Principles Of Drugs (Medication) PDF

Principles of Dugs (Medication) Presented by J. Brutus (Ms) Definition of Therapeutic drugs (Medication); Therapeutic drugs are referring to as medicines or medications. Theses are drugs use in the prevention or treatment of diseases.  Therapeutic Methods: These are approaches to different...

Principles of Dugs (Medication) Presented by J. Brutus (Ms) Definition of Therapeutic drugs (Medication); Therapeutic drugs are referring to as medicines or medications. Theses are drugs use in the prevention or treatment of diseases.  Therapeutic Methods: These are approaches to different forms of therapy use either individually or in combination. Drug/ Medication therapy: treatment with medicines Diet therapy: Treatment by diet modification, such as low- salt diet for patients with cardio- vascular diseases.  Physiotherapy: treatment with natural physical forces such as water, light and heat. Psychological therapy: identification of stressors and methods to reduce or eliminate stress. Aroma therapy: using essential oils through message to produce a relieving effect. Drug Names Chemical name or common name: gives the chemical composition of the drug. Generic name: name give before a drug becomes official. Official name: the name under which the drug is listed Traded mark or Brand name: indicate the name registered. Indicated by ‘R’. The use of Brand name is restricted to the owner or manufacture of the drug. continuation of Drug name; Example; Chemical name: C24H27KN4O10S Generic name: Amoxicillin – potassium clavulanic acid Official name: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Brand name/Trade name: Augmentin, Amoclan, Clavamox, Co-amoxiclav  Drug/ Medication classification Drugs/ Medication may be classified according to the followings: Body system they affect e.g central nervous system, cardiovascular system By therapeutic use or clinical indications e.g antibiotics & duiretics Using physiologic or chemical action e.g anti-cholinergic, beta-adrenergic blockers and calcium blockers cont; As prescription or non-prescriptions medication including over-the counter Or As illegal drugs - drugs or chemical substances used for non-therapeutic purposes. Medication actions (effects) and interactions How do medications act in the body? To have effects on the body, drugs must reach target tissues in suitable forms and in sufficient concentrations to initiate specific changes. Agonist: is the term given when the drug interacts with the specific receptor to stimulate a response. cont; Antagonist: are drug that do not stimulate a response since they do not produce an interaction with the receptor Pharmacokinetic: is the process by which drugs are distributed within the body or how the body deals and reacts with the drugs. It determines the safe maintenance of therapeutically useful level in the bloodstream. Cont; Pharmacokinetic is useful in determining the dose, route of administration, absorption metabolism and excretion. Pharmacodynamics Is the study of how drugs act on the body including evaluating the minimal and maximal response they produce. Pharmacodynamics is influence by; - Absorption capacity - Distribution (including age & weight factors) - Metabolism rate - Excretion capacity - Illness status - Tolerance and dependence status - Cumulative effects  cont; Drugs does not create new response within the body. Instead it alters existing physiologic activity. Drug response is related to expected physiological and activity change from that before the drug was consume. E.g – Antihypertensive agents will lower the blood pressure - Antipyretic agent will lower the temperature  Drug/ Medication interactions Drugs once consume will undergo four stages: Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion However the rate for each stage will vary for each drug. This can occur when the action of one drug is altered or affected by action of another.  cont; E.g a) Antacids inhibits the absorption of antibiotics. b) Caffeine when taken with antihistamines increases the risk of depression of the central nervous system Drugs interact with the body in many ways. The most common interaction occurs through chemical bonds with receptor sites. Bonding occurs only if drug and receptor have similar shape (similarly to that of a key and lock). cont; Drugs consist of many different atoms and molecules which interlock into different locations on the receptor. It is important to note that the better the affinity between the drug and the receptor; the better is the response (the number of site being occupied) Nursing responsibility associated with medication administration Responsibility: liable to be called to account for one’s action. Morally be accountable for one’s action. - After a patient has been prescribed a medication, the nurse interprets it and makes a professional judgment on its acceptability. Decision must be made regarding; the type of medication, the therapeutic indication and the safe / usual dose. cont; The nurse must also evaluate the mode /route of administration in relation to the patient’s physical conditions. Any history of allergies and patient’s tolerance capacity is established. Patient’s safety is of primary importance and nurse assumes responsibility for verification and safety of medication order. cont; The administration of any medication is done following the medication order according to the following principles: - Right medication - Right patient - Right dose - Right time - Right route - Right education (pt’s right to know) - Right documentation cont; Apart from these seven fundamental principles, the nurse also considers the patient’s right to refuse medication. The patient’s condition is assess prior of and evaluated after administration of medication.  THE END! THANK YOU!