PSYA02 Lecture 2: Human Development Part 1 (PDF)

Human Development, Part 1 Prenatal and Infant Development PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Lecture 2 10 January 2025 1  Login Cengage R e ad i ng a n d...

Human Development, Part 1 Prenatal and Infant Development PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Lecture 2 10 January 2025 1  Login Cengage R e ad i ng a n d Writing Excellence (RWE) Personalized support from the Centre for Teaching and Learning to facilitate your accelerated dev elopment of academic writing skills. Cycle 1 Intake deadline: Sunday January 12, 2025 https://uoft.me/RWE By the end of class today, you should be able to… (from life to death) …define the ages that comprise the stages of human development …define the stages of prenatal development (stages the fetus goes through before birth...characterize human perception in utero?(what fetus' are precieving...define the term teratogen and give some examples of them and their effects on the developing human organism...explain how preferential looking can be used to measure infants’ perception...describe major patterns in motor development Daily objectives 3  The study of human development is the examination of continuity and & change across the lifespan changes In the next few classes, we will be exploring this continuity and change on a in the variety of topics: change can happen in 2 ways: brain Sensation and perception 1) gradually Inew/ Cognition and language 2)Stage-based change oldonections aka discontinuous Emotion change (ex : baby's first word) Social and moral behaviour We will cover four main periods of human development Prenatal period and infancy (conception – 2-3 years) Childhood (2-3 – 11 years) Adolescence (12 – ??? years) Adulthood (??? years – death) 3 Dont know exact *we talk about these 4 stages because sinceia Human development this is where Significant changes take place. 4  salient' people Take a moment to think about the something : · are aware of something we're following topic: tend to be ~ physically/emotionally - of aware What is the earliest memory that you (physical/emotional pain( have? How old were you? What do you remember? Our early memories are often vague or non-existent This failure of autobiographical memory often leads us to believe that our experiences as young infants are less relevant Warm-up  birth - after upero *Therea However, early experiences in infancy are crucial to normal development… …and also give rise to many of the myriad individual differences observed across the human population ↳ ex. of this is language ;the the easier it is. earlier you learn Early experience in infancy  What are the earliest experiences of the human organism? 2 cariesa In utero experience prior to being born What experiences does the human organism begin accumulating in the womb? L Taste preference (ex : ginger) Levidence shows babies can react differently to certain foods based eating habit Early experience on mont's. 7  Prenatal Development The human experience begins with conception zygote Therefore, our first topic is embryo fetus prenatal development, the - period of time prior to birth -- fertilization Jaka zygotic stage occurs Ip can start to · when does germination stage end? nere sense signals · embryonic in environment ↳ at implantation at 8 stage ends around. (when zygote implants into uteral wall ? weeks. Prenatal development 8 Much experience and learning occurs during the fetal period Neurogenesis Myelination Synaptogenesis Synaptic pruning Zum (See Chapter 4 for more!) Developmental processes in brain development 9  The womb is not a vacuum! Fetuses experience stimuli in utero Tastes and smells Sounds Tactile sensation Fetal experience and sensation 10  Fetal heartbeat changes in reaction to external voices being played Fetal heartbeat is different in reaction to music than it is to human speech Newborn babies (a few minutes old!) recognize their mother’s language and their mother’s voice Fetal audition (hearing) 11  Not everything that the fetus experiences in utero is positive for its development One of the most widespread causes of fetal abnormalities is the presence of teratogens— external agents that cause damage or death during prenatal development Teratogens 12  Teratogens most affect fetuses me we during a 3 series of- critical and need to sensitive know ! periods & less severe change , happening still ( know the is - ranges ) Teratogens Critical period (sensitive at 13 least ! period. Siegler et al., 2014 Newborns and beyond 14  The average neonate (newborn) spends the majority of the day sleeping 2/3 of day sleeping · Neonatal period > - period after birth 15  Be able to read this diagram for. test Neonatal sleep 16  Review: perceptual development begins in utero But the perceptual experiences beginning after birth are much richer > why? In utero its kind - of Sensation = sensory organs’ detection of "filtered" physical signals in the environment Perception = organization and interpretation of the sensory information into coherent understanding of objects, individuals, events Perceptual development when we're > - awake 17  When you visit the optometrist, how does he/she measure your visual acuity and colour vision? Verbal report How is it that we know what infants are able to see? - preferential looking Measuring infants’ perception 18  One of the most powerful methods that we have available is preferential looking Infants, like adults, choose to spend more of their time looking at objects and events that are interesting, stimulating, or familiar Preferential looking (most basic 19  If they can tell the difference > - between the paddles their We can say vision is good The grating visual acuity test LD infants will look Longer more at something ~ interesting 2 this is a process of discrimination Visual acuity -understanding where the 20 infant pefers to look.  In their first month of life, infants’ visual acuity increases from approximately 20/400 to approximately 20/120 This acuity is equivalent to being able to decipher only the top line of a visual acuity test plate Adult-like acuity by 6 months Colour perception and depth perception develop in the first 6 months, too! Visual acuity 21  3 related perception - movements are highly At the same time as their perception is developing, so are their movements! These two processes are highly related… …more on that soon! But first, what are infants’ first movements? L movements associated w/ crying ↳ sucking LD grasping Motor development in infancy 22  Newborns’ motor skills consist predominantly of reflexes 3 Grasping Rooting Sucking automatic Swallowing movements in Tonic neck reflex response to a Stimulus …some of which last for the entire lifespan: Coughing Sneezing Blinking Withdrawal from pain Motor development in infancy 23