PSY 101 PDF

 CHAP 1 : the evolution of psychology...

 CHAP 1 : the evolution of psychology Philosophy > - Psychology = "psyche" + "Logos" · Davent field of psychology - > Physiology ↓ ↓ ① philosophy you think mind study of ↑ Rene Descartes ->... Therefore I... am ) ↳ scientific study of human behavior Dualism = mind and body are separate but they interact- > He thinks it's ② Physiology the pineal gland ↳ study of functioning Living organisms + Flaws > - not enough , good (ble not replicated ) ↳ scientific method , objectivity , observations starting point in the brain ( Truth in philosophy = Logical arguments Assumption - > Logical conclusion > - arguments - > Philosopher/Physiologist > - make Psychology into an independent field Wilhelm Wundt However , pp. can go through different logical arguments ↳ physiologist > - Founder as independent field (which are true) > - Different answers ↳ 1879 : 1st formal Lab for Research (uni of Leipzig. So , what is true ? 1881 : 1st published journal - Topic : consciousness G. Stanley Hall (Wundt's student ( ↳ to the U S. & Johns Hopkins (1883) ) ↳ 1887 : American 1st Journal 1892 : Hall + 26 other men > - APA (American Psychological Association ( ↳ 1st president schools of thoughtsa Structuralism VS. Functionalism still about consciousness ↓ ↓ break consciousness into Function Purpose ? and it's components Does it work ? ↳ What makes consciousness ? ↳) Darwinian approach > - adaptation , survival , How does it Help ? ↳ method : introspection ↳ application : IQ tests , development in kids = Looking inward · your 5 senses , thoughts More scientific/objectivity More subjective => Both fought to define psychology > - neither won ② Behaviorism -> > still alive now · John Watson ↳ should study only objectively observable behavior ↳ "Black Box" - can't measure internal state ↳ S-R (Stimulus - Response) psychology · Animal Research ↳ advantages : ethics , availability, you know their conditions increased control (diet , disease , stressors , ) etc ↳ there are ethic Rules · Nature. vs Nurture ↳ Biology , genetics vs. product of environment stimulus (environmental stimulus ( ↳ Behaviorist- > nurture bic they measure the responce to & Watson ③ Gestalt psychology at the whole ↳ Looking " ↳ "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts ↳ Humans are more than neurons/tissue assembled + Different from structuralism ↳ The whole is special , qualitatively different > -> consciousness , perception ↳ Phiphenomenom + - Illusion of movement created by stimuli presented in rapid succession marque Light bulbs , "the " Movie + frames wave , ① Psychoanalytic Psychology (Psychodynamic psych ( ↳ Sigmund Freud - Behavior , personality > - unconscious forces that we have but not of · Thoughts , feelings, urges aware · sexual and aggresive in nature - "Freudian Slips" - accidently say th + Dream symbolism (train through tunnel > - sexual) ↳ Behavorist thought on Freud >X - , bic they only measure responses ⑤ Behavorism revisted ↳ S-R- S- 0-R (stimulus - organisms > - response) > - allow some inferences ↳ B F. Skinner = XNO ! S-R Only ! + Reinforcement-organisms tend to repeat responses that Lead to favorable outcomes + Punishment-organisms tend not to repeat responses that Lead to unfavorable outcomes + Nature us. nuture > - No free will (Skinner's opinion (  ⑥ Humanism/Humanistic Psychology ↳ Humans are unique , special ↳ Animals research ? > - Not a fan Personal ↳ growth Carl ↳ Rogers : personality = self-concept ↳ Abraham Maslow : realizing our potential > - Hiarchy of needs subfields of Psychology· Applied psych > - practical applications , using what we learn > - WWI IQ tests for soldiers > - matching jobs · Clinical psych > - diagnosis & treatment of Psychological disorders > - WWI soldiers w/ trauma and depression , > - Ph D. "Clinical Psychologist" · Psychiatry > - M D. "psychiatrist" > - use medical treatments · counseling psych - > Masters or Ph D. > - Everyday problems (family , marriage , career , etc. ( · Experimental Psych > - sensation , perception , learning , motivation , emotion · Physiological Psych/Biopsych > - Relationship btw psych 2 bio > - Genes , the brain , nervous system , hormones , etc. Cognitive psych · > - info processing , memory , reasoning , Language , problem solving , creativity · Developmental psych - How we change as we age ? > - birth , childhood , adolescent , adulthood , old age > - child psych , life span , gerontology Social · psych- How are we affected by other people ? ↑ > - conformity , obedience friendships , etc , overLap ↓ personalities affecting social interactions · Personality Psych > - · Educational/school Psych > - Curriculum design , achievement testing , etc · 1/0 Industrial/Organizational Psych > - psych of workplace , productivity , job satisfaction  CHAP 2 : Research enterprise in psychology · Psychology is a science ↳ Difficulty > - perceptions from other fields ↳ Physics : precise predictions of moving objects - Psychology doesn't have that level of precision + Group averages + Exceptions to Rules T we do have rules ↳ science is a process of How you study steps in a scientific investigation Report Formulate testable Analyze Result findings , Design study , Collect data - , Hypothesis The experiment · Independent variable (IV) - what you manipulate/change (group differences ( · Dependent variable (DV) > - what you measure/record · Experimental vs. control conditions ↑ & not expose to independent variable expose to the independent variable > - WHY ? > - the control gives a baseline so that we can compare the result · Super Important ! The only differences btw conditions is the EV- > if there is a difference in DV ↓ · confounds = a differe btw your conditions other than your IV cause and effect ! ↳ violated the Cardinal Rule ! > - No clear explaination ) ↳ individual differences ↳ HOW TO FIX + Random assignment ↳ Each person has an equal chance of being put into each condition · F ind so you a difference btw > - Is it a real difference ? ) ↳ values (01p11) = probability the difference is due to random chance ↳ you want it to be smaller/low > - so its bic your IV P10. 05 Not due to random chance > -> it's by your IV correlation · No way to manipulated IV , no DV Research ↳ practicality (aggression , expense , time) = ethics (agression , alcohol during pregnancy) · Two variables measured at the same time can · we predict one from the other ? ↳ correlation = index of predictability Pearson's r ↳ quantified w/ Pearson's r · valence/direction 1 00 1 r 1 + 1 00 -) direct relationship xT = y& pos r -... = ↳) neg. r = inverse relationship x4 = y↓ predictive relationship x* =?? Y · magnitude/strength ↳ v = 0 no ↳ closer to-1 or + 1 = stronger relationship better Predictability · correlation does not imply causation -) Just bic you can predict y from X doesn't that X is Y to mean causing change ↳ If you find a correlation btw X & Y there is Always a possibility of a third explaination Descriptive · Naturalistic observation Research ↳ Observe people in natural settings (the UC , mall , supermarket , a bar , etc) ↳ Unobtrusive > - no intervention , manipulation of IV. Just measure. ↳ surveys , self-report · Case studies > - Clinical Psy /EX : D I.. D cases) · Experimental vs. Descriptive establish cause more representative adv. & effect connection ofReal world · can be artificial no cause & dis. · generalizable to effect establish real world ? Evaluating · Replication Research ↳ check if it's a fluke > - p = 0 05. ) ↳ if it's a fluke > - not the same result again ↳ check for fabrication · sampling bias ↳ college students all men the elderly Prisoners , etc , , ,  CHAP3 : biological base of behavior · Biological/ Psychology overlap ↳ Emotions ↳ Blushing, heart pounding , sweating , trembling ↳ Psychological disorders ↳ Stress & health Resting potential : -70mV > - separation of different charged ionss ↳ Hemispheric specialization trigger/stimulation ~ stimulate the dendrites dendrites ⑦ ions goes to the soma · V synapse Neurons becomes less negative " axon terminal button ~ action potential - All-or-none Law at nucleus ! ↓ a Xon electrica ( signal through sheath myelin sheath mylein ↳ insulation for ↓ the electric synapses releases > - neurotransmitter signal release ↓ ↓ clearer & speed up Reuptake/Refractory period signal > MS (multiple sclerosis (Reset) Novacain > stop/prevent chanel degenerates - ↳ myelin sheath for Nat/ It to not open doesn't travel efficiently ↳ signal > - mobility issues ↓ no signal transmitted synapse chemical signal ↓ clefa nerve synaptic i presynaptic neuron im M ↓ esicle release neurotransmitter I receptor site postsynaptic ↓ postsynatic neuron neuron receptor cite I signal / [] neurotransmitter (Ach) Lock Key LOCK 2 KEY > ⑧ - 2 Tendrite I ↓ reuptake/reset Neurotransmitters s Acetylcholine (Ach) ↳ Motor neurons ↳ Attention , memory ↳ Lack = Alzheimer's disease > - memory lost ↳ Nicotine is Ach agonist + agonist = a copy of a key limitate the function > activate - ↳ Curare is Ach antagonist + antagonist = stop the stimulation > - muscles stop functioning copy of key but clogs up receptor cites  · Dopamine (DA) ↳ voluntary movement ↳ most addictions (cocaine , ) etc ↳ Lack = Parkinson's disease ↳ shakes involuntary ↳ trembling , rigid , Lack of motor control ↳ Excess = Schizophrenia ↳ Hearing voices , delusions (paranoia · serotonin ↳ sleep a wakefulness ( serotonin = ↑ awake ↳ Mood ( serotonin a = happier mood) ) SSRIs ↳ (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) -> make reuptake slower serotonine out there longer > - stimulates more · Norepinephrine (NE) ) ↳ physical arousal - ↓NE = depression (↓ receptor sensitivity) · GABA (Gamma-Aminobuteric acid ! Neutral "brakes" ↳ activity inhibitor > - ↓ GABA ↑ ↳ = anxiety ↳ Tranquilizers (i. e Valium (diazepam)) · Endorphins = endogenous t morphines ↓ ↓ your body pain killers made it ↳ pain killer ↳ "Runner's High" > - Long distance Runner - somatic N S.. -> voluntary muscle , sensory receptors N S Peripheral. > - everything of else organization > automatic N S.= involuntary musles , the Nervous system heartbeat , digestion , etc Central N. S brain + spinal cord ~ > - L X membrane around the brain sympathetic · Meninges = N S. Parasympathetic N S. Blood brain barrier > - filter out some substances ↳ mobilizes ↳ slows , conserves flight · , · Spinal cord or fight ↳ slow down ↳ spinal meninges ↳ speed up · Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) > - shock absorber · BRAIN ! The Brain · Measurement methods ↳ Electroencephalograph (EEG) > - measure electrical output ↳ Lesioning > - Destroy part of brain and see what function dissapear ↳ Electrical stimulation brain > - stimulate w/ electrical signal > - brain surgery ↳ Imaging ↳) CAT scan (CD Slice) ↳ PET scan (identify what part is activel ↳ MRI (3D detailed) · structure ① Hind brain ↳ Medulla (autonomic : breathing , heart beat , digestion , et c. ↳ Pons (sleep a wakefulness , arousal ↳ Cerebellum (coordination , equilibrium , fine motor ② Midbrain ↳ spacial location , voluntary movements * Reticular formation (Hinabrain & Midbrain ( ↳ sleep a wakefulness ③ Forebrain ↳ Thalamus > - sensory input (except smell) > - Relay station ) ↳ Hypothalamus > - basic needs (hunger , thirst , sex , etc) e temp regulation ↳ Limbic system (collection of parts ) ↳ emotions > - pleasure center ↳ amygdala > - aggression ↳ Hippocampus > - memory formation ) ↳ cerebrum ↳ Largest , most complex ↳ Intellect , "higher function" & corpus callosum > - connects La R parts of brain LOBeS occipital (vision) # & parietal (touch ( temporal (hearing , Language frontal (Motor  · Hemisphere specialization ↳ EFT : · Verbal , speech , Language , writing "L"goes together · math , Logic ↳ RIGHT : · Spatial , visual · music , art ↳ split brain Research : Heredity · Genes > - make chromosomes · Dominant , recessive ↳ 2 genes for same trait , dominant get expressed - Genotype. vs Phenotype ↓ ↓ actual physical genes trait · Assessing hereditary influence ↳ Twin studies - > concordance rates > - if one twin has X , % if the other twin has it ? ↳ identical (monozygotic) vs. fraternal (dizygotic) twins ↓ · Schizophrenia : 48 0 17. (no relation = 0 01. - 0. 015) ↳ Adoption studies ↳ Biological Parent/child. vs adoptive parent I child ↳ Identical twins raised apart