PSY 202 Chapter 4 Study Guide

1. How does fear differ from anxiety? **fear involves a present specific threat and anxiety involves a future threat.** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. According to current estimate...

1. How does fear differ from anxiety? **fear involves a present specific threat and anxiety involves a future threat.** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. According to current estimates, what percentage of people will develop an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives? **Close to 31%** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Arthur\'s sister visits him once a week and brings groceries, because he cannot bring himself to venture into public places such as grocery stores. Arthur suffers from what kind of phobia? **Agoraphobia** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Rin\'s therapist suspects they have generalized anxiety disorder. Before making that diagnosis, however, according to the DSM-5-TR the therapist should confirm that Rin\'s symptoms have persisted for at least: **at least 6 months** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are: **anxiety disorders** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Which is NOT a type of anxiety disorder? **Bipolar disorder** ------------------------------------------------------------------ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 7. People with an anxiety disorder are MOST likely to experience: | | | | **A) experience another anxiety disorder, too.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. The type of therapy that tries to help clients who have anxiety by providing empathy and genuine acceptance is called: **client-centered therapy or person-centered therapy** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. Alaina is always edgy and nervous; she feels there is something to be afraid of, though she cannot name it. She is MOST likely suffering from: **generalized anxiety disorder** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10. A person experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety. This is MOST likely which disorder? **Generalized anxiety disorder** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. What perspective maintains that generalized anxiety disorder develops as a result of exposure to threatening environments? **Sociocultural** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12. Which statement describes something shared by both the metacognitive theory and the avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder? **Worrying serves some sort of positive function for the sufferer** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13. A psychologist believes that their client is anxious due to an ingrained desire to be perfect. This causes intense self-judgment that results in the distortion of true thoughts and feelings. This BEST reflects the perspective of: **humanistic theorists** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16. \"Although not the only way, I believe that one way of acquiring a fear reaction is through modeling. And that fear reaction may then turn into a phobia.\" This belief MOST closely reflects the thinking of a **cognitive-behavioral**\_\_\_ theorist. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 17. Katherine always feels threatened and anxious, imagining | | something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for | | her family, although not as well as she would like. Katherine is | | probably experiencing: | | | | **a generalized anxiety disorder.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18. A therapist practicing \_\_**rational-emotive therapy**\_\_\_ might tell a client, \"The reason you are afraid to talk in public is because you believe that everyone must love and approve of you.\" This statement is meant to point out the irrational assumptions held by the client. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19. The antianxiety drugs diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax) are classified as: **benzodiazepines** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20. Jie has had a feeling of being on edge for several days now. She can\'t think of a reason for why she feels this way. This feeling is called: **worry/anxiety/free-floating anxiety** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21. In treatment for phobias, how does covert desensitization differ from in vivo desensitization? **In covert desensitization, the client only imagines exposure to the feared situation** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22. During a therapy session to treat a phobia, the therapist calmly confronts the object or situation feared by the client while the client observes. What type of approach does this exemplify? **modeling** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23. An adult client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue, and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be present for at LEAST how many months? **6 months** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24. Which perspective gives rise to the idea that some human beings are \"prepared\" to acquire some phobias and not others? **Behavioral-evolutionary perspective** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26. Someone interested in how social change, poverty, and race affect the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably supports which perspective? **the sociocultural perspective** 28. To treat a client with a fear of dogs, a therapist brings a dog into the office, speaks to the dog, and pets it for a bit. She then invites the client to pat the dog\'s head. This is an example of: **participant modeling** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30. Compared with men, women are \_\_**more likely**\_\_\_ to develop generalized anxiety disorder. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31. Derrick tries to interact with as few people as possible during the workday. He doesn\'t engage in any nonwork events such as birthday celebrations or happy hours, because he thinks he is socially awkward and will make a fool of himself. These thoughts and symptoms are consistent with: **social anxiety disorder** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33. Which disorder appears to have the same prevalence in women and in men? **Obsessive-compulsive disorder** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34. Social skills training for individuals with social anxiety disorder would NOT include: **the exposure technique** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35. One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain: **why everyone who experiences danger doesn\'t experience generalized anxiety** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36. Which is NOT a behavioral technique used in social skills training? **The exposure technique** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37. The cognitive-behavioral perspective of panic disorder suggests that individuals with this condition: **may be very sensitive to bodily sensations since they interpret them as signs of a medical catastrophe/misinterpret them** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 38. Which disorder are the elderly more likely to suffer from than | | other age groups? | | | | **Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Agoraphobia are both higher in the | | elderly than in other age groups** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39. A severe, persistent, and irrational fear of situations in which a person may be exposed to scrutiny, such as public speaking or performing, is called: **social anxiety** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40. It would be unusual for obsessive-compulsive disorder to develop in a(n): **middle-aged adult** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42. Suddenly and without warning, and without apparent cause, Melissa felt scared that she was losing control and became paralyzed with fear for several minutes. These symptoms are consistent with a(n): **panic attack** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43. The MOST common theme of obsessive thoughts is: **dirt or contamination** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44. Which type of psychotherapist would tell a patient being treated for a cleaning compulsion to resist the urge to mop the bathroom floor for a week? **A cognitive-behavioral therapist** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45. Which is NOT a physical symptom associated with panic disorder? **vomiting** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46. A therapist treating a client for obsessive-compulsive disorder instructs the client to leave dirty dishes in the sink instead of washing them. This treatment technique is called: **exposure and response prevention** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48. According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder is likely to: **believe that negative thoughts are equivalent to negative actions** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49. Panic disorder is commonly accompanied by: **agoraphobia** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53. Which type of drugs has been MOST helpful in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder? **Antidepressants that increase serotonin activity** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54. Some researchers believe that adults whom the DSM-5-TR categorizes as suffering from separation anxiety would better be described as suffering from: **posttraumatic stress disorder** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55. Which has DSM-5-TR NOT categorized as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder? **Somatic symptom disorder** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56. A growing number of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder are being treated with a combination of drug therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The main reason is that: **the combined approach yields better results than either form of therapy used alone** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57. \"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior.\" Which kind of theorist would offer the preceding explanation for anxiety disorders? **A humanistic theorist.** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58. Hardy is never happy with how anything he does turns out. He is always berating himself for less-than-perfect performance at school. At home, his parents are very strict, but he believes it is his own fault he does not measure up to their standards. Hardy\'s self-expectations are what Rogers called: **conditions of worth** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59. A psychologist believes that her client has a generalized anxiety disorder due to a lack of unconditional positive regard as a child and as a result has developed conditions of worth. The psychologist is following which theory? **Humanistic perspective** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61. A belief of many early cognitive-behavioral therapists, and one that continues to be influential today, is that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by: **Maladaptive assumptions.** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62. What are the inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems called? **Basic irrational assumptions** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63. A person who believes that everything is a disaster and nothing good will ever happen again when things are not the way they would like them to be is displaying: **Irrational assumptions.** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64. A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent and perform flawlessly in all possible aspects of life is displaying: **generalized anxiety disorder/basic irrational assumptions** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68. If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using: **rational-emotive therapy** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69. What is the therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis called? **Rational-emotive therapy** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70. Which of these is a major similarity between the work of Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck? **Belief that maladaptive thoughts cause anxiety** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71. In terms of cognitive theories that explain generalized anxiety disorder, which of these theories has a good deal of research support? **both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72. The avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder suggests that worrying: **serves to reduce arousal by distracting individuals from their unpleasant physical feelings** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73. Research indicates that for clients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder, a concentrated focus on worrying: **is indeed a helpful addition to the traditional cognitive behavioral treatment for GAD** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74. \"Your worries are only thoughts. Don\'t try to stop them! *Accept* them, as mere events of the mind, and don\'t let them upset you so much.\" These statements MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? **Acceptance and commitment therapy within mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75. Which statement is TRUE regarding mindfulness-based therapy? **Teaches people to accept their worries and live in the present, as well as receives support in therapy apps for a wide range of disorders** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76. Until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological **factors** came largely from: **family pedigree studies** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77. The biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that: **relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives are** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80. Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they promote the activity of which neurotransmitter at certain neuron receptor sites in the brain? **Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 81. GABA acts by: **inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain**. ---------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84. Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA? **benzodiazepines** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85. Beatrice is prescribed a medication for her anxiety. When she takes a small dose, she feels calmer. When she takes a larger dose, she can fall asleep without tossing and turning. This type of drug is called a(n): **sedative-hypnotic drug** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86. Antidepressant drugs often increase the activity of the neurotransmitters serotonin and: **norepinephrine** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88. Nicholas has an intense fear of dogs that won\'t go away. He avoids looking at pictures of dogs, and sometimes he can\'t even leave the house when neighbors are walking their dogs. This kind of fear would be classified as which kind of disorder? **Phobic disorder** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 89. Which statement describes how phobias and common fear differ? **DSM-5-TR indicates that a phobia is more intense and persistent and the desire to avoid the object or situation is stronger (APA, 2022). People with phobias often feel so much distress that their fears may interfere dramatically with their lives.** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92. A woman constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing sudden, extreme fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with: **agoraphobia (and panic disorder)** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93. Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning? **behavioral perspective** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94. Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now Davon is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of: **modeling** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95. When Marianela was a young child and watching TV with her mother, a mouse ran by. Her mother screamed, scaring Marianela. Ever since then, Marianela has been afraid of mice. In this example, the mouse is the: **un/conditioned stimulus** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96. When Logan was 5 years old, he was playing with a stuffed bunny when a burglar broke into his home. Now, as an adult, Logan is terrified of rabbits. Why do cognitive-behavioral theorists believe Logan dreads rabbits, even though he should know they are harmless? **Logan never got close enough to rabits to learn they are actually harmless** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97. When he was 5 years old, Sunil was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by: **classical conditioning** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98. Which behavioral assumption has the LEAST amount of research to support it? **Phobias are primarily acquired through classical conditioning** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99. Which statement MOST accurately reflects current research findings regarding phobias? **Phobias can sometimes be a result of classical conditioning** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100. Which explanation of phobias states the belief that human beings, as a species, have a predisposition to develop certain fears? **Behavioral-evolutionary explanation- Preparedness** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101. Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to things such as spiders and the dark than they do to objects such as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: **preparedness** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102. Dylan is suffering from arachnophobia. His therapist first has him go through relaxation training and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has Dylan go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called: **systematic desensitization** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103. A psychologist is seeing a client with a phobic disorder and suggests a course of therapy in which relaxation therapy is paired with the thought of the feared object. This is known as: **systematic desensitization** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104. The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is: **to teach the client how to relax their muscles** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105. As part of desensitization training, a phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention to confront snakes. This is an example of what kind of technique? **in vivo desensitization** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106. A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the \_\_**covert**\_\_\_ technique. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 107. An exposure technique in which the therapist confronts the feared object or situation while the fearful person observes is called: **modeling** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 108. What does the client do when the modeling approach is used to treat a phobia? **The client observes the therapist confronting the feared object** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109. Drew is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home as pets. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrates how to handle snakes. This is a form of therapy based on: **modeling** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110. A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the \_\_**virtual reality**\_\_\_ technique. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111. What is the biggest difference between treatment outcomes for persons with agoraphobia and persons with specific phobias? **A) Treatment of agoraphobia brings less relief to individuals than do the highly successful treatments for specific phobias,** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112. The long-term goal of the support group approach to treating agoraphobia is for clients to: **leave the safety of the group and perform exposure tasks on their own** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113. The benefits of exposure treatment for agoraphobia are very often: **followed by a relapse but then recovered through more treatment** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114. Which disorder is characterized by severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which the person may face scrutiny by others and possibly feel embarrassment? **Social anxiety disorder** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 115. Which thought is consistent with the mindset of someone who has social anxiety disorder? **"I can't go on that business lunch with my boss. I'd spill food on myself and look like an idiot."** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 116. Which is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety? **apprehension about being evaluated by others** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117. Manuel is afraid of eating in public because he expects to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be: **social** **anxiety** **disorder** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119. Lorna is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others, which causes her significant impairment. The MOST accurate diagnosis for her condition would be: **social anxiety** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121. Which is NOT a component of social anxiety disorder, according to research by cognitive theorists? **Underestimating how badly a social event went** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122. A person was recently diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. A BEST guess is that the person is \_\_**in high school**\_\_\_ and is \_\_\_**more**\_\_ likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123. Which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how badly a social interaction went? **Cognitive-behavioral therapy** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125. A person says, \"I\'ve been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not cognitive-behavioral therapy. I don\'t know which to choose.\" Based on current research, the BEST answer would be: **CBT; (another option:  Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there\'s less chance of relapse)** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126. Even among people who feel generally positive about their use of online social media, around two-thirds are fearful: **that others will post info about them without their permission** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 127. Several techniques, such as modeling and role-play, are combined | | to treat social anxiety disorder in: | | | | **social skills training.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 128. A psychotherapist models appropriate social skills for a client | | with social anxiety disorder, then uses modeling for another client | | with a phobia for spiders. What the therapist is doing is: | | | | **Common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of | | disorders.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129. A person is being treated for a social anxiety disorder. A therapist watches the person act out a social scene, points out what she did correctly and incorrectly, and praises her for what she did well. Which behavioral technique did the therapist NOT use? **modeling** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 130. Rhoda\'s fear of attending a party is debilitating. To treat this fear, her therapist has Rhoda rehearse introducing herself. This is called: **role-play** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 131. A procedure used to treat social anxiety disorder that forces the client to face their dreaded social situation until the fear subsides is: **exposure therapy** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132. Rosa\'s heart was racing from her fourth cup of coffee, but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a: **panic attack** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 133. A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, | | feeling dizzy, and afraid of dying. Assuming this event is not a | | heart attack, but rather an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is MOST | | likely a: | | | | **panic attack** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 134. Sebastian was outside the parking garage when, out of nowhere, | | he suddenly felt overwhelming fear. Sebastian noticed that his fear | | increased, he started to feel out of control, and the intensity of | | the feelings seemed to reach a peak and then pass within a few | | minutes. This is an example of a: | | | | **panic attack** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 135. A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined | | with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing: | | | | **Panic Disorder (DX Checklist):** | | | | **1. Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly.** | | | | **2. One or more of the attacks precedes either of the following | | symptoms:** | | | | **-At least a month of continual concern about having additional | | attacks** | | | | **-At least a month of dysfunctional behavior changes associated with | | the attacks (for example, avoiding new experiences)** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136. Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. This feeling seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n): **panic disorder** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 137. Which of these phobias is MOST often associated with panic disorder? --------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 138. The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic | | disorders is a(n): | | | | **...Like that used to treat depression** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 139. Panic disorder might be related to abnormal activity of which | | neurotransmitter? | | | |  **norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 140. Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter: **norepinephrine** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143. What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)? **Anti-anxiety; Benzodiazepines** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 144. Which statement about the use of antidepressants to treat panic | | disorders is MOST accurate? | | | | **It appears that all antidepressant drugs that restore | | norepinephrine help prevent or reduce panic symptoms.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 145. The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who | | have them: | | | | **misinterpret bodily sensations** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 147. People with panic disorder experience body sensations: **More intensely than those people without panic disorder** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 149. People who experience a positive event, get excited, breathe | | harder, and have an increased heart rate, and subsequently interpret | | the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive | | theorists call: | | | | **anxiety sensitivity** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150. Eldon occasionally has a racing heartbeat. When this happens, he panics and thinks he is going to die. Gradually, he has developed panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly. Eldon apparently has a high degree of: **anxiety sensitivity** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 151. Which therapy is an effective long-term, nonpharmacologic treatment for panic attacks that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately**? cognitive-behavioral therapy** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 152. Which statement is TRUE about drug and cognitive treatments for | | panic disorder? | | | | **a. Cognitive treatments have proved to be at least as effective as | | medications, if not more so.\ | | Medication helps to reduce panic attacks, but requires maintenance | | therapy to manage the problem long term** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 153. What are the persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images | | that seem to invade a person\'s consciousness called? | | **[Obsessions] A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or | | image that is experienced repeatedly, feels** | | | | **intrusive, and causes anxiety.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 154. Which of these describes a compulsion? | | | | **a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they | | must perform** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 155. When would religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) be considered compulsive behaviors? **when they interfere with daily function and cause distress** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 156. People who experience obsessions show: **thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them.** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 157. Daniela has been married to Tony for years but constantly suspects him of cheating on her. She occasionally visits a palm reader or tarot card reader, seeking reassurance about this possibility. Daniela would BEST be described as yielding to an obsessive: **doubt** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 158. Which statement reflects the MOST common obsessive thought? | | | | **If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 161. What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are | | related? | | | | **compulsions help people control their obsessions** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162. According to the psychodynamic perspective, if someone keeps obsessing about immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs their face and hands in response to those thoughts**: the immoral images represent id impulses.** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 163. According to Freud, in which stage of development do obsessive-compulsive disorders originate? **anal** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 165. Cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that compulsive behavior | | is: | | | |  **is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166. \"Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts.\" The type of theorist who would be MOST likely to agree with this position would be a: **cognitive theorist** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 167. According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors? **Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus reinforced.** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 168. A person attempts to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally. They are trying to **[neutralize]**\_\_\_\_ the thoughts. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169. A person says, \"I\'ll try to see only the positive side of things, then everything will be OK.\" From a cognitive-behavioral perspective, this person is \_\_**neutralizing**\_\_\_ obsessive thoughts. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 170. A therapist told a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder to | | let family members wear shoes in the house and not to vacuum for a | | week. The client is receiving which type of therapy? | | | | **[Exposure and Response Prevention]: A treatment for | | obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes a client to | | anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client | | from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called [Exposure and | | Ritual Prevention].** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 174. Which thought would be LEAST characteristic of someone experiencing obsessive-compulsive disorder, according to the cognitive perspective? **\"Let the good times roll. Don\'t worry about tomorrow.\"** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 181. The scientific name for hair-pulling disorder is: | | | | **Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 182. Which behavior pattern is NOT listed in DSM-5-TR as an | | obsessive-compulsive-related disorder? | | | | **agoraphobia** | +=======================================================================+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 184. A professor\'s office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on | | the desk, overflowing bookshelves line the walls, and research | | materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor where there is | | only a narrow pathway to walk. If the professor is experiencing a | | diagnosable disorder, it would MOST likely be in which category? | | | | **obsessive-compulsive-related disorders** | +=======================================================================+ | 186. A client has body dysmorphic disorder and is considering plastic | | surgery. Is this a recommended treatment for this client? **No. | | Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder | | actually feel worse afterward.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+