PSYC6410 Mental Health Lecture 1 PDF

PSYC6410: MENTAL HEALTH: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT, AND TREATMENT DR. LYDIA KEARNEY OFFICE HOURS (KEYNES A2.01) [email protected] TUESDAY 2-3 THURSDAY 12-1 WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION AND COURSE ORGANISATION LECTURE OVERVIEW 1: Module or...

PSYC6410: MENTAL HEALTH: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT, AND TREATMENT DR. LYDIA KEARNEY OFFICE HOURS (KEYNES A2.01) [email protected] TUESDAY 2-3 THURSDAY 12-1 WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION AND COURSE ORGANISATION LECTURE OVERVIEW 1: Module organisation Learning outcomes Assessment Resources 2: Assessment guidance Poster Critical review 3: Introduction to ‘abnormal psychology’ and mental health 1: MODULE ORGANISATION – LEARNING OUTCOMES  1: Develop a sound understanding of the historical developments surrounding the classification of a range of psychological disorders and their treatment methods  2: Acquire an understanding of the current diagnostic criteria for mental disorders, including dementia disorders, eating disorders, and mood disorders, and be aware of the links between symptoms and optimal treatment approaches  3: Show key intellectual skills by critically evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive interventions and drug treatment approaches in abnormal psychology  4: Develop the ability to evaluate through written analysis and interpretation the contributions made by the different approaches and research methods that are used in mental health practice  5: Become familiar with a broad range of interventions and treatments for mental disorders 1: MODULE ORGANISATION – TEACHING PROGRAMME  Lecture slides will be released at least 24 hours before the live lecture  Live lectures are Fridays 4-6 in Woolf  Lectures will be recorded, and the recordings released right after the live session 1: MODULE ORGANISATION – TEACHING TEAM  Lydia Kearney – module convener – [email protected]  Martin Anson – lecturer – [email protected]  Claire Russ – lecturer – [email protected]  Joshua Nice – lecturer – [email protected]  Amir-Homayoun Javadi – lecturer – [email protected] 1: MODULE ORGANISATION – RESOURCES AND SUPPORT  Moodle  Materials will be stored here (lecture slides, recordings, etc.)  Also, links to other online resources  Recommended reading  On module outline, via library reading lists, and my slides  Do check regularly! 1: MODULE ORGANISATION – RESOURCES AND SUPPORT 1  Core textbook:  Oltmanns, T.F., & Emery, R.E. (2015). Abnormal Psychology: 8th Edition. Pearson Higher Education.  Available as an e-book  Additional books/articles for each lecture 1: MODULE ORGANISATION – RESOURCES AND SUPPORT 2  How to get the most out of this course:  Attend lectures and be prepared to discuss  Do additional and any preparatory reading  Find your own readings – and let me know if you find anything especially good!  Be a part of making a supportive learning experience 1: MODULE ORGANISATION – RESOURCES AND SUPPORT 3  Q&A forum on Moodle for lecture content and assessment questions  For information on coursework submissions, extensions, late submission, mitigation etc., see the HSS student guide  If you are having issues outside of university that are impacting your ability to study, please contact [email protected] who will be able to advise you about the support available  1: MODULE ORGANISATION – RESOURCES How to help yourselves and each other: AND SUPPORT 4  Study groups  Ask questions (of each other, in class, via email)  Enjoy yourself!  Other sources of information:  @GrahamCLDavey (psychology professor and researcher in mental health)  @Neuro_Skeptic (Neuroscience, psychology and psychiatry through a skeptical lens)  @PsychologyNow and @PsychToday (Latest psychology news and 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT  Research poster (20%) – Thursday 6th March at 12:00 noon  Critical review (80%) – Thursday 3rd April at 12:00 noon  Focusing on a single disorder you should cover:  Diagnostic criteria  Available treatments  Evaluation of one treatment  Assessment guides on Moodle 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT – POSTER 1  Noon on 6th March  20% of your grade  Summarise a recently published research article on a novel treatment  You choose the article  Assess the effectiveness of an intervention/treatment for a mental health disorder  What should you include?  The same sections as a research article 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT – POSTER 2  Title and authors  From your chosen article  Introduction  Background theory  Highlight problems/research questions/objectives  Hypotheses  Method  Participants, design, techniques, procedure  Images, flow charts, and tables where possible/appropriate 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT – POSTER 3  Results  Graphs and tables to illustrate the data  Key statistics  Discussion  Review research questions and results  Why are these results interesting/important?  Relate to other research  Future directions  What questions remain open?  How can they be addressed? 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT – POSTER 4  Keep it simple  Don’t overload with text  Bullet points/images to summarise information  Make it interesting  Colour  Readable font  Spacing  Look at other posters 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT – POSTER 5 A typical conference poster session THE GOOD… THE GOOD… THE BAD… AND THE BLAND… 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT – CRITICAL REVIEW 1  Noon 3rd April  80% of your grade  Maximum 2000 words  Critically review the effectiveness of one type of treatment/intervention in mental health  What should you include?  A review of the literature, with your own evidence based arguments and judgments 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT – CRITICAL REVIEW 2  A concise definition of the mental health disorder  Refer to diagnostic criteria  A brief summary of how your treatment works, and how it compares to others  A focused review of the treatment  Critically evaluate the evidence 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT – CRITICAL REVIEW 3  Comparisons, evaluation, and critical thought  What evidence is there that this works?  How does it compare to alternatives?  Are there any side effects/disadvantages?  Your evaluation of an ‘optimal’ treatment  Suggest existing needs in this field? 2: MODULE ORGANISATION – ASSESSMENT – CRITICAL REVIEW 4  How to do well on this assessment  Prepare and practice  Read widely and try to use interesting sources  Get used to thinking critically  Show us you understand, not just that you remember A NOTE ON COMMUNICATION  PLEASE check the online resources first – your question may be answered in the module outline, the assessment briefs, the Q&A forum, or elsewhere on the Moodle page  If you think your question is relevant to other students, please use the Q&A forum on Moodle  If your question is personal (i.e. only applies to you), please email me: [email protected] INTRODUCTION TO ‘ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY’ AND MENTAL HEALTH COMMON PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES Depression Anorexia/bulimia ADHD 46% Post traumatic stress disorder Autistic spectrum disorders Schizophrenia Substance addiction Social anxiety disorder Phobias WHAT’S NORMAL ANYWAY…?  Speeding on the motorway  Cheating on your partner  Standing instead of walking  Having exam anxiety on the left side of the escalator  Suffering from depression  Running a red light  Being nervous for a job interview  Talking to yourself  Having mood swings  Drinking alcohol  Neglecting personal hygiene  Using drugs  Hearing voices  Making to-do lists WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR?  Is behaviour abnormal if it is uncommon?  Statistical infrequency WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR? 2  Distress?  Danger?  Dysfunction?  Social norms?  Duration? WHAT IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER?  Defined by a set of characteristics  One symptom is not enough for diagnosis  Symptoms that often co-occur form clusters  These clusters are the basis of defining a syndrome WHAT IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER? Depressed Anhedonia mood Major depressive Lack of concentration disorder Insomnia Weight gain/loss WHO EXPERIENCES PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?  Pretty much anyone  How can frequency and impact be assessed?  Epidemiology: study of the frequency and distribution of disorders in a population  Incidence: The number of new cases in a population during a given period  Lifetime prevalence: Proportion of people in a population who have been affected by the disorder at some point in their lives  Also point and period prevalence THE MOST COMMON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS PSYCHOLOGICAL ILLNESS IN CONTEXT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES  How many psychological disorders have a definitive, objective test?  …………?  Observation-based diagnosis is open to error  What are the implications of different diagnoses? DSM 5  Revised in 2013  Many changes from previous editions!  Lists 300+ disorders  Contains 20 “families” of disorders  Neurodevelopmental, depressive, bipolar and related, anxiety, dissociative, etc.  Diagnostic criteria, time periods, exclusions  Some controversy (week 36) DSM CRITERIA FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE A. Five (or more) of the following – must include 1 or 2 1. Depressed mood most of the day 2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, B. Symptoms to not meet criteria for a mixed or almost all, activities episode 3. Significant weight loss or gain without dieting C. Clinically significant distress or 4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day social/occupational areas of functioning 5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation every day D. Not due to physiological effects of a 6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day substance or a medical condition 7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt nearly every day 8. Diminished ability to think/concentrate/make decisions nearly every day 9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES  Structured clinical interview  Most commonly used procedure  People’s own descriptions of their problems  Also observation of non-verbal behaviour  Long list of prescribed questions  Advantages and limitations? Vacc & Juhnke (1997). The use of structured clinical interviews for assessment in counselling. Journal of Counselling and Development, 75, 470- 480. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 2  Observational procedures  Formal vs. informal  Natural environment or controlled  Rating scales  Observer makes judgments that fall somewhere on a dimension (e.g. ‘patient appears agitated’)  Behavioural coding systems  Frequency of specific behaviours  Advantages and limitations? PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 3  Personality tests and self-report inventories  Sometimes called ‘objective’ tests  Examples  Beck depression inventory (BDI)  Liebowitz social anxiety scale (LSAS)  Minnesota multi-phasic personality inventory (MMPI-2)  Advantages and limitations PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 4  Projective personality tests  Person is presented with ambiguous stimuli  Herman Rorschach (1884-1922)  Rorschach (inkblot) test  Thematic apperception test  Advantages and limitations BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES  Brain imaging techniques  Static pictures of various brain structures at rest or dynamic images of brain function  MRI/fMRI  CT scan  PET  EEG  Advantages and disadvantages BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 2  Psychophysiological assessment  Changes in heart rate, respiration, and skin conductance and provide information on psychological adjustment  PNS (somatic and autonomic NS)  CNS  Advantages and disadvantages PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS ANY QUESTIONS?  Urgent/personal questions – email Lydia ([email protected])  General questions – use the Moodle Q&A forum