PSY2012+Final+Exam+Review+Slides.pptx

PSY2012 Final Exam Review Some “Don’ts” for The Final Exam Do not expect “tricks” on the exam If a question confuses you, ask for clarification Do not expect this slide presentation to cover ALL exam content Review additional materials (all questions come from slides) Do...

PSY2012 Final Exam Review Some “Don’ts” for The Final Exam Do not expect “tricks” on the exam If a question confuses you, ask for clarification Do not expect this slide presentation to cover ALL exam content Review additional materials (all questions come from slides) Do not extrapolate on question stem Work from information provided ONLY  PSY2012 Final Exam Be on time ⏰ Turn OFF all devices 📴 Remove all wearable technology 🚫 Everything off your desk except for test materials 💻 Keep your eyes on your own work (exams are randomized!) 👀 Exam ends at 1:00 PM. You must submit your exam at 1:00 PM. 🕐 If you take the exam via Canvas, you may not navigate away from the testing window. ❌ When you submit your exam, you may leave If you have a paper exam, put your name on test packet and scantron (YES, fill in bubbles to spell your name) 📝 When you’re done, hand both forms to me and exit 😎 You have until 5:00 PM to complete the Final Exam Debriefing Survey Diagnosing and Treating Mental Illness Psychological disorders are patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are… 1)Abnormal for context (situational, cultural) ~AND~ 2)Maladaptive for context The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) The main purpose of the DSM is description. – Grouping disorders based on similarity in symptoms provides a shared language and classification scheme for scientists and practitioners to communicate what they have learned about psychopathology. Another purpose of the DSM is to allow care providers to bill health insurance companies for treatment. – Most insurance companies require a DSM diagnosis before they The The symptoms of symptoms of externalizin internalizin g mental g mental disorders are disorders are expressed privately outwardly. experienced. Externalizing and Internalizing Psychological Disorders  Assessment Self-report Intervie Neuroimagi w ng Clinicians make diagnoses based on observation and measurement of cognitive, emotional, physiological, and behavioral factors. Causes of Psychological Disorders  Trauma-Related Disorders Acute stress disorder Intrusive memories, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance of reminders, heighted arousal up to one month following a traumatic event. Post traumatic stress disorder Similar symptoms but lasts for months or years following the traumatic event.  Personality Disorders Borderline personality disorder intense emotional instability, impulsive behaviors, and turbulent relationships. Anti-social personality disorder pervasive disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and often criminal behavior. Histrionic personality disorder excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior, including inappropriate seductiveness and an excessive need for approval. Narcissistic personality disorder Defined by grandiosity, a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.  Personality Disorders Borderline personality disorder intense emotional instability, impulsive behaviors, and turbulent relationships. Anti-social personality disorder pervasive disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and often criminal behavior. Histrionic personality disorder excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior, including inappropriate seductiveness and an excessive need for approval. Narcissistic personality disorder Defined by grandiosity, a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.  Personality Disorders Borderline personality disorder intense emotional instability, impulsive behaviors, and turbulent relationships. Anti-social personality disorder pervasive disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and often criminal behavior. Histrionic personality disorder excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior, including inappropriate seductiveness and an excessive need for approval. Narcissistic personality disorder Defined by grandiosity, a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.  Personality Disorders Borderline personality disorder intense emotional instability, impulsive behaviors, and turbulent relationships. Anti-social personality disorder pervasive disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and often criminal behavior. Histrionic personality disorder excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior, including inappropriate seductiveness and an excessive need for approval. Narcissistic personality disorder Defined by grandiosity, a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.  How do we treat mental illness? Psychotherapeutic Biological  Psychotherape utic Approaches Psychotherapy is generally aimed at changing patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. It has been estimated that there are more than 400 approaches to treatment. Psychodynamic Cognitive restructuring Group therapy Many therapists follow an eclectic approach and use a variety of techniques. Psychopharmaceutical Approaches Antidepressant SSRI’s Block reuptake of serotonin Antianxiety Benzodiazepine (e.g., Xanax) Increase GABA (inhibitory) Antipsychotic Block dopamine receptors Decreases positive symptoms of psychotic disorders Potential for long term side effects Learning and Memory  How do we learn? Learning: experiential conditioning of behavior based on associations between stimuli, actions, or consequences, or based on repeated exposure to stimuli 20 Automatic Automatic Voluntar y Factors that affect operant conditioning Potency Immediac Schedul The schedule of the y e reinforcement or punishment influences learning. - Interval (time; fixed, variable) - Ratio (frequency; fixed, variable) What Is Memory, and What Are Memory Systems? Memory: the ability to store and retrieve information Explicit memories can be “declared” - Semantic - Episodic Implicit memories are expressed through actions and reactions - Procedural - Motor - Cognitive Distinguishing Short- and Long-Term Memory  “Neurons that fire together, wire together.” Long-term potentiation (LTP): strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons – The word potentiate means to strengthen, to make something more potent.  “Neurons that fire together, wire together.” Long-term potentiation (LTP): strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons – The word potentiate means to strengthen, to make something more potent.  Remote Associations Task (RAT) 1.Cottage / Swiss / Cake Cheese 2.Night / Wrist / Stop Watch 3.Flower / Friend / Scout Girl 4. River / Note / Account Bank  Conte xt Retrieval cue: anything that helps a person (or a nonhuman animal) recall a memory Encoding specificity principle: the idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience  State Retrieval cue: anything that helps a person (or a nonhuman animal) recall a memory Encoding specificity principle: the idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience Thinking, Decision-Making, and Intelligence  Representations Analogical Symbolic Shares characteristics with the Abstractions of the representation target representation target, arbitrary  Categories and Concepts A concept is a category or class, of related items (e.g., musical instruments, fruits). Concepts form systems of shared knowledge that help us think more efficiently. How do we construct concepts? Prototype Model Exemplar  Schemas Scripts are schema that outline the “order of operations” for a situation. Stereotypes are schema that characterize groups of people. Functional Fixedness Goal: Grasp both ropes simultaneously  Decision Making Schemas affect decision making, and so do… Mood Personality Heuristics Emotions are information!  Decision Making Anchoring and Framing Schemas affect decision making, and so do… SALE! Mood $119.9 !! 9 Personality. 9 Heuristics 9 $ 7 4  Decision Making Anchoring and Framing Schemas affect decision making, Now and so do… Mood 90% Lean Personality Heuristics Now 10% Fat  Decision Making Anchoring and Framing Schemas affect decision making, and so do… Mood Personality Heuristics  Decision Making Availabilit Schemas affect y decision making, and so do… Boeing stock Mood dropping steadily. Personality Passengers feel less Heuristics safe. ANOTHER PLANE CRASH!!!  Decision Making Availabilit Schemas affect y decision making, and so do… R___ Mood Personality Heuristics __R_  Decision Making Representativene Schemas affect ss decision making, and so do… Mood Personality Heuristics “I’m open-minded, love reading, ambitious, interested in science, excel at math, and highly trained in my profession.” Liquid Crystal intelligence intelligence Raymond Cattell (1971) Intelligence Measured with standardized tests (IQ) IQ of 100 is “average” 10 IQ = 1 SD Only somewhat predictive of performance (~25%) General Intelligence (g) Charles Spearman (1904)  Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner (1983)  Multiple Intelligences Analytic: logical problem solving (e.g., mathematics, engineering) Creative: divergent thinking, sudden insight Practical: spatial reasoning, social sensibility (EQ) Human Development Developmental psychology: the study of changes, over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior  Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span. – Prenatal period: begins with conception and ends with birth – Infancy: begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months – Childhood: begins at end of infancy and lasts until puberty (11 – 14 years) – Adolescence: begins at end of childhood and lasts until age 18 or 21 – Adulthood: begins at end of adolescence  Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span. – Prenatal period: begins with conception and ends with birth – Infancy: begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months – Childhood: begins at end of infancy and lasts until puberty (11 – 14 years) – Adolescence: begins at end of childhood and lasts until age 18 or 21 – Adulthood: begins at end of adolescence  Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span. – Prenatal period: begins with conception and ends with birth – Infancy: begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months – Childhood: begins at end of infancy and lasts until puberty (11 – 14 years) – Adolescence: begins at end of childhood and lasts until age 18 or 21 – Adulthood: begins at end of adolescence  Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span. – Prenatal period: begins with conception and ends with birth – Infancy: begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months – Childhood: begins at end of infancy and lasts until puberty (11 – 14 years) – Adolescence: begins at end of childhood and lasts until age 18 or 21 – Adulthood: begins at end of adolescence  Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span. – Prenatal period: begins with conception and ends with birth – Infancy: begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months – Childhood: begins at end of infancy and lasts until puberty (11 – 14 years) – Adolescence: begins at end of childhood and lasts until age 18 or 21 – Adulthood: begins at end of adolescence  Exposure to Teratogens During Prenatal Development Teratogens include drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. The physical effects of exposure to certain teratogens may be obvious at birth, but disorders involving language, reasoning, social behavior, or emotional behavior may not become apparent until the child is older. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASDs).  These features come standard with every human baby!!! Imitation Rooting Sucking Grasping Sweetness Mother’s milk  These features come standard with every human baby!!! Imitation Rooting Sucking Grasping Sweetness Mother’s milk  These features come standard with every human baby!!! Imitation Rooting Sucking Grasping Sweetness Mother’s milk  These features come standard with every human baby!!! Imitation Rooting Sucking Grasping Sweetness Mother’s milk  These features come standard with every human baby!!! Imitation Rooting Sucking Grasping Sweetness Mother’s milk  These features come standard with every human baby!!! Imitation Rooting Sucking Grasping Sweetness Mother’s milk  How Do We Study Infants? Preferential looking and Habituation techniques are methods of indirectly testing the  Attachme nt Theory Human infants are highly dependent. They have evolved to attract caretakers. They eventually internalize the outcomes of their attempts to attract caretakers. The “Strange Situation” Theory of mind: the ability to understand that other people have mental states that influence their Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Developmen t Piaget developed the theory that children go through four stages of development  Moral Development in Childhood Kohlberg devised a theory of moral judgment that involved three main levels of moral reasoning: Preconventional level: Conventional level: Postconventional level: earliest level of moral middle stage of moral highest stage of moral development; at this development; at this development; at this level, self-interest and level, strict adherence to level, decisions about event outcomes societal rules and the morality depend on determine what is moral approval of others abstract principles and determine what is moral the value of all life  Moral Development in Childhood Kohlberg devised a theory of moral judgment that involved three main levels of moral reasoning: Preconventional level: Conventional level: Postconventional level: earliest level of moral middle stage of moral highest stage of moral development; at this development; at this development; at this level, self-interest and level, strict adherence to level, decisions about event outcomes societal rules and the morality depend on determine what is moral approval of others abstract principles and determine what is moral the value of all life  Moral Development in Childhood Kohlberg devised a theory of moral judgment that involved three main levels of moral reasoning: Preconventional level: Conventional level: Postconventional level: earliest level of moral middle stage of moral highest stage of moral development; at this development; at this development; at this level, self-interest and level, strict adherence to level, decisions about event outcomes societal rules and the morality depend on determine what is moral approval of others abstract principles and determine what is moral the value of all life  Moral Development in Childhood Kohlberg devised a theory of moral judgment that involved three main levels of moral reasoning: Preconventional level: Conventional level: Postconventional level: earliest level of moral middle stage of moral highest stage of moral development; at this development; at this development; at this level, self-interest and level, strict adherence to level, decisions about event outcomes societal rules and the morality depend on determine what is moral approval of others abstract principles and determine what is moral the value of all life Inequity  Gender Identity + V Feminist (i.e., constructivist) S Evolutionary (i.e., biological) explanation: explanation: From birth, children are “gendered” Males and females adapted to – Boys’ names versus girls’ names overcome unique mating challenges Males compete with other males – Encouraged to behave differently for female attention; must protect E.g., “good boys don’t mate from “poaching” cry,” “good girls don’t Females are threatened by make a fuss” pregnancy; must seek partners who can provide while vulnerable  Social Psychology Social Brain Hypothes is  Homogeneity of Outgroups People perceive outgroup members as being different from members of one’s own ingroup. Also, people perceive outgroup members as being homogenous (i.e., “they’re all approximately the same.” These tendencies arise even within the minimal group paradigm (group identities are arbitrary). When no one else When others were was around to help, present, 38% of people 94% of people came came to the aid of the to the aid of the black person. Motives for Altruism Social Reward: A benefit, such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude, that may be gained from helping others, and serves a motive for altruistic behavior. Personal Distress: A motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one’s own distress. Empathic Concern: Identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person. Factors Working Against Altruism Self-preservation: what if I get hurt, or worse? Embarrassment: what if it’s not really an emergency? Diffusion of responsibility: won’t someone else do it? Conformi ty Conformity occurs when we change our behavior or beliefs in response to some real (or imagined) pressure from others. It can be bad (e.g., smoking, anti-LGBTQ norms) It can be neutral (e.g., slang, length of athletic pants) It can be beneficial (e.g., queuing, social scripts) Asch, 1956 (informational conformity, groupthink) Complian ce Compliance occurs when people agree to do or believe something to which they were compelled to do or believe externally. Compliance occurs through: Reason Emotion Norms Culture of Honor Culture of honor: A culture defined by its members’ strong concerns about their own and others’ reputations, leading to sensitivity to insults and a willingness to justify violence to avenge perceived wrongs. Prevalent in US South, which may explain rules of “politeness” Strict social folkways promote stability and reduce risk of violence. Shared (Superordinate) Goals and Group Conflict Dual Process Model of Persuasion Elaboration-likelihood model/Heuristic-systematic model Disposition + Situation = Outcome Fundamental Attribution Error occurs when we fail to include “situation” in the equation above. Modern Racism Pervasive social norms throughout the West look down on prejudice attitudes and discriminatory behavior Expressions of such attitudes and acts of discrimination are illegal in many countries Yet, people harbor unacknowledged or even unknown prejudices against certain groups The “Four Horseman” (Gottman & Leveson) Criticism: belittling or nagging Defensiveness: unwillingness to admit fault Stonewalling: unwillingness to communicate Contempt: “looking down on” one another Satisfaction Neuroticism ( - ) Attribution Shared gratitude Playfulness “Turning toward” Spontaneous kindness Diagnosing and Treating Mental Illness