Psychology 104 - Information Processing Model PDF

top-down processing : using our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see bottom-up processing : allowing sensation and the stimulus itself to shape our perception without any preconceived ideas memory : information stored to be used in the future, retrieval of info - long-t...

top-down processing : using our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see bottom-up processing : allowing sensation and the stimulus itself to shape our perception without any preconceived ideas memory : information stored to be used in the future, retrieval of info - long-term memory – hard drive, storing info - short-term memory – processor, random access memory - sensory memory – cache, buffer, fast access of info – sensory memory iconic memory (visual) - duration : < 1 sec (decays rapidly) - capacity : whole visual field sperling’s letter matrices demo - showed us duration of iconic memory - we could report each row fully, as long as the cue was within the time limit of decay - we could not report all 9 letters – shows short term memory capacity echoic memory (auditory) - duration : 2-3 seconds - capacity : whole auditory field haptic memory (touch) – short term/working memory peterson, peterson, brown demo - shows the duration of the STM - duration : ~ 18 seconds digit span demo - shows the capacity of the STM - capacity : 7 +/- 2 items strengthening memory maintenance rehearsal : process of keeping info in STM by mentally repeating it serial position effect : first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled and remembered - primary effect : tendency to remember first piece of info better - recency effect : items that came last are remembered more - von restorff effect : the more something stands out, the more likely it is to be seen chunking : combining small pieces of info into larger chunks decline of short term memory STM quickly fades without rehearsal memory for the consonant strings declined rapidly info can be held in the STM for about 15-20 seconds working memory model stores and manipulates info – includes limited-capacity memory system – active maintenance of info in short term storage central executive : responsible for controlled processing in working memory (attention, retrieval, etc) visuospatial sketchpad : holds visual and spatial information (driving, parking) phonological loop : holds verbal and auditory information episodic buffer : integrating info from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and LTM to create complete representation of an event or experience – long term memory can recall items from LTM even if they haven’t thought of them for years ○ duration : lifetime ○ capacity : unlimited types explicit (declarative) memories you can say – in the conscious level 1. episodic memory - memory of an event – when and where an event occurred - eg. remembering a specific episode in life, going on a plane for a vacation 2. semantic memory - factual and general knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives - sometimes you don’t know where you learned it from - eg. cutting an onion in a specific way and you can explain how to do it implicit (non declarative) memories you can’t say – easier to show and do than to describe 1. procedural memory - automatic skills you have – you can do without thinking - eg. opening the door, habits and routines 2. sensitization / habituation - habituation : decreased response bc of repeated stimulation - sensitization : increased response bc of repeated stimulation - your response might be different from other people’s because you’re used to it 3. conditioning - learned response to the previously neutral stimulus - eg. leaving a class when you hear the sound of the bell 4. priming - being exposed to a stimulus, then later reacts to a similar stimulus w/o knowing why - eg. watches a scary movie, may scream when they later see a spider how we discovered types of LTM HM was a patient who had his hippocampus removed to prevent seizures clive remembered skills before and his handwriting (implicit), but can’t remember past events (explicit) ○ both had damaged hippocampus and only remembers implicit ○ clive had damaged frontal lobe anterograde amnesia - inability to form new (explicit) memories – retains some of old memories - eg. dory, memento, hm, 50 first dates retrograde amnesia - inability to remember old (explicit) memories - eg. the vow, jason bourne, neuralyzer in men in black interference retroactive interference : new memory interferes with old memory - eg. server takes an order (memory 1), interrupted before putting in order (memory 2), forgets the order proactive interference : old memory interferes with new memory - eg. old postal code prevents you from learning a new one - eg. habit of writing 2023, keeps you from writing 2024 – levels of processing the deeper you process the information, the easier it is to retrieve and recall shallow processing visual features – looking at surface features eg. is this in upper or lower case letters? DUCK intermediate processing includes phonological processing – auditory features eg. does this word rhyme with “mouse”? HOUSE deep processing semantic processing – adding meaning to it eg. does this word fit in the sentence “the man jumped into the ___”? POOL self reference effect - items that directly relate to the participant are recalled the most - relating info learned to personal life, actively participating in the info learned – will remember more elaborative rehearsal - connecting old concepts (old memories) to newly learned information visual imagery - making things concrete - method of loci (memory palace) - technique for memorizing information - visualization of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of info – memory failures transience forgetting what occurs with passage of time – rapid forgetting – decay ○ memory fades faster at first, slowly over time ○ retroactive and proactive interference curve of forgetting hermann ebbinghaus – measured his retention at various delay intervals after studying lists of syllables ○ retention was measured in percent savings, percentage of time needed to relearn the list compared to the time needed to learn it initially absentmindedness adhd – lapse in attention that results in memory failure ○ lost in thought and unaware of one’s surroundings prospective memory : remembering to do things in the future ○ can take a lot of space, difficult to hold this = forgets a lot of thing in the future ○ how to avoid this – external reminders / intention offloading making to do list, google calendar, etc blocking retrieval failure – tip of the tongue phenomenon ○ failure to retrieve info that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it memory misattribution assigning a memory, recollection or an idea to the wrong source source memory : recall when, where and how info was acquired false recognition : feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before ○ eg. musician composed a melody but it was actually created by someone else already