PSYC 3550 Flash Cards PDF

1 Intergenerational Interaction - any form of interaction between people of different generations of age groups o Example ▪ young adults and older adults ▪ children and young adults ▪ ▪ older adults and children Ageism - prejudice and d...

1 Intergenerational Interaction - any form of interaction between people of different generations of age groups o Example ▪ young adults and older adults ▪ children and young adults ▪ ▪ older adults and children Ageism - prejudice and discrimination towards those of a particular age o Benevolent ageism: agist behaviours that stem from aging stereotypes and are performed with good intentions ▪ older adults commonly experience ageism 1 in 2 people exhibit agist attitudes toward older adults o Negative effects of ageism ▪ mental health issues (eg depression) ▪ physical health issues (eg smoking, poor diet) ▪ social isolation ▪ low quality of life  2 Elderspeak: a type of speech accommodation in which younger individuals change the way they speak when communicating with older adults o similar to baby talk o a form of benevolent ageism o Key characteristics ▪ slower speech ▪ simplified vocab and grammar ▪ increased pitch ▪ terms of endearment (eg dear or honey) o Negative effects of Elderspeak ▪ decreased psychological well-being ▪ lower self-esteem ▪ lower communication satisfaction ▪ others perceived as less respectful ▪ promotes negative stereotypes of older adults (eg incompetent, dependent)  3 Interactions between older adults and younger generations o intergenerational interaction is ften facilitate through intergenerational programs o Intergenerational programs; other adults and younger individuals come together to interact, often through participation in shared activities ▪ Much of the literature on intergenerational interactions has focused on interactions between older adults and young adults/adolescent ▪ recent increase in the number of studies that have examined older adult-child interactions Interactions between older adults and young adults/adolescents o Research generally has focused more on older adult outcomes of IG interaction ▪ improved life satisfaction ▪ reduction in depressive symptoms ▪ sense of purpose and fulfillment ▪ increased social connectedness o Young adult/adolescent outcomes; the main outcome of IG interaction of young adults/adolescents; positive shift in attitudes toward older adults and aging  4 ▪ what about interactions between older adults and children Scoping review: Older adult-child interactions o Purpose ▪ to provide an overview of research that examined intergenerational interactions between children and older adults ▪ to explore the role of technology in facilitating IG interactions o Eligibility criteria ▪ older adults aged 60 years and up ▪ children aged 13 and under ▪ direct interaction between children and older adults o Results: Activities ▪ Mixed activities - eg board games, writing activities, dance, crafts –the majority ▪ Dance and music - eg zumba, instrument playing ▪ Arts and crafts - eg portrait drawing, painting ▪ Teaching - eg reading, math ▪ Technology - eg video calls, TV watching –least common o Results: Participant outcomes  5 ▪ Attitudes; children and older adults' attitudes and perceptions of one another improved following IH interaction Scooping Review con’t ▪ Enjoyment; children and older adults enjoyed spending time together ▪ Health and well-being; older adults experienced decreased levels of anxiety and depression and an increase in health-related quality of life ▪ Sense of purpose: sharing their knowledge and children increased older adults sense of purpose and self-worth ▪ Learning and support: children and older adults supported each other during activities and learned new skills from one another eg technology, tutoring o Results: Technology ▪ some studies used tech to facilitate interactions between children and older adults ▪ Technology served different purposes: Remote communication – eg phone calls Shared activities – eg watching cartoons Teaching – eg digital literacy skills Learning together – eg technology-based workshops ▪ most of the research that did use tech was published in the last 5 years  6 Study: Do children use Elderspeak when communicating with older adults? o Young adults often use Elderspeak when communicating with older adults o some evidence suggests that children also use Elderspeak o Background: Elderspeak in children ▪ Flamion et al., 2020 - Belgian children between 7-12 years of age accommodate their speech when communicating with older adults ▪ Study purpose - to understand the developmental trajectory of Elderspeak in 3-, 5-, and 7-year-olds–when and why children use Elderspeak o Methods: 3 Tasks ▪ Production of Elderspeak (Task 1); asked to produce a description of the target object (indicated by arrow) to tell a younger or older adult which objects to go in; image of two houses, younger adult or older adult character, describe which house to go to; purpose is to assess how they describe the object and if they use Elderspeak ▪ Aging Stereotypes (Task 2); children will listen to a series of questions that ask which character (ie younger or older) would be better at different activities such as baking cookies children will then select the character they think would be better at that activity ▪ Theory of Mind (Task 3); the understanding that others can have different thoughts, beliefs, desires and feelings than we do will be measured using the Sandbox False-Belief Task  7 Indicator of Theory of mind; with theory of mind they may be accommodating the elder adult and using Elderspeak Methods: Questionnaire o Parents will answer a series of questions assessing factors that may influence children's aging attitudes and use of Elderspeak o Child factors ▪ quantity and quality of their relationships with older adults (eg grandparents) ▪ First language, English fluency ▪ Presence of communication/language impairment ▪ Diagnosis of psychological disorder o Older adult factors ▪ level of hearing loss, use of hearing aids ▪ level of vision loss, wearing glasses ▪ level of cognitive decline (eg MCI, dementia) ▪ first language, English fluency ▪ Occupation ▪ Place of residence (eg retirement home, assisted living)  8 ▪ Any other ideas? What we know about death Death - is irreversible cessation of the brain function that can be determined by the prolonged absence of spontaneous cardiac and respiratory ○ ie pulled plug Dying - refers to the period during which the organism loses vitality Dying Trajectory - is a temporal pattern of the disease process leading to a patient's death 9  10 Death by Numbers Crude Death Rate - the number of deaths during a given year per 100,000 Age-specific Death Rate - the number of deaths in a particular age group during a given year per 100,00 population in the same age group Age-Standardized Death Rate: the number of deaths per 100,000 population that would have occurred in a given area if the age structure of a population of that area was the same as that of a specified standard population Deaths are increasing, but so is population; dotted line shows our death rate isn't increasing; figure would be totally messed up due to COVID Side note: COVID impacts of not allowing family to see their families (determined as non-essential) was bigger harm than COVID deaths 11  12 Differences in sex; women live longer; different theories as to why this is  13 Summary of Mortality  14 Loneliness - Depression can lead to lower life skills; loneliness and socialization are two different things; ie being at a big party and feeling loneliness; not necessarily social isolation Religious Involvement - Sense of community, positive views on death, spiritual connections and sense of spirituality, less worried about death Moderate Exercise - Exercise helps with a lot; the solution to many issues discussed in the Bio modules Chronotype - Night person types die earlier; more likely to get into behaviours that are unsafe; a correlation Hip Fracture -Very common in aging, can recover but affects mobility effecting death Many are predictors of dementia as well  15 Component of a Societys Death Ethos Death Ethos, or prevailing philosophy of death, can be inferred from: In most cultures, death is very sad and depressing thing Age of the dead effects everyone and changes how people deal with death Older adults often ask for a party instead of a sad funeral; a lot of older adults plan their funerals, choose the grave stones, etc  16 Sociocultural Perspectives on Death and Dying Tamed Death - death viewed as familiar and simples, a transition to eternal life Invisible Death - the dying retreat from the family and spend their final days confined in a hospital setting Social Death - the dying become treated as on-persons by family or healthcare workers and left to spend their final months/years in the hospital/nursing home Death with Dignity - the period of dying should not subject individuals to extreme physical dependency or loss of control of bodily funtions Good Death - autonomy in making decisions about the types, site and duration of care they receive at the end of life ○ Often conflicts between siblings on how to care for parents Caregiver advocacy groups; stops hospitals from releasing family members to next of kin regardless of what the family may want  17 Kubler-Ross Change/Five Stages/Curve  18 Kubler-Ross Change/Five Stages/Curve con’t Denial, deny dying is going to happen (people close to the dying may be in denial stage longer) Stages may look different based on how much time you have to process these stages How people move through terminal diagnosis often like to travel, make the most of life, etc Families often experience conflict during these stages since everyone may wants different things/be in different stages  19 Psychological Perspectives on Death and Dying Life's ending alters individuals identity and view of life" Through LEGITIMIZATION OF BIOGRAPHY, people give meaning to their life stories Recognition of mortality occurs when people reach AWARENESS OF FINITUDE, when they pass the age where other people close to them died TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY proposes that people may change their behaviours when thoughts of death are activated Issues in End-of-Life Care: Advance Directives DNR + TWO MORE DEFINTIONS Video from Advance Care Planning - Speak Up  20 Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) A physican (or nurse practitioner) directly administers a drug that intentionally causes death A physician or nurse practitioner prescribes a drug that the eligible person takes themselves to end their life MAiD became legal in Canada in 2016 Hospice Palliative Care Holistic, person centered end of life care Dying patients are attended to with regard to their needs for physical comfort and psychological and social support and are given the opportunity to express their spiritual needs to have them met  21 Improving Health Care and Mental Health Services to Dying Patients SUPPORT - Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Roasks of Treatments The study revealed that end-of-life care is best when adapted to the patients needs and situations as they vary over the dying trajectory When people lose family members to a genetic disease, ie MS, realize they could also die this way and look at it differently; some may cope better with this information and can inform how a person chooses to live and their death plan Some may be more depressed, some may live more fully Genetics counselling; a new and growing field in psychology; job is to support people through these realizations Personality may play a large role in this  22 Framework on Palliative Care in Canada A set of guides to promote high-quality, palliative care with short, medium and long-term care goals  23 Bereavement Breavement - the process during which people cope with the death of another person Attachment view of bereavement - the bereaved can continue to benefit from maintaining emotional bonds to the deceased individual Cultures that have attachment to ancestors Dual-process model of coping with bereavement The bereaved alternative between loss-oriented and restoration-orientated functions 24  25 An Overview of Successful Aging o Rowe and Kahn’s definition of successful aging ; distinct from “usual” aging (ie primary) optimum state to be the absence of disease, disability, high cognitive and physical functioning and engagement with life  26 Critiques of Row and Kahn; subsequent researchers find it to be incomplete or flawed critiques focus on the common theme that the model is overly “normative” meaning it excludes the many variations that exist among successful agers who do not meet every single criterion those who come from disadvantaged backgrounds may not have the ability to achieve all three of these conditions due to stressful early lives of lack of access to healthcare and other resources in later life qualities not well specified does not take into account the subjective meanings that older adults themselves have about the extent to which they feel they have aged successfully some successful agers have age-related limitations, like memory lapses or physical disability 27  28 WHO’s Model of Active Aging; active aging is the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance the quality of life as people age o active aging, like that of Bronfenbrenner ecological perspective, specifies a role for the social, health care and economic determinants as well as pointing to the importance of the physical environment o WHO makes explicit the role of autonomy and independence, placing greater emphasis on the individual’s ability to get around in the environment, rather than on whether the individual needs physical accommodations due to disability o Active and Healthy and Aging (AHA); World Report on Ageing and Health, an effort to understand diversity in later life and the fact that the diversity seen in older age is not random o SHARE study assesses AHA adding on Rowe and Kahn, adding physical well-being, mental well-being and social well-being, providing a broader definition of successful aging 29  30 Successful Cognitive Aging; cognitive performance that is above average for an individual’s age group as objectively measured  31 Super Agers; individuals 80 years and older with episodic memory that is comparable to, or superior to, that of middle-aged adults Factors That Promote Successful Aging o Positive psychology; seeks to provide a greater understandinging of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive o Life satisfaction; overall assessment of an individuals feelings and attutudes about ones life at a particular point in time o Subjective Well-Being; individuals overall sense of happiness Models of Subjective Well-Being  32 Social Indicator Model ○ social indicators or objective measures of social and economic welfare ○ these demographic and social structural variables account for individual differences in levels of well-being ○ by demographic standards older individuals are in a disadvantaged position on these indices, they should therefore be less happy than the young requiring special recognition Paradox of Well-Being; refers to findings from research on successful aging that older adults maintain high subjective well-being despite facing challenges from their objective circumstances  33 o Set point perspective; which proposes that people’s personalities influence their level of well-being throughout life however research on happiness as a predictor of longevity does not support this approach unhappy people tend to engage in risky behaviour and live shorter life Three models suggest that the way individuals perceive their circumstances in later life appears more important than the objective circumstances in which they live or even their levels of personal optimism Model of Age-Friendly Environment; defined by WHO, enables people of all ages to participate in their communities, treats everyone with respect, regardless of age, makes it easy for older people to maintain their social connections, and helps people maintain their health and activity even at the oldest ages 34  35 Communication Ecology Model of Successful Aging; (CEMSA) their own ways of seeing, and talking about themselves can influence the way older adults feel about aging and ultimately their actual ability to age successfully o people have great uncertainty about aging which influences the way they talk about their own aging, altering their self-efficacy about aging o CEMSA advocates that older adults not allow themselves to be swayed by peddlers of antiaging and aim to express optimism about the aging process avoiding stereotypes and encouraging new technology strategies  36 Creativity; the ability to generate products or ideas that are original, appropriate and have an impact on others o originality inherent in creativity means that ideas of products are novel rather than being copies, precise renderings from a set of instructions or mass predicted o appropriateness might be considered a subjective quality but in the context of creativity, it implies that other people appreciate the work and may want to purchase or use it o creative older adults can appear to have greater cognitive reserves Creativity and Aging o Planck hypothesis; tendency of peak scientific/creative productivity to occur in early adulthood o Creative potential; total number of works that a person who hypothetically produce in a lifespan with no upper limits o Career age; the age at which an individual began to produce creative works people with similar high degrees of creative potential (or total number of ideas) who start out early in life will peak earlier than those who start out later  37 Simonton’s Model of Creative Productivity; predicts creative output from these three components o age at death not factored in, early death means they are not considered o The general curve that characterizes productivity averages across a large enough number of creative individuals  38 Characteristics of Old Age Style; number of creative works that older artists and writers produce are characterized by the old age style, a special quality that is common to their work o old age style, creativity may be expressed in midlife as “paring down life to the essentials” midlife may bring with it confrontation with mortality, but heightened sense of urgency to create a lasting legacy o may be a reaction to increasing proximity to death or to the presence of age-related changes or health problems  39 Biopsychosocial Model of Creativity in Later Life o incorporating the activity of the brain, physical changes and diseases, personality openness and ability to draw on past experiences, and sociocultural factors that limit opportunities and recognition Personality plays a role in how creative approach their work; rather than dwell on past accomplishments, they continue to look forward at new goals and creative enterprises Cognitive flexibility and personality play a role in productivity differences in educational opportunities as well as cultural values play a role in determining the ultimate achievements of people from non majority backgrounds. creativity in later life may reflect the physical changes that individuals experience as they age older creatives may be able to draw from a deep reservoir of past experiences that informs their work 40 41