Professor Messer's CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes PDF

Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 Core 1 A+ Course Notes James “Professor” Messer http://www.ProfessorMesser.com Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 Core 1 A+ Course Notes Written by James “Professor” Messer Copyright © 2022 by Messer Studios, LLC http://www.ProfessorMesser.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. First Edition: March 2022 This is version 1.5 Trademark Acknowledgments All product names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and are in no way associated or affiliated with Messer Studios LLC. “Professor Messer” is a registered trademark of Messer Studios LLC. “CompTIA” and “A+” are registered trademarks of CompTIA, Inc. Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the CompTIA 220-1101 A+ certification exam. However, there may be typographical and/or content errors. Therefore, this book should serve only as a general guide and not as the ultimate source of subject information. The author shall have no liability or responsibility to any person or entity regarding any loss or damage incurred, or alleged to have incurred, directly or indirectly, by the information contained in this book. Contents 1.0 - Mobile Devices 1 1.1 - Laptop Hardware 1 1.2 - Laptop Displays 2 1.3 - Connecting Mobile Devices 3 1.3 - Mobile Device Accessories 4 1.4 - Cellular Standards 4 1.4 - Mobile Device Connectivity 5 1.4 - Mobile Device Configurations 6 2.0 - Networking 6 2.1 - Introduction to IP 6 2.1 - Common Network Ports 7 2.2 - Network Devices 9 2.2 - Software Defined Networking 10 2.3 - Wireless Network Standards 11 2.3 - Wireless Network Technologies 12 2.4 - Network Services 13 2.5 - IPv4 and IPv6 14 2.5 - Assigning IP Addresses 15 2.6 - DNS Configuration 16 2.6 - DHCP Configuration 18 2.6 - VLANs and VPNs 19 2.7 - Internet Connection Types 20 2.7 - Network Types 21 2.8 - Network Tools 21 3.0 - Hardware 22 3.1 - Network Cables 22 3.1 - Optical Fiber 23 3.1 - 568A and 568B Colors 24 3.1 - Peripheral Cables 24 3.1 - Video Cables 26 3.1 - SATA Device Cables 27 3.1 - SCSI Device Cables 27 3.1 - PATA Drive Cables 29 3.1 - Adapters and Converters 29 3.1 - Copper Connectors 30 3.1 - Fiber Connectors 31 3.2 - An Overview of Memory 31 3.2 - Memory Technologies 33 3.3 - Storage Devices 33 3.3 - RAID 34 3.4 - Motherboard Form Factors 35 3.4 - Motherboard Expansion Slots 35 3.4 - Motherboard Connectors 36 3.4 - Motherboard Compatibility 36 3.4 - The BIOS 36 3.4 - BIOS Settings 37 3.4 - CPU Features 38 3.4 - Expansion Cards 38 3.4 - Cooling 39 3.5 - Computer Power 40 3.6 - Multifunction Devices 41 3.7 - Laser Printers 42 3.7 - Laser Printer Maintenance 43 3.7 - Inkjet Printers 44 3.7 - Inkjet Printer Maintenance 44 3.7 - Thermal Printers 44 3.7 - Thermal Printer Maintenance 45 3.7 - Impact Printers 45 3.7 - Impact Printer Maintenance 45 3.7 - 3D Printers 46 4.0 - Virtualization and Cloud Computing 46 4.1 - Cloud Models 46 4.1 - Cloud Characteristics 47 4.2 - Client-side Virtualization 47 5.0 - Hardware and Network Troubleshooting 48 5.1 - How to Troubleshoot 48 5.2 - Troubleshooting Common Hardware Problems 50 5.3 - Troubleshooting Storage Devices 51 5.4 - Troubleshooting Video and Display Issues 52 5.5 - Troubleshooting Mobile Devices 54 5.6 - Troubleshooting Printers 55 5.7 - Troubleshooting Networks 57 Introduction The CompTIA A+ certification requires a broad set of knowledge, and it covers more topics than many industry certifications. It’s no surprise that the A+ certification has become one of the most sought-after industry certifications by both aspiring technologists and employers. I hope this book helps you with your “last mile” of studies before taking your exam. There’s a lot to remember, and perhaps some of the information in this book will help jog your memory while you’re sitting in the exam room. Best of luck with your studies! - Professor Messer The CompTIA A+ Certification CompTIA’s A+ certification is considered to be the starting point for information technology professionals. Earning the A+ certification requires the completion of two exams and covers a broad range of technology topics. After earning the CompTIA A+ certification, an A+ certified professional will have an understanding of computer hardware, mobile devices, networking, operating systems, security techniques, and much more. The current series of the A+ certification is based on the successful completion of the 220-1101 and the 220-1102 exams. You must pass both exams to earn your CompTIA A+ certification. This book provides a set of notes for the 220-1101 Core 1 exam. The 220-1101 Core 1 exam Much of the 220-1101 exam is about hardware, but that’s only about a third of the overall exam content. You’ll also need to know about networking, mobile devices, and how to troubleshoot all of these technologies. Here’s the breakdown of each domain on the 220-1101 exam: Domain 1.0 - Mobile Devices - 15% Domain 2.0 - Networking - 20% Domain 3.0 - Hardware - 25% Domain 4.0 - Virtualization and Cloud Computing - 11% Domain 5.0 - Hardware and Network Troubleshooting - 29% Study Tips Exam Preparation Taking the Exam Download the exam objectives, Use your time wisely. You've got 90 minutes and use them as a master checklist: to get through everything. https://www.ProfessorMesser.com/objectives Choose your exam location carefully. Use as many training materials as possible. Some sites are better than others. Books, videos, and Q&A guides can all provide a Get there early. Don't stress the journey. different perspective of the same information. Manage your time wisely. It's useful to have as much hands-on as possible, You've got 90 minutes to get through everything. especially with network troubleshooting and Wrong answers aren't counted against you. operating system command prompts. Don't leave any blanks! Mark difficult questions and come back later. You can answer the questions in any order. Professor Messer’s CompTIA A+ 220-1101 Course Notes http://www.ProfessorMesser.com 1.1 - Laptop Hardware Laptop hardware SSD (Solid-state drive) Engineered to precise specifications – All memory, no moving parts – A challenging repair – Silent, fast access time, less latency Some laptops are easier to fix than others – 2.5 inch form factors – An ongoing learning process M.2 Understand the process – Smaller form factor – The details will vary between laptop manufacturers – No SATA data or power cables – Easy to install and replace Laptop batteries The power source when unplugged Replacing laptop storage – May be easily replaced or require a tear down All internal – Five minutes vs. one hour – Open a cover on the back – Open the entire laptop Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) and – Lithium-Ion polymer (LiPo) are common Can be very modular – No “memory effect” – Two screws and the drive slides out – Charging the battery diminishes capacity M.2 drives are even easier Different form factor for each laptop – One screw - similar to RAM installation – Battery types and styles can vary Migrating from HDD to SSD – Battery technology is changing constantly An impressive upgrade Laptop keyboard – Move from spinning mechanical drive to The most-used component of the laptop solid state memory – Can be easy to replace – It’s almost like getting a new laptop – A few screws and a single ribbon cable Install an OS on the SSD – May not always be this simple – Move user documents between drives Or connect an external USB keyboard – Install any required applications – Not very portable, but works in a pinch – Can be time consuming Laptop keys Image/clone the HDD Some repairs might require the removal or – No OS installation required replacement of a key cap – Move everything from one to the other – This can be a delicate procedure Imaging software needed Check with the manufacturer’s instructions – Sometimes included with the SSD – It’s very easy to accidentally break the key cap – Many commercial and open source options or the components underneath Create an image file - One drive at a time Laptop memory Drive-to-drive image Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module (SO-DIMM) – Image directly from one drive to the other Memory used in laptops and mobile devices 802.11 wireless and Bluetooth – Often easy to install and replace Wireless network connectivity Some laptop memory is soldered to the system board – Connect without wires – No upgrade available 802.11 – Requires a full system board replacement – Local area network (LAN) Laptop storage – High speed, Internet access Magnetic disk Bluetooth – Traditional spinning drive platters – Personal area network (PAN) - Short range – 2.5 form factors (3.5 inch for desktops) – Connect peripherals and other nearby devices © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 1 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 1.1 - Laptop Hardware (continued) Biometrics Near-field communication (NFC) Sign in or unlock your laptop with a Short-distance networking fingerprint reader or face recognition – 4 centimeters or less – Something you are – Data transfers or authentication Requires additional configuration in the OS Common on mobile phones and smart watches – Hardware required for most options – Payment method on your wrist Relatively secure Use it for authentication without typing a password – Faces and fingerprints are quite unique – Hospital workstations, warehouses, manufacturing 1.2 - Laptop Displays Portable LCD Webcam Liquid crystal display Video capture - Built-in camera and microphone – Light shines through liquid crystals Usually includes both audio and video Advantages – Specialized drivers and software – Lightweight Microphone – Relatively low power Built-in to the laptop display – Relatively inexpensive – Useful for video calls Disadvantages Not good for non-casual use – Black levels are a challenge – Analog or USB microphones can help – Requires separate backlight Fluorescent vs. LED backlighting – Florescent, LED, etc. LED-backlit LCD display – Lights are difficult to replace – Backlight is LEDs instead of florescent LCD technologies – LEDs around the edge of the screen TN (Twisted Nematic) LCD – An array of LEDs behind the screen – The original LCD technology – The latest laptops are LED-backlit – Fast response times (gaming!) CCFL - Cold Cathode – Poor viewing angles - color shifts – Fluorescent Lamp IPS (In Plane Switching) LCD – Higher voltage and power needed – Excellent color representation – Added thickness to the display – More expensive to produce than TN – No longer a common backlight – Older laptops will use these VA (Vertical Alignment) LCD – A good compromise between TN and IPS Backlight and inverter – Good color representation LCD displays need a backlight – Slower response times than TN – Florescent lamp/LED to LCD display to your eyes Some laptops have inverters - Turn DC into AC OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode Verify backlight – Organic compound emits light when – Look closely and use a flashlight receiving an electric current May need to replace the LCD inverter or display – Choose carefully Thinner and lighter – Flexible and mobile - no glass needed Digitizer Use a pen-like device as input No backlight – Stylus input - Useful for graphical input – The organic compound provides the light Used commonly on laptop / tablets Tablets, phones, smart watches – Or hybrid devices – Very accurate color representation – A bit higher cost than LCD Touchscreen Merge laptop and tablet input Wi-Fi antennas – Digitizer responds to touch - No keyboard required Multiple antennas – WiFi main and aux / Bluetooth But often still available – Many options for input - Use the best one for the job Antenna wires wrap around the laptop screen – It’s up high! © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 2 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 1.3 - Connecting Mobile Devices Connecting mobile devices Phones and tablets – Many different ways to connect Wired and wireless connectivity – Standards and options change through the years Used for synchronization, connectivity, backup, and identification – Sometimes simultaneously USB Universal Serial Bus – High-speed wired communication Micro-B plug Mini-B plug – Used for charging and data transfers Type A plug Micro-USB – A smaller USB connection – Common now worldwide Older devices may use Mini-USB NFC – Slightly larger Near Field Communication – Send small amounts of data wirelessly USB-C over a limited area 24-pin double-sided USB connector Built into your phone – Used for both hosts and devices – Payment systems, transportation,in-person Acts as a USB 2.0/3.0/3.1/4 connection information exchange – Different signals can use the same connector Access token, identity “card” Can transmit other signals – Short range with encryption support – DisplayPort, HDMI, Thunderbolt Bluetooth Lightning High speed communication over short distances Apple proprietary – PAN (Personal Area Network) – 8-pin digital signals Connects our mobile devices – iPhone and iPad devices – Smartphones Some advantages over Micro-USB – Tethering – Higher power output for phones and tablets – Headsets and headphones – Can be inserted either way – Health monitors – Simpler design – Automobile and phone integration Serial interfaces – Smartwatches DB-9 - also called DE-9 – External speakers Commonly used for RS-232 signals Hotspot – Recommended Standard 232 Turn your phone into a WiFi hotspot – An industry standard since 1969 – Your own personal wireless router Serial communications standard – Extend the cellular data network – Traditionally used for modem connections to all of your devices Now used as a configuration port Dependent on phone type and provider – Switches, routers, firewalls, etc – May require additional charges and data costs – Use a USB to DB-9 converter cable Lightning plug © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 3 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 1.3 - Mobile Device Accessories Touch pens Headsets Touchscreen pen / touch screen stylus / capacitive stylus Hands-free audio - Earphones and microphone – Activate the interface without actually touching it Wired Handwriting – USB connections are common on laptops – Note taking, signatures – Connects to 3.5 mm Precise selection TRRS (tip-ring-ring-sleeve) connector – Easier to see the screen – Analog audio jack – iPhone can use Lightning port Active stylus Digital stylus Wireless - Bluetooth headsets – A more advanced writing tool Speakers The stylus communicates directly to the device Mobile audio - Battery powered – Pressure sensitivity, programmable buttons, etc. Wireless connection - Bluetooth link Must be compatible with the tablet Stereo sound - Small package – e.g., Apple iPad uses an Apple Pencil Camera / webcam Drawing pad Internal or external Use an active stylus with an external digitizer – Commonly external on desktops, – Very precise input internal on laptops/tablets/phones Trackpad Accessible from multimedia applications, Replace the mouse photo utilities,and video conferencing – Useful in tight working areas – Real-time video communication – Common on laptops Docking station External options Docking station – Battery powered – Use external keyboard and mouse – Bluetooth connected – Extend existing laptop interfaces Drag and tap – Add additional functionality – Or use multiple finger input for right-clicking, zooming, – Desktop adapter cards and window control – Avoid cable issues Enable and disable Port replicator – Avoid inadvertent mouse clicks and movements Port replicator – Similar to a docking station – Does not commonly have an expansion card option – Usually connects using USB 1.4 - Cellular Standards Cellular networks 90% of the market Mobile devices – Originally an EU standard – “Cell” phones – Worldwide coverage Separate land into “cells” Used by AT&T and T-Mobile in the United States – Antenna coverages a cell with certain frequencies – Move your SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module) from 2G networks phone to phone – GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications Original GSM standard used multiplexing – CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access – Everyone gets a little slice of time Poor data support CDMA – Originally used circuit-switching Code Division Multiple Access – Minor upgrades for some packet-switching – Everyone communicates at the same time GSM – Each call uses a different code Global System for Mobile Communications – The codes are used to filter each call on the receiving side – Mobile networking standard Used by Verizon and Sprint – Handsets are controlled by the network provider – Not much adoption elsewhere © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 4 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 1.4 - Cellular Standards (continued) 3G technology 5G 3rd Generation Fifth generation cellular networking – Introduced in 1998 – Launched worldwide in 2020 Upgraded data connectivity over 2G Significant performance improvements – Incremental 3G updates improved speeds – At higher frequencies – Usually several megabits per second – Eventually 10 gigabits per second Bandwidth improvement allowed new functionality – Slower speeds from 100-900 Mbit/s – GPS Significant IoT impact – Mobile television – Bandwidth becomes less of a constraint – Video on demand – Larger data transfers – Video conferencing – Faster monitoring and notification 4G and LTE – Additional cloud processing Long Term Evolution (LTE) Updates – A “4G” technology PRL (Preferred Roaming List) updates – Converged standard (GSM and CDMA providers) – CDMA networks (i.e., Verizon, Sprint) – Based on GSM and EDGE Allows your phone to connect to the right tower (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) – Can be updated over the air (OTA) – Standard supports download rates of 150 Mbit/s Hotspot LTE Advanced (LTE-A) Turn your phone into a WiFi hotspot – Standard supports download rates of 300 Mbit/s – Your own personal wireless router – Extend the cellular data network to all of your devices Dependent on phone type and provider – May require additional charges and data costs 1.4 - Mobile Device Connectivity Bluetooth pairing Mobile device location services and geotracking Connect a Bluetooth device – Maps, directions – Built-in security - Use or verify a PIN – Determine physical location based on Pair the devices one time GPS, WiFi, and cellular towers – Future connections should be automatic MDM (Mobile Device Management) Check with the manufacturer Manage company-owned and user-owned mobile devices – May prefer a specific sequence – BYOD - Bring Your Own Device – Discoverable mode isn’t always obvious Centralized management of the mobile devices Bluetooth pairing process – Specialized functionality Enable Bluetooth on both devices Set policies on apps, data, camera, etc. – Android and iOS: Settings / Bluetooth – Control the remote device Set devices to discoverable mode – The entire device or a “partition” – May require key sequence on Bluetooth device Manage access control Select discovered device – Force screen locks and PINs on these single user devices – Many devices may appear! MDM configurations Enter or confirm PIN Corporate email configuration – Should be the same on both devices – User does not need to configure anything Test connectivity – The MDM makes the changes on the device – Devices should now communicate – Account details, server address, communication method Two-factor authentication GPS (Global Positioning System) – Require specific authentication types Created by the U.S. Department of Defense – Biometrics, pseudo-random authentication app – Over 30 satellites currently in orbit Corporate applications Precise navigation - Need to see at least 4 satellites – Allow or restrict app installation Determines location based on timing differences – Prevent unauthorized app usage – Longitude, latitude, altitude © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 5 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 1.4 - Mobile Device Configurations Configuring a mobile device iCloud Many settings are preconfigured Integrated into iOS and iPadOS – Telephone / Text messaging – Provide an iCloud username and password Email Select synchronization options – Everyone handles email services differently – Extensive customization – Corporate email configurations can vary Synchronize to macOS Data synchronization – Use your desktop, laptop, or mobile device – Based on data rates and speeds Synchronizing data – Important for backup and recovery Data types Microsoft 365 – Mail Outlook, Exchange – Pictures, music, video – Microsoft’s email service – Calendar – Usually the same for Hotmail and Outlook.com – Contacts Authenticate to Microsoft 365 Data caps and transfer costs – Username, password – Cellular vs 802.11 Select the items to synchronize – Enable or disable network connections – Changes in Outlook will appear on the mobile device – Control the use of cellular downloads Same process for Google Workspace – Formerly known as G Suite 2.1 - Introduction to IP A series of moving vans TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Communication Efficiently move large amounts of data – Use a shipping truck The network topology is the road – Ethernet, DSL, cable system The truck is the Internet Protocol (IP) – We’ve designed the roads for this truck The boxes hold your data TCP – Transmission Control Protocol – Boxes of TCP and UDP Connection-oriented Inside the boxes are more things – A formal connection setup and close – Application information “Reliable” delivery – Recovery from errors Client Server – Can manage out-of-order messages or retransmissions Flow control Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Payload Header Trailer Ethernet Header IP IP Payload Ethernet Trailer – The receiver can manage how much data is sent Ethernet Header IP TCP TCP Payload Ethernet Trailer UDP – User Datagram Protocol Ethernet IP TCP HTTP data Ethernet Connectionless - No formal open/close to the connection Header Trailer “Unreliable” delivery – No error recovery TCP and UDP – No reordering of data or retransmissions Transported inside of IP No flow control – Encapsulated by the IP protocol – Sender determines the amount of data transmitted Two ways to move data from place to place – Different features for different applications UDP - User Datagram Protocol Communication OSI Layer 4 – The transport layer Multiplexing – Use many different applications at the same time – TCP and UDP © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 6 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.1 - Introduction to IP (continued) Why would you ever use UDP? Lots of ports Real-time communication IPv4 sockets – There’s no way to stop and resend the data – Server IP address, protocol, – Time doesn’t stop for your network server application port number Connectionless protocols – Client IP address, protocol, client port number – DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Non-ephemeral ports – permanent port numbers – TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) – Ports 0 through 1,023 Communication using TCP – Usually on a server or service Connection-oriented protocols prefer a “return receipt” Ephemeral ports – temporary port numbers – HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) – Ports 1,024 through 65,535 – SSH (Secure Shell) – Determined in real-time by the client The application doesn’t worry about out of order Port numbers frames or missing data TCP and UDP ports can be any number between – TCP handles all of the communication overhead 0 and 65,535 – The application has one job Most servers (services) use non-ephemeral Speedy delivery (not-temporary) port numbers The IP delivery truck delivers from one (IP) address to – This isn’t always the case another (IP) address – It’s just a number. – Every house has an address, every computer Port numbers are for communication, not security has an IP address Service port numbers need to be “well known” Boxes arrive at the house / IP address TCP port numbers aren’t the same as UDP port numbers – Where do the boxes go? – Each box has a room name Port is written on the outside of the box – Drop the box into the right room 2.1 - Common Network Ports Port numbers SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Well-known port number SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – Client and server need to match – Server to server email transfer - tcp/25 Important for firewall rules - Port-based security Also used to send mail from a device to a mail server A bit of rote memorization – Commonly configured on mobile devices and email clients – Becomes second nature after a while Other protocols are used for clients to receive email Make sure you know port number, protocol, – IMAP, POP3 and how the protocol is used DNS - Domain Name System FTP - File Transfer Protocol Converts names to IP addresses - udp/53 tcp/20 (active mode data), tcp/21 (control) – www.professormesser.com = 162.159.246.164 – Transfers files between systems These are very critical resources Authenticates with a username and password – Usually multiple DNS servers are in production – Some systems use a generic/anonymous login DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Full-featured functionality - List, add, delete, etc. Automated configuration of IP address, subnet mask and other options - udp/67, udp/68 SSH - Secure Shell – Requires a DHCP server Encrypted communication link - tcp/22 – Server, appliance, integrated into a SOHO router, etc. Looks and acts the same as Telnet Dynamic / pooled Telnet – IP addresses are assigned in real-time from a pool Telnet – Telecommunication Network - tcp/23 – Each system is given a lease and must renew at set intervals Login to devices remotely DHCP reservation – Console access – Addresses are assigned by MAC address in the DHCP server In-the-clear communication – Manage addresses from one location – Not the best choice for production systems © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 7 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.1 - Common Network Ports (continued) HTTP and HTTPS SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol Gather statistics from network devices – Communication in the browser – Queries: udp/161 – And by other applications – Traps: udp/162 In the clear or encrypted v1 – The original – Supported by nearly all web servers and clients – Structured tables POP3 / IMAP – In-the-clear Receive emails from an email server v2 – A good step ahead – Authenticate and transfer – Data type enhancements POP3 - Post office Protocol version 3 – Bulk transfers – tcp/110 – Still in-the-clear – Basic mail transfer functionality v3 – A secure standard IMAP4 - Internet Message Access Protocol v4 – Message integrity – tcp/143 – Authentication – Includes email inbox management from multiple clients – Encryption SMB - Server Message Block LDAP Protocol used by Microsoft Windows LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) - tcp/389 – File sharing, printer sharing Store and retrieve information in a network directory – Also called CIFS (Common Internet File System) – Commonly used in Microsoft Active Directory Using NetBIOS over TCP/IP RDP - Remote Desktop Protocol (Network Basic Input/Output System) Share a desktop from a remote location over tcp/3389 – udp/137 - NetBIOS name services (nbname) Remote Desktop Services on many Windows versions – tcp/139 - NetBIOS session service (nbsession) Can connect to an entire desktop or just an application Direct over tcp/445 (NetBIOS-less) – Direct SMB communication over TCP without Clients for Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, iPhone, the NetBIOS transport Android, and others Protocol Port Name Descrip/on FTP tcp/20, tcp21 File Transfer Protocol Sends and receives ﬁles between systems SSH tcp/22 Secure Shell Encrypted console access Telnet tcp/23 TelecommunicaCon Network Insecure console access SMTP tcp/25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Transfer email between mail servers DNS udp/53, tcp/53 Domain Name System Convert domain names to IP addresses DHCP udp/67, udp/68 Dynamic Host ConﬁguraCon Protocol Automate the IP address conﬁguraCon process HTTP tcp/80 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Web server communicaCon HTTPS tcp/443 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure Web server communicaCon with encrypCon POP3 tcp/110 Post Oﬃce Protocol version 3 Receive email into a email client IMAP4 tcp/143 Internet Message Access Protocol v4 A newer email client protocol NetBIOS udp/137 NetBIOS name service Register, remove, and ﬁnd Windows services by name NetBIOS tcp/139 NetBIOS session service Windows connecCon-oriented data transfer SMB tcp/445 Server Message Block Windows ﬁle transfers and printer sharing SNMP Query udp/161 Simple Network Management Protocol Gather metrics and manage network devices SNMP Trap udp/162 Simple Network Management Protocol Receive alerts from network devices LDAP tcp/389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Directory services RDP tcp/3389 Remote Desktop Protocol Graphical display of remote devices © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 8 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.2 - Network Devices Network devices Patch Panels Many different devices and components Combination of punch-down blocks and – All have different roles RJ-45 connectors Some of these functions are combined together Runs from desks are made once – Wireless router/switch/firewall – Permanently punched down to patch panel Compare different devices Patch panel to switch can be easily changed – Understand when they should be used – No special tools Routers – Use existing cables Routes traffic between IP subnets Firewalls – Makes forwarding decisions based on IP address Filters traffic by port number – Routers inside of switches sometimes called – OSI layer 4 (TCP/UDP) “layer 3 switches” – Some firewalls can filter based on the application Often connects diverse network types Can encrypt traffic into/out of the network – LAN, WAN, copper, fiber – Protect your traffic between sites Switches Can proxy traffic Bridging done in hardware – A common security technique – Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) Most firewalls can be layer 3 devices (routers) – Forwards traffic based on data link address – Usually sits on the ingress/egress of the network Many ports and features Power over Ethernet (PoE) – The core of an enterprise network Power provided on an Ethernet cable – May provide Power over Ethernet (PoE) – One wire for both network and electricity Multilayer switch – Phones, cameras, wireless access points – Includes routing functionality – Useful in difficult-to-power areas Unmanaged switches Power provided at the switch Very few configuration options – Built-in power - Endspans – Plug and play – In-line power injector - Midspans Fixed configuration PoE switch – No VLANs Power over Ethernet – Commonly marked on the switch or interfaces Very little integration with other devices – No management protocols PoE, PoE+, PoE++ PoE: IEEE 802.3af-2003 Low price point – The original PoE specification – Simple is less expensive – Now part of the 802.3 standard Managed switches – 15.4 watts DC power, 350 mA max current VLAN support PoE+: IEEE 802.3at-2009 – Interconnect with other switches via 802.1Q – Now also part of the 802.3 standard Traffic prioritization – 25.5 watts DC power, 600 mA max current – Voice traffic gets a higher priority PoE++: IEEE 802.3bt-2018 Redundancy support – 51 W (Type 3), 600 mA max current – Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) – 71.3 W (Type 4), 960 mA max current Port mirroring – PoE with 10GBASE-T – Capture packets Hub External management “Multi-port repeater” – Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) – Traffic going in one port is repeated to Access point every other port Not a wireless router Everything is half-duplex – A wireless router is a router and an access point Becomes less efficient as network traffic increases in a single device 10 megabit / 100 megabit An access point is a bridge Difficult to find today – Extends the wired network onto the wireless network – Makes forwarding decisions based on MAC address © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 9 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.2 - Network Devices (continued) Cable modem ONT Broadband Optical network terminal – Transmission across multiple frequencies – Fiber to the premises – Different traffic types Connect the ISP fiber network to the copper network Data on the “cable” network – Demarcation point (demarc) in the data center – DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) – Terminal box on the side of the building High-speed networking Line of responsibility – Speeds up to 1 Gigabit/s are available – One side of the box is the ISP Multiple services – Other side of the box is your network – Data, voice, video Network Interface Card (NIC) DSL modem The fundamental network device ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) – Every device on the network has a NIC – Uses telephone lines – Computers, servers, printers, routers, switches, phones, tablets, cameras, etc. Download speed is faster than the upload speed (asymmetric) Specific to the network type – ~10,000 foot limitation from the central office (CO) – Ethernet, WAN, wireless, etc. – 52 Mbit/s downstream / 16 Mbit/s upstream are Often built-in to the motherboard common – Or added as an expansion card – Faster speeds may be possible if closer to the CO Many options - Single port, multi-port, copper, fiber 2.2 - Software Defined Networking SDN (Software Defined Networking) Application layer / Management plane Networking devices have different functional – Configure and manage the device planes of operation – SSH, browser, API – Data, control, and management planes Split the functions into separate logical units – Extend the functionality and management SDN data flows of a single device – Perfectly built for the cloud Infrastructure layer / Data plane – Process the network frames and packets – Forwarding, trunking, encrypting, NAT Control layer / Control plane – Manages the actions of the data plane – Routing tables, session tables, NAT tables – Dynamic routing protocol updates Extend the physical architecture © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 10 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.3 - Wireless Network Standards Wireless standards 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4) Wireless networking (802.11) The update to 802.11g, 802.11b, and 802.11a – Managed by the IEEE LAN/MAN – October 2009 Standards Committee (IEEE 802) Operates at 5 GHz and/or 2.4 GHz Many updates over time – 40 MHz channel widths – Check with IEEE for the latest 600 megabits per second (Mbit/s) The Wi-Fi trademark – 40 MHz mode and 4 antennas – Wi-Fi Alliance handles interoperability testing 802.11n uses MIMO 802.11a – Multiple-input multiple-output One of the original 802.11 wireless standards – Multiple transmit and receive antennas – October 1999 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) Operates in the 5 GHz range Approved in January 2014 – Or other frequencies with special licensing – Significant improvements over 802.11n 54 megabits per second (Mbit/s) Operates in the 5 GHz band Smaller range than 802.11b – Less crowded, more frequencies (up to 160 MHz – Higher frequency is absorbed by objects in the way channel bandwidth) Not commonly seen today Increased channel bonding - Larger bandwidth usage 802.11b Denser signaling modulation Also an original 802.11 standard - October 1999 – Faster data transfers Operates in the 2.4 GHz range Eight MU-MIMO downlink streams – Twice as many streams as 802.11n 11 megabits per second (Mbit/s) – Nearly 7 gigabits per second Better range than 802.11a, less absorption problems 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) More frequency conflict Approved in February 2021 – Baby monitors, cordless phones, – The successor to 802.11ac/Wi-Fi 5 microwave ovens, Bluetooth Operates at 5 GHz and/or 2.4 GHz Not commonly seen today – 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channel widths 802.11g 1,201 megabits per second per channel An “upgrade” to 802.11b - June 2003 – A relatively small increase in throughput Operates in the 2.4 GHz range – Eight bi-directional MU-MIMO streams 54 megabits per second (Mbit/s) - Similar to 802.11a Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) Backwards-compatible with 802.11b – Works similar to cellular communication – Improves high-density installations Same 2.4 GHz frequency conflict problems as 802.11b © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 11 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.3 - Wireless Network Standards (continued) Long-range fixed wireless RFID (Radio-frequency identification) Wireless access point in a house with the stock antennas It’s everywhere – You might get a range of 40 to 50 meters – Access badges Try connecting two buildings located miles from each other – Inventory/Assembly line tracking – Fixed directional antennas and increased signal strength – Pet/Animal identification – Anything that needs to be tracked Outdoors – Minimal signal absorption or bounce Radar technology – Radio energy transmitted to the tag Directional antennas – RF powers the tag, ID is transmitted back – Focused, point-to-point connection – Bidirectional communication Wireless regulations are complex – Some tag formats can be active/powered – Refer to your country’s regulatory agency NFC (Near field communication) Frequency use Two-way wireless communication – Unlicensed 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequencies – Builds on RFID, which is mostly one-way – Additional frequencies may be available – Additional licensing may be required Payment systems – Major credit cards, online wallets Signal strength – Indoor and outdoor power is usually regulated Bootstrap for other wireless Outdoor antenna installation is not trivial – NFC helps with Bluetooth pairing – Get an expert, be safe Access token, identity “card” – Short range with encryption support 2.3 - Wireless Network Technologies 802.11 technologies Bluetooth Frequency Remove the wires – 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz – Headsets, speakers, keyboards / mice – And sometimes both Uses the 2.4 GHz range Channels – Unlicensed ISM – Groups of frequencies, numbered by the IEEE (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band – Non-overlapping channels would be ideal – Same as 802.11 Regulations Short-range – Most countries have regulations to – Most consumer devices operate manage frequency use to about 10 meters – Spectrum use, power output, – Industrial Bluetooth devices can communicate interference requirements, etc. over 100 meters 2.4 GHz Spectrum for 802.11 - North America IEEE Channel # 1 6 11 20 MHz 2412 MHz 2482 MHz 5 GHz Spectrum for 802.11 - North America IEEE Channel # 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 124 128 132 136 140 144 149 153 157 161 165 169 173 177 20 MHz 40 MHz 80 MHz 160 MHz UNII-1 UNII-2 UNII-2 UNII-3 5150 MHz 5250 MHz 5350 MHz 5470 MHz 5725 MHz 5825 MHz 5925 MHz Available channels New channels added in April 2014 Previously indoor channels, usable outdoors aFer April 2014 Frequencies not available for 802.11 © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 12 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.4 - Network Services DNS server Web server Domain Name System Respond to browser requests – Convert names to IP addresses – Using standard web browsing protocols - HTTP/HTTPS – And vice versa – Pages are built with HTML, HTML5 Distributed naming system Web pages are stored on the server – The load is balanced across many different servers – Downloaded to the browser Usually managed by the ISP or IT department – Static pages or built dynamically in real-time – A critical resource Authentication server DHCP server Login authentication to resources Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – Centralized management – Automatic IP address configuration Almost always an enterprise service Very common service – Not required on a home network – Available on most home routers Usually a set of redundant servers Enterprise DHCP will be redundant – Always available – Usually running on central servers – Extremely important service File server Spam Centralized storage of documents,spreadsheets, Unsolicited messages videos, pictures, and any other files – Email, forums, etc. – A fileshare Various content Standard system of file management – Commercial advertising – SMB (Server Message Block), – Non-commercial proselytizing Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), etc. – Phishing attempts The front-end hides the protocol Significant technology issue – Copy, delete, rename, etc. – Security concerns, resource utilization, storage costs, managing the spam Print server Connect a printer to the network Spam gateways – Provide printing services for all network devices Unsolicited email – Stop it at the gateway before it reaches the user May be software in a computer – On-site or cloud-based – Computer is connected to the printer May be built-in to the printer All-in-one security appliance – Network adapter and software Next-generation firewall, Unified Threat Management (UTM) / Web security gateway Uses standard printing protocols – SMB (Server Message Block), IPP (Internet URL filter / Content inspection Printing Protocol), LPD (Line Printer Daemon) Malware inspection Mail server Spam filter Store your incoming mail CSU/DSU – Send your outgoing mail Router, Switch Usually managed by the ISP or the IT department Firewall – A complex set of requirements IDS/IPS Usually one of the most important services Bandwidth shaper – 24 x 7 support VPN endpoint Syslog Standard for message logging Load balancers – Diverse systems, consolidated log Distribute the load – Multiple servers Usually a central logging receiver – Invisible to the end-user – Integrated into the SIEM Large-scale implementations You’re going to need a lot of disk space – Web server farms, database farms – No, more. More than that. Fault tolerance – Server outages have no effect - Very fast convergence © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 13 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.4 - Network Services (continued) Load balancer features Legacy and embedded systems Configurable load - Manage across servers Legacy systems TCP offload - Protocol overhead – Another expression for “really old” – May also be “really important” SSL offload - Encryption/Decryption – Learning old things can be just as important as Caching - Fast response learning the new things Prioritization - QoS Embedded systems Content switching - Application-centric balancing – Purpose-built device Proxy server – Not usual to have direct access to An intermediate server the operating system – Client makes the request to the proxy – Alarm system, door security, time card system – The proxy performs the actual request IoT (Internet of Things) devices – The proxy provides results back to the client Appliances Useful features – Refrigerators – Access control, caching, URL filtering, content scanning Smart devices SCADA / ICS – Smart speakers respond to voice commands Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System Air control – Large-scale, multi-site Industrial Control Systems (ICS) – Thermostats, temperature control PC manages equipment Access – Power generation, refining, – Smart doorbells manufacturing equipment May require a segmented network – Facilities, industrial, energy, logistics – Limit any security breaches Distributed control systems – Real-time information – System control – Requires extensive segmentation – No access from the outside 2.5 - IPv4 and IPv6 IP addressing Default gateway, e.g., 192.168.1.1 IPv4 is the primary protocol for everything we do – The router that allows you to communicate – You probably won’t configure anything else outside of your local subnet IPv6 is now part of all major operating systems – The default gateway must be an IP address – And the backbone of our Internet infrastructure on the local subnet IPv4 addresses DNS servers Internet Protocol version 4 We remember names – OSI Layer 3 address – professormesser.com, google.com, youtube.com IPv6 addresses Internet routers don’t know names Internet Protocol v6 - 128-bit address – Routers only know IP addresses – 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 Something has to translate between addresses (340 undecillion) names and IP addresses – 6.8 billion people could each have – Domain Name Services 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 addresses You configure two DNS servers in Networking with IPv4 your IP configuration IP Address, e.g., 192.168.1.165 – That’s how important it is – Every device needs a unique IP address Subnet mask, e.g., 255.255.255.0 – Used by the local device to determine its subnet – The subnet mask isn’t (usually) transmitted across the network © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 14 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.5 - IPv4 and IPv6 (continued) IPv4 addresses format 192. 168. 1. 131 11000000. 10101000. 00000001. 10000011 8)bits = 1)byte = 1)octet 32)bits)=)4)bytes IPv6 addresses format fe80::5d18:652:cﬀd:8f52 fe80:0000:0000:0000:5d18:0652:cﬀd:8f52 fe80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 5d18 : 0652 : cﬀd : 8f52 1111111010000000: 0000000000000000: 0000000000000000: 0000000000000000: 0101110100011000: 0000011001010010: 1100111111111101: 1000111101010010 16-bits = 2-bytes = 2-octets 128-bits-=-16-bytes 2.5 - Assigning IP Addresses DHCP Turning dynamic into static IPv4 address configuration used to be manual DHCP assigns an IP address from the first available from a – IP address, subnet mask, gateway, large pool of addresses DNS servers, NTP servers, etc. – Your IP address will occasionally change October 1993 - The bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) You may not want your IP address to change BOOTP didn’t automatically define everything – Server, printer, or personal preference – Some manual configurations were still required Disable DHCP on the device – BOOTP also didn’t know when an – Configure the IP address information manually IP address might be available again – Requires additional administration Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Better: Configure an IP reservation on the DHCP server – Initially released in 1997, – Associate a specific MAC address with an IP address updated through the years Avoid manual configurations – Provides automatic address / IP configuration No DHCP server reservation for almost all devices – You configure the IP address manually Difficult to change later - You must visit the device again The DHCP Process (DORA) A DHCP reservation is preferable Step 1: Discover - Client to DHCP Server – Change the IP address from the DHCP server – Find all of the available DHCP Servers Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) Step 2: Offer - DHCP Server to client A link-local address - No forwarding by routers – Send some IP address options to the client IETF has reserved 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255 Step 3: Request - Client to DHCP Server – First and last 256 addresses are reserved – Client chooses an offer and makes a formal request – Functional block of169.254.1.0 through 169.254.254.255 Step 4: Acknowledgment - DHCP Server to client Automatically assigned – DHCP server sends an acknowledgment to the client – Uses ARP to confirm the address isn’t currently in use © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 15 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 2.6 - DNS Configuration Domain Name System DNS lookup Translates human-readable names professor@Odyssey ~ % dig www.professormesser.com into computer-readable IP addresses ; DiG 9.10.6 www.professormesser.com – You only need to remember ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: www.ProfessorMesser.com ;; ->>HEADER USB 3.2 Gen 1 D-subminiature or D-sub – SuperSpeed USB 5 Gbps (single lane) – The letter refers to the connector size USB 3.1 -> 3.1 Gen 2 -> USB 3.2 Gen 2 Commonly used for RS-232 – SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps (single lane) – Recommended Standard 232 – An industry standard since 1969 Serial communications standard – Built for modem communication – Used for modems, printers, mice, networking Now used as a configuration port © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 25 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 3.1 - Video Cables VGA (Video Graphics Array) VGA DB-15 connector – More accurately called DE-15 Blue color – PC System Design Guide Analog signal – No digital – Image degrades after 5 to 10 meters HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) Video and audio stream – All digital, no analog – ~ 20 meter distance before losing too much signal HDMI 19-pin (Type A) connector – Proprietary connector DisplayPort Digital information sent in packetized form – Like Ethernet and PCI Express – Carries both audio and video Compatible with HDMI and DVI – Passive adapter – DisplayPort -> HDMI – DisplayPort -> DVI DisplayPort DVI (Digital Visual Interface) Single and dual link – Single link; 3.7 Gbps (HDTV at 60 fps) – Dual link; 7.4 Gbps (HDTV at 85 fps) – No audio support DVI-A – Analog signals Mini DisplayPort DVI-D – Digital signals DVI-I – Integrated – Digital and analog in the same connector DVI (Digital Visual Interface) © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 26 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 3.1 - SATA Device Cables SATA (Serial AT Attachment) SATA SATA Revision 1.0 - SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, 1 meter One power cable and data cable per device SATA Revision 2.0 - SATA 3.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter – One-to-one SATA Revision 3.0 - SATA 6.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter eSATA cable SATA Revision 3.2 - SATA 16 Gbit/s, 1 meter External device connections – Uses the SATA standard eSATA (external SATA) – Matches the SATA version - 2 meters Similar in size to SATA – Connectors are physically different SATA Data SATA Power SATA data connectors on a motherboard 3.1 - SCSI Device Cables The SCSI standard Very intelligent interface functionality Small Computer Systems Interface – Much of the difficult configuration work is done – Not really “small” any longer between the SCSI devices Originally designed to string many peripherals Industry longevity together onto a single cable/controller – Well supported in the enterprise – Up to 16 devices in a SCSI “chain” – A standard drive for virtual systems Many different formats SCSI ID and logical unit (LUN) – Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI, Ultra Wide SCSI, Ultra2 SCSI, Every SCSI device on a single bus is – Ultra3 SCSI, Ultra-320 SCSI, Ultra-640 SCSI, assigned a separate ID number – iSCSI (SCSI over IP) – SCSI ID 0 (SCSI controller), ID 2 (hard drive), ID 3 (CD-ROM) Parallel and serial options Logical units (LUNs) are defined within each SCSI ID SCSI advantages – Separate drives in a storage array or virtual machine Not just for hard drives The signal at the “end” of a physical SCSI bus is terminated – Scanners, tape drives, CD-ROM drives – Can be internal to the device or a Many devices on a single bus separate termination device – 8 on narrow bus, 16 on wide bus Serial attached SCSI (SAS) devices have no jumpers, terminators, or settings. © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 27 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 3.1 - SCSI Device Cables (continued) Serial attached SCSI No termination required Move from parallel to serial – The bus has two devices on it – Increased throughput The control and management of SCSI – Similar to the move from PATA to SATA – The speed of a serial connection Point-to-point connection – No more daisy chains Motherboard SCSI connector Internal SCSI cable and connectors Hard drive with Molex power connector, jumpers, and SCSI connector Internal SCSI Cable High-density internal SAS connector 2.5” SAS hard drive © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 28 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 3.1 - PATA Drive Cables The PATA Standard Parallel AT Attachment – Remember the PC/AT? An evolutionary process – Circa 1999 Originally called Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) – A Western Digital invention – 2nd generation called EIDE (Enhanced IDE) The evolution – Promised faster speeds – From 16 MB/s through 133 MB/s – Additional devices Hard drive with PATA connector, Now called Parallel ATA (PATA) jumpers, and Molex power connector PATA data cable SATA data cable Motherboard PATA connector 3.1 - Adapters and Converters Adapters and converters DVI to VGA The best laid plans… DVI-A includes analog signals – Need an adapter – Backward compatible with VGA Convert between different connectors – Only 640 x 480 is officially supported – Electrically compatible May only need an adapter - Analog to analog Convert from one format to another VGA to DVI digital will need a converter – You need Ethernet but you only have USB – Check your interface specifications A good temporary fix USB to Ethernet – Or a good permanent one Some laptops don’t have an Ethernet connection DVI to HDMI USB-C to USB-A DVI-D and HDMI are electrically compatible Merge the new with the old- Use your older peripherals – HDMI is backward-compatible with DVI-D USB hub – No signal conversion required – Connect many devices - High speed USB connectivity – No loss of video quality USB to Ethernet adapter © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 29 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 3.1 - Copper Connectors RJ11 connector Punchdown block 6 position, 2 conductor (6P2C) Wire-to-wire patch panel – Some cables will wire additional conductors – No intermediate interface required – Telephone or DSL connection Wires are “punched” into the block RJ45 connector – Connecting block is on top Registered Jack type 45 Additional wires punched into connecting block 8 position, 8 conductor (8P8C) – Patch the top to the bottom – Modular connector - Ethernet 110 block F-connector Cable television – Cable modem – DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) RG-6 cable - Threaded connector RJ11 RJ45 DB-9 / RS-232 Connector BNC connector F-connector eSATA and SATA connectors Molex connector Power supply connectors © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 30 https://www.ProfessorMesser.com 3.1 - Copper Connectors (continued) USB-C Lightning 24-pin double-sided USB connector Apple proprietary – Used for both hosts and devices – 8-pin digital signals Used for USB, Thunderbolt – iPhone, iPad, iPod devices – Interface is the same, signal can vary Some advantages over Micro-USB Molex connector – Higher power output for phones and tablets 4-pin peripheral power connector – Can be inserted either way – Molex Connector Company DB-9 – AMP MATE-N-LOK D-subminiature or D-sub – Provides +12 V and +5 V – The letter refers to the connector size Power for many devices in the computer case Commonly used for RS-232 – Storage devices – Recommended Standard 232 – Optical drives – An industry standard since 1969 – Fans Serial communications standard – Other peripherals – Built for modem communication – Used for modems, printers, mice, networking Now used as a configuration port – Management or Console port 3.1 - Fiber Connectors LC - Local Connector ST - Straight Tip SC - Subscriber Connector 3.2 - An Overview of Memory What is memory? SO-DIMM Random Access Memory (RAM)is the most common Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module – But it’s not the only kind of memory – About half the width as a DIMM RAM is not referring to hard drive or SSD storage Used in laptops and mobile devices – Don’t mix the two ter

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