PSY100 Test 1 Review PDF
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Uploaded by StellarCanto5687
University of Kentucky
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This document is a review for a psychology test, covering introductory concepts, definitions, and theories. It details historical perspectives in psychology and some key terms and researchers. The content explores various areas of psychology such as counseling, development, personality, and scientific methodology.
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**Introduction to Psychology** **Review for Test \#1 (Chapters Prologue, 1, & 2)** **Prologue (Intro to the discipline)** From what 2 disciplines did psychology emerge? - Philosophy and Physiology What is psychology? What is the definition and what does it really encompass? - The scientifi...
**Introduction to Psychology** **Review for Test \#1 (Chapters Prologue, 1, & 2)** **Prologue (Intro to the discipline)** From what 2 disciplines did psychology emerge? - Philosophy and Physiology What is psychology? What is the definition and what does it really encompass? - The scientific study of behavior and mental process' Who established the 1st Psychological laboratory? What was the significance? - Wilhelm Wundt, 1879, studied INTROSPECTION, consciousness, looking inward on oneself Know the historical progression of psychology (i.e. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, etc). - Structuralism: classify/understand minds structure - Functionalism: Thoughts and feelings from functions - Behaviorism: John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, BF Skinner, study observable and measurable behavior, animals/humans have the same behavior Compare and contrast the different psychological perspectives (i.e. behaviorism, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, etc.). - Biological: genetic and long term - Behavioral: we learn to do things thru associated, observational learning, consequences, reinforcements - Psychodynamic: Freud-early childhood impacts life, we aren't aware of why we do what we do, outside of our own conscious awareness - Cognitive: Mental process' - Humanistic: Positive psychology, all of us are designed towards growth. Self actualization: all strive to be the best version of themselves - Sociocultural: All are important, can't forget about the impact on culture for all, need to understand hwo it impacts a person What areas do the various psychologists study? Be able to give examples of the types of problems the different subfields of psychology might study - Counseling/Clinical: Therapy - Developmental: Humans and how they progress throughout lifespan - Personality: how your personality develops, explain differences between us - Industrial/Organizational: Work with companies, reinforcements to improve work environment - Physiological/Neuroscience: study brain, CNS, animal research, seeing effects - Educational: guidance counselor - Cognition: thoughts, looking at the way you think/remember information Know the following names and terms: (make sure you know which approach(es) each is associated with) - Wundt: Introspection - Titchener: Structuralism - James: Functionalism - Watson: Behaviorism - Pavlov: Behaviorism - Skinner: Behaviorism Understand the study method of SQ3R (use these techniques as you are preparing for this exam) - Survey - Question - Read - Retrieve - Review **Chapter 1 (Psychological Science/Methods)** Describe and give examples of hindsight bias and overconfidence and how they might impact our behaviors - Hindsight bias: tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it, "I knew it all alone" - Overconfidence: leading individuals to take unnecessary risks, potential dangers, underestimate challenges, make impulsive decisions, and dismiss feedback What are the goals of science? (Description, Prediction, Understanding, Control) - Description: measurement - Prediction: - Understanding: explanation - Control: Describe the 5 steps of the Scientific Method - Define the problem - Form hypothesis - Design study and test hypothesis - Analyze, interpret finds, draw conclusions - Report findings/results Understand and discuss the importance of replication in scientific research - Allows scientists to verify and validate the findings of a study by repeating the experiment under similar conditions, thereby building confidence in the reliability and generalizability of the results What are theories? What are hypotheses? What is their purpose in psychology? Make sure you can give examples to demonstrate these concepts. - Theory: general principles that attempt to explain how several facts or events are related, they organize facts, explain and predict, guides research - Hypothesis: specific statement that attempts to describe relationship between variables, they are a direct statement, with 2 or more variables, implied by a theory BOTH NEED TO BE REPLICABLE Operational definitions (operationalization): be able to give an operational definition for a variable - Carefully worded statement of the EXACT procedures used in research, helps with replication of the study Types of measurements (self-report, observation, physiological measures) -- Make sure you can name and describe different subtypes within these three measurement categories - Self-report: surveys, questioners, interviews - Observation: in a lab or in normal behavior - Physiological Measures: Discuss the case study, naturalistic observation and survey research - Case study: in depth analysis of group/individual - Naturalistic Observation: recording natural behavior of many individuals (Jane - Surveys: asking people questions Compare and contrast random sampling from random assignment - Random Sampling: a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion - Random Assignment: Randomly assigning participants to groups in an experiment Understand correlation and nonexperimental designs correlation coefficient (strength, range, direction), scatterplots problems with correlational studies (directionality problem, third variable problem) Correlation Coefficient: statistical range, -1\>0\>+1 Strength: closer to 1 or -1 is better than closer to 0 Range: -1\>0\>+1 Direction: Positive: increase and decrease together, Negative, Increase while the other decreases Scatterplots: graph cluster of dots to show slope, correlation Directionality problem: does A show you B? or does B show you A What is meant by "you can't infer causation from correlation?" - Because tow variables are correlated, it doesn't mean one CAUSES the other. Experimental studies (What are the 3 necessary conditions for an experiment?) - Independent Variable: Condition or event that experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable (ex. Age, time) - Dependent Variable: variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of independent variables, hypothesized effect - Extraneous Variables: any variable, other than independent that could influence the dependent variable - Random Assignment: randomly assigning people to specific groups - Experimental Group: group-manipulating - Control Group: stays the same - Double-Blind Procedure: experimental procedure where both participants don't know which drug they received - Placebo Effect: when the participant thinks they received the treatment so they change their actions, assuming they received the treatment Know the important ethical considerations/requirements for conducting research with humans - Informed Consent: giving potential participants enough information about the study to enable them to choose if they would like to participate or not. - Debrief: post- experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose of any deceptions, to its participants Understand the basic descriptive statistics frequently discussed in research articles: - Mean: average of all scores - Median: Middle of all the scores in numerical order - Mode: most often score - Standard deviation: computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean - Normal curve: symmetrical graph that shows how data is distributed around the mean - Statistical significance: claim that a result from data generated by testing or experimentation is likely to be attributable to a specific cause **Chapter 2 (Biology/Neuroscience)** Understand the concept of plasticity - Brain's ability to change and adapt to its structure and function in response to new experiences, learning, or even injuries What is the function of the Endocrine system and how does it relate to the nervous system? - Helpful with synaptic transmission - Releases hormones into the bloodstream which act as chemical messengers to regulate various bodily functions like growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood, nervous system transmits electrical impulses for rapid responses Structure and function of neurons: cell body (soma), axons, dendrites, synapse, myelin sheath, terminal buttons, neurotransmitters Differentiate between neurons and glial cells - Neurons: nerve cells, specialized cells, has safe function/ structure - Glial Cells: Provides structural support, insulate in myelin sheath Differentiate between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons - Sensory Neurons: transmit info from sensory organs/receptors - Motor Neurons: transmit information from brain/spinal cord to muscles - Interneurons: communicate internally and transmit information between sensory and motor neurons Discuss what happens during an action potential and during a resting potential. (Ions, polarization, threshold, refractory period, all or none law) - Ions: - Polarization: - Threshold: - Refractory Period: - All or None Law: Stages of synaptic transmission. - Neurotransmitters and their function. - Ach (achetocholine): help with movement - NE (norepinephrine): regulate body fight or flight response - 5-HT (serotonin): carry message between nerve cells in brain and throughout body - DA (dopamine): gives you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation - GABA: Slows down your brain by blocking specific signals in your CNS - Endorphins: pain relief, lower stress, improve mood, enhance sense of well-being How do drugs impact the neurotransmitter system? Differentiate between agonists and antagonists - Agonist: excite, similar. Nicotine - Antagonist: inhibit, opposite, Botox, curare Discuss the function of endorphins. - Endorphins: pain relief, lower stress, improve mood, enhance sense of well-being Know and understand the functions of the different branches of the nervous system: - CNS: brain and spinal cord, connects PNS to brain - Peripheral Nervous System: Somatic and autonomic - Somatic Nervous System: voluntary control of skeletal muscles, carry instructions back to sensory and motor - Autonomic Nervous System: glands/ internal organs - Sympathetic Nervous System: arouses/expands energy, FIGHT OR FLIGHT - Parasympathetic Nervous System: conserve energy, decreases heart rate, blood pressure, REST AND DIGEST Be familiar with the research techniques neuroscientist use to study the brain and how the modern technical have developed across history - Know the general uses and functions of: EEG, MRI, PET, fMRI - EEG: amplified recording of waves of electrical activity - MRI: magnetic fields/radio waves to produce images of soft tissue, shows brain anatomy - PET: detects brain activity that displays where a radioactive form of glucose goes while brain does a task - fMRI: shows blood flow and brain activity by comparing MRI scans, shows brain function and structure Know the locations and major functions of each of the following parts of the brain Pons: in brainstem, unconscious process' and jobs, sleep/awake cycle and breathing Medulla: base of the brain, controls heart rate, breathing Cerebellum: hindbrains little brain, located at the back of the brain, coordination, balance, posture, fine motor skills reticular formation: in the brain stem, filter information, arousal thalamus: on top of brain stem, sensory control center, directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex limbic system: located below the cerebral hemisphere - amygdala: aggression and fear - hippocampus: process' conscious memories and facts and events - hypothalamus: below the thalamus, eating, drinking, body temperature, governs endocrine system, emotions and rewards Cerebrum: largest part of the brain, located at top and front of skull, conscious thoughts, language, memory, reasoning, emotion, movement, process' sensory information from 5 senses primary somatosensory cortex: front of the parietal lobe, register/process touch and movement primary motor cortex: rear of frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement primary auditory cortex receives and process' auditory info. Located in temporal lobe primary visual cortex: located in occipital lobe and process' visual information associations areas: learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, located in pre-frontal cortex, judgement, new memories, interactions aphasia: language disorder that affects brains ability to understand and express language Lobes of the brain (and their function) - Frontal Lobe: forehead area, speaking, muscle movement, making plans, judgements - Parietal Lobe: top/back, sensory input, touch, body position - Occipital Lobe: back, receive information from VISUAL FIELDS - Temporal Lobe: above ears, AUDITORY, receive information from the opposite ear Corpus collosum: bundle of nerve fibers that connect left and right sides of the brain, if severed you are SPLIT BRAIN Split brains: severing 2 hemisphere, cutting corpus collasum, can live long, healthy and happy life, intellect hardly effected Cerebral hemispheres: Left= verbal, right=visual **\*\*You need to understand and be able to apply the information related to these topics, not just know the definitions. Come up with your own examples, think about how the material relates to your own life and those around you.** **\*\*Start studying NOW if you haven't already. Don't wait until the night before the test to begin studying. Psychological research has shown that "cramming" is extremely ineffective. Spaced practice (studying a little at a time well in advance) is a superior strategy and will lead to much better outcomes.**