYCH II | PROF. KHENT ADENIX | SEM 1 2024 ○ highly reactive limbic study of the individual: system, including amygdala morphogenic science and hypothalamus. Morphogenic methods Diathesis-stress model: some ○ gather data on a single people are vulnerable to illness individual because they have either a genetic Nomothetic methods or an acquired weakness that ○ gather data on groups of predisposes them to an illness. people ○ this predisposition may To Allport, a broad, comprehensive interact with stress to theory is preferable to a narrow, produce neurotic disorder specific theory even if it does not ○ Eysenck assumed that generate as many testable people at the healthy end of hypotheses. the N scale have the capacity to resist a neurotic Biography of Gordon Allport disorder even in periods of Fourth and youngest son of John extreme stress. E. Allport and Nellie Wise Allport. Psychoticism / superego (P) His father had engaged in a Low P scorers tend to be number of business ventures altruistic, highly socialized, before becoming a physician empathic, caring, cooperative, ○ Lacking adequate office conforming, and conventional and clinical facilities, Dr. High p scorers often egocentric, Allport turned the cold, nonconforming, impulsive, household into a miniature hostile, aggressive, suspicious, hospital. psychopathic and antisocial. ○ Both patients and nurses During periods of little stress, high were found in the home, P scorers may function normally, and a clean, sterile but when high psychoticism atmosphere prevailed. interacts with high levels of stress, Allport (1967) wrote that his early people become vulnerable to life “was marked by plain psychotic disorders. Protestant piety”. Has an older brother by 7 years, who also became a famous psychologist Gordon Allport’s Psychology of the Their mother is a very pious Individual woman who placed heavy emphasis on religion Overview of Allport’s Psychology of the ○ Taught young Gordon the Individual virtues of clean language Emphasized the uniqueness of the and proper conduct as well individual. as the importance of Allport believed that attempts to searching for ultimate describe people in terms of general religious answers. traits rob them of their unique Young Allport developed an early individuality. interest in philosophical and A person’s stubbornness is religious questions different from any other person’s ○ bullied as a boy for being a stubbornness and the manner in “human dictionary” which one person’s stubbornness ○ described himself as a interacts with his or her social “isolate” extraversion and creativity is He received an invitation from his duplicated by no other individual. brother Fayette to stay with him in 23 PSYCH 150 Lecture BA P