Prof-Ed-6-Module-2 (PDF)

The Teacher and The School Curriculum 2PROF ED 6 Curriculum development is anchored on a very solid foundation. Although considered to be a new discipline, its significance in the light og global developments has now been acknowledged. What...

The Teacher and The School Curriculum 2PROF ED 6 Curriculum development is anchored on a very solid foundation. Although considered to be a new discipline, its significance in the light og global developments has now been acknowledged. What philosophical, historical, psychological and sociological influences inform the current school curriculum? How do these foundations reflect the development of curriculum in our 21st century classrooms and learning environment? Who are the identified curriculaurist with these foundation? At the end of the module, pre-service tachers What philosophical, historical, should be able to: psychological and sociological Compare and contrast the influences inform the current school philosophical beliefs of perennialism, curriculum? essentialism, progressivism and How do these foundations reflect the recontructionism development of curriculum in our 21st Explain the influence of the four century classrooms and learning educational philosophies on environment? curriculum Who are the identified curriculaurist Identify the application of with these foundations? behaviourist, cognitivist, constructivist and humanist principles in the classroom. State your vaalues and beliefs about the nature of learning. Examine how history and society influenced curriculum Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 1  Philippine Normal University-Mindanao The Multicultural Education Hub What are the philosophical foundations? Educators, teachers, educational planners and policy makers must have a philosophy or strong belief about education and schooling and the kind of curriculum in the teacher’s classrooms or learning environments. Philosophy of the curriculum answers questions like: What are schools for? What subjects are important? How should students learn? What methods should be used? What outcomes should be achieved? Why? The various activities in school are influenced in one way or another by a philosophy. John Dewey influenced the use of “learning by doing”, he being a pragmatist. Or to an essentialist, the focus on the fundamentals or reading, writing and arithmetic are essential subjects in the curriculum. There are many philosophies in education but we will illustrate only those presented by Ornstein and Hunkins in 2004. Perennialism Aim: To educate the rational person; cultivate intellect Role: Teachers assist students to think with reason (critical thinking HOTS) Focus: Classicial subjects, literary analysis, Curriculum is enduring Trends: Use of great books (Bible, Koran, Classics) and Liberal Arts Essentialism Aim: To promote intellectual growthof learners to become co`mpetent Role: Teachers are sole authorities in the subject area Focus: Essential skills of the 3Rs; essential subjects Trends: Back to basics, Excellence in education, cultural literacy Progressive Aim: To promote democratic social living Role: Teachers leads for growth and development of lifelong learners Focus: Interdiciplinary subjects. Learner-centered. Outomes-based Trends: Equal opportunities for all, Contextualized curriculum, Humanistic education Reconstructionism Aim: To improve and reconstruct society. Education for change. Role: Teachers acts as agent of change and reforms Focus: Present and future educational landscape Trends: School and curriculum reform, Global education, Collaboration and Convergence, Standards and Competencies Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 2  The Teacher and The School Curriculum 2PROF ED 6 What are the learning theories/contributions and principles? Psychology provides a basis to understand the teaching and learning process. It unifies elements of the learning process. Questions which can be addressed by psychological foundations of education are: How should curriculum What is be organized to enhance learning? What is the optimal level of students’ Psychology? participation in learning the various contents of the curriculum? In this module, we shall consider three groups of learning theories: behaviorism or association theories; “ cognitive-information processing theories and humanistic theories (Ornstein &Hunkins, 2004). Persons Contributions/Theories and Principles He is the father of Classicial Conditioning Theory, the S-R Theory The key to learning is early years of life os to train them what you want them to become. S-R Theory is a foundation of learning practice called indoctrination. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1963) He championed the Connectionism Theory He proposed the three laws of learning: - Law of readiness - Law of exercise - Law of effect Specific stimulus has specific response. Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) He proposed the Hierarichal Learning Theory. Learning follows a hierarchy Behaviour is based on prerequisite conditions He introduced tasking in the formulation of objectives Robert Gagne (1916-2002) Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 3  Philippine Normal University-Mindanao The Multicultural Education Hub ❖ Theories of Jean Piaget Cognitive development has stages from birth to maturity: Sensorimotor stage (0-2), Preoperational stage (2-7), concrete operations stage (7-11) and formal operations (11-onwards) ❖ Keys to learning Assimilation (incorporation of new experience) Accomodation (learning modification and adaptation) Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Equilibration (balance between previous and later learning) ❖ Theories of Lev Vygotsky Cultural transmission and development: Children could, as a result of their interaction with society, actually perform certain cognitive actions prior to arriving at developmental stage Learning precedes development Sociocultural development theory ❖ Keys to learning Pedagogy creates learning processes that lead to Lev Vygotsky develooment (1896-1934) The child is an active agent in his or her education process. ❖ Gardener’s multiple intelligences Humans have several different ways of processing information and these ways of processing information and these ways are relatively independent of one another There are eight intelligences: linguistic, logico- mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic Howard Gardner ❖ Emotion contains the power to affect action. He called this Emotional Quotient Daniel Goleman Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 4  The Teacher and The School Curriculum 2PROF ED 6 Persons/Symbols Contributions/Theories and Principles ❖ Gestalt Theory Learning is explained in terms of “wholeness” of the problem. Human beings do not respond to isolated stimuli but to an organization or pattern of stimuli. ❖ Keys to Learning Learning is complex and abstract. Learners analyze the problem, discriminate between essential and nonessential data, and perceive relationships. Learners will perceive something in relation to the whole. What/how they perceive is related to previous Gestalt experiences. He advanced the Self-Actualization Theoryand classic theory of human needs. A child whose basic needs are not met will not be interested in acquiring knowledge of the worlds He put importance to human emotions, based on love and trust ❖ Keys to Learning Produce a healthy and happy learner who can Abraham Maslow (1808-1970) accomplish, grow and actualizre his or her human self. ❖ Nondirective and Therapeutic Learning He established counselling procedures and methods for facilitating learning. Children’s perceptions, which are highly individualistic, influence their learning and behaviour in class. ❖ Key to learning Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 5  Philippine Normal University-Mindanao The Multicultural Education Hub Carl Rogers Curriculum is concerned with process, not product (1902-1987) personal needs, not subject matter, psychological meaning, not cognitive scores. What are the historiacal foundations? Where is curriculum development coming from? The historical foundations will show us the chronological development along a time line. Reading materials would tell us that curriculum development started when Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956) wrote the book “The Curriculum.” Let us see how each one contributed to curriculum development during his own time. Here are eight among the many, we consider to have great contibutions. Persons Contributions/Theories and Principles He started the curriculum development movement Curriculum is a science that emphasizes students’ needs Curriculum prepares leaners for adult life Objectives and activities should group together when tasks are clarified. Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956) Like Bobbit, he posited that curriculum is science and emphasizes students’ needs. Objectives and activities should match. Subject matter or content relates to objectives. Werrett Charters (1875-1952) Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 6  The Teacher and The School Curriculum 2PROF ED 6 Curricula are purposeful activities which are child-centered The purpose of the curriculum is child development and growth. He introduced this project method where teacher and student plan the activities Curriculum develops social relationships and small group instruction. William Kilpatrick (1875-1952) ❖ Curriculum should develop the whole child. It is child- centered ❖ With the statement of the objectives and related learning activities, curriculum should produce outcomes. ❖ Emphasized social studies and suggested that the teacher plans curriculum in advance Harold Rugg (1886-1960) ❖ Curriculum is organized around social functions of themes, organized knowledge and learner’s interest. ❖ Curriculum, instruction and learning are irrelated ❖ Curriculum is a set of experience. Subject matter is developed around social functions and learners’ interests. Hollis Caswell (1901-1989) ❖ Curriculum isa science and an extension of school’s philosophy. It is based on students’ needs and interest. ❖ Curriculum is always related to instructions. Subject matter is organized in terms of knowledge, skills and values. ❖ The process emphasizes problem solving. Curriculum aims to educate genrealists and not specialist. Ralph Tyler (1902-1994) Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 7  Philippine Normal University-Mindanao The Multicultural Education Hub ❖ She contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of concepts development and critical thinking in social studies curriculum. ❖ She helped lay the foundation for dierse student population. Hilda Taba (1902-1967) ❖ He described how curriculum change is a cooperative endeavor ❖ Teachers and curriculum specialist constitute the professional core of planners ❖ Significant improvement is achieved through group activity. Peter Oliva (1992-2012) What are the social foundations of curriculum? Persons/Symbols Contributions/Theories and Principles Society as a source of change family Schools as agents of change Knowledge as an agent of change The school Society Schools and Society Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 8  The Teacher and The School Curriculum 2PROF ED 6 Considered two fundamental elements – schools and civil society – to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and pluarilty John Dewey (1859-1952) Wrote the book Future Shock Believed that knowledge should prepare students for the future Suggested that in the future, parents might have the resources to teach prescribed curriculum from home as a result of technology, not in spite of it. (Home Schooling) Foresaw schools and students worked creatively, Alvin Toffler collaboratively, and independent of their age. Name of Student: _________________________________________ Section: ________________ Activity 1: Quick Check What significant contribution can you recall about these persons? 1. Lev Vygotsky 2. Daniel Goleman 3. William Kipatrick 4. Hilda Taba 5. Ralph Tyler 6. John Dewey 7. Abraham Maslow 8. Carl Rogers 9. Franklin Bobbit 10. Alvin Toffler Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 9  Philippine Normal University-Mindanao The Multicultural Education Hub Activity 2: Self- Reflect After discussing this lesson, reflect on the following questions. 1. Identify which among the foundations of curriculum, has influenced what you have learned in school as a college student? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. How will the thinking of Abraham Maslow influence your teaching practice in the future? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Do you agree with Alvin Toffler? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 10  The Teacher and The School Curriculum 2PROF ED 6 / Making Timeline Instructions: Make/Construct Historical Timeline of Philippine Curriculum through the years and explain how the changes in curriculum through the years were influenced by the different foundations of curriculum. / Bilbao, Purita P.; Dayagbil, Filomena T.; Corpuz, Brenda B. 2015. Curriculum Development For Teachers. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Cubao, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. Reyes, Emerita; Dizon, Erlinda; Villena, Danilo K. 2015. Curriculum Development. Adriana Publishing Co., Inc. Cubao, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philipines. Bilbao, Purita P. et.al. 2008. Curriculum Development. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Cubao, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. Calderon, Jose P. 2004. Curriculum and Curriculum Development. Educational Publiching House. United Nations Avenue, Ermita, Manila, Philippines. https://www.slideshare.net/arjayalteza/foundations-of-a-curriculum Nurturing Innovative Teachers and Education Leaders 11