Primates PDF - 2023-09-21

2023-09-21 INTRO TO ANTHRO: SEX, FOOD & DEATH Week 3: Primates Dr. Siek ANTHROP 1AA3, Fall 2023 McMaster University 1 Primatology ■ Subfield of biological anthropology ■ Non-human primates ■ Anatomy & behaviour ■ Genetics and evolution ■ Extinct species ■ Similarities/differences to humans 2 1...

2023-09-21 INTRO TO ANTHRO: SEX, FOOD & DEATH Week 3: Primates Dr. Siek ANTHROP 1AA3, Fall 2023 McMaster University 1 Primatology ■ Subfield of biological anthropology ■ Non-human primates ■ Anatomy & behaviour ■ Genetics and evolution ■ Extinct species ■ Similarities/differences to humans 2 1 2023-09-21 WHAT IS A PRIMATE? 3 Primates ■ Order of mammals that share common ancestor ■ Common characteristics, resultant of being in the same evolutionary family 4 2 2023-09-21 Taxonomy ■ Categorical classification of organisms ■ General à specific ■ Linnaeus (1707-1778) – Father of modern taxonomy – ‘Label all the things!’ ■ Binomial nomenclature – Standardized system of naming – I.e.: Canis familliaris, Felis catus, Homo sapiens 5 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 6 3 2023-09-21 Taxon Dog Cat Chimpanzee Human Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Carnivora Carnivora Primates Primates Family Canidae Felidae Hominidae Hominidae Genus Canis Felis Pan Homo Species Familliaris Catus Troglodytes Sapiens 7 Taxon Human Chimpanzee Macaque Lemur Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Primates Primates Primates Primates Family Hominidae Hominidae Cercopithecidae Strepsirrhini Genus Homo Pan Macaca [various] Species Sapiens Troglodytes [various] [various] 8 4 2023-09-21 Distinguishing Traits of Primates ■ Arboreal adaptation (hands and feet) ■ Reliance on enhanced vision ■ Reduced olfaction (smell) ■ Dietary plasticity ■ Extended parental investment and ‘slow’ life history 9 Arboreal Adaptation ■ Adaptions for tree-climbing and movement in trees ■ Mobile joints ■ Pentadactyl 10 5 2023-09-21 Arboreal Adaptation ■ Nails instead of claws ■ Opposable thumb ■ Power and precision grips 11 12 6 2023-09-21 13 Enhanced Touch ■ Sensitive dermal ridges on finger tips ■ Sense difference in surface textures ■ Aids in movement and tool use 14 7 2023-09-21 Enhanced Vision ■ Binocular and stereoscopic vision – Both eyes are forward facing – Three dimensional perception 15 Reduced Olfaction ■ Reliance on vision, reduction in smell ■ Reduced or no snout in most primates – Flat faces ■ No rhinarium (wet nose) 16 8 2023-09-21 Dietary Plasticity ■ Varied, omnivorous diet – Fruit, seeds, nuts, meat 17 Dietary Plasticity ■ Heterodontic ■ Incisors & canines to tear and rip flesh ■ Premolars & molars to grind and crush 18 9 2023-09-21 Dental Formulae 19 Slow Growth ■ Longer time period to reach full maturity ■ More time to learn 20 10 2023-09-21 Extended Parental Investment ■ One offspring at at time ■ Years between births ■ Care for offspring over long period of time 21 LET’S MEET THE PRIMATES 22 11 2023-09-21 23 24 12 2023-09-21 Strepsirrhini ■ Lemurs, lorises, aye ayes, and galagos ■ Least closely related to humans ■ Smaller brains & small bodies ■ Rely on smell & have longer snouts ■ True Facts About the Lemur (5:55) ■ True Facts About the Aye Aye (3:14) 25 26 13 2023-09-21 27 Tarsiiformes ■ Tarsiers ■ Found in Asia ■ Large, fixed eyes ■ Nocturnal ■ Carnivorous diet ■ True Facts About the Tarsier (2:15) 28 14 2023-09-21 29 Trait Platyrrhines Catarrhines -- Marmosets, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, etc. Central and South America (New World) Macaques, chimps, baboons, mandrills, etc. Africa and Asia (Old World) Habitat Arboreal Arboreal & Terrestrial Tail Prehensile Not Prehensile Nose Broad & Flat; Round nostrils, pointing to side Narrow/teardropshaped; downward pointing nostrils Geography 30 15 2023-09-21 31 Cercopithecines ■ Most wildly distributed non-human primate ■ Mandrils, macaques, proboscis monkeys ■ Quadrupedal and arboreal ■ Ischial callosity ■ True Facts About the Proboscis Monkey (10:21) ■ True Facts Abour the Macaques (10:19) 32 16 2023-09-21 33 Hominoids ■ Apes and humans ■ Larger body size ■ No tail ■ Longer arms than legs ■ More complex social behaviour 34 17 2023-09-21 Hylobatidae ■ Gibbons & Siamangs ■ SE Asia ■ Small-bodied ■ Pairbonded/monogamous ■ Low sexual dimorphism & sexually dichromatic ■ Vocalizations 35 Pongo ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Orangutans Sumatra and Borneo Largest arboreal primate Mainly solitary Females and offspring have overlapping ranges that also overlap with males ■ Birutė Galdikas ■ Orangutan Foundation International (8:45) 36 18 2023-09-21 Gorilla ■ Sub-Saharan Africa ■ Largest primate ■ Terrestrial – Knuckle-walking ■ Sexually dimorphic ■ One male, multiple females 37 Dian Fossey (1932-1985) ■ American primatologist ■ Mountain gorillas, Rwanda ■ Gorillas in the Mist (1983) ■ Early conservation advocate ■ Dian Fossey Biography 38 19 2023-09-21 Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee) ■ Semiarboreal/terrestrial ■ Knucklewalking and brachiating ■ Highly social and territorial ■ Tool use! ■ Closest living evolutionary relatives 39 Jane Goodall ■ British primatologist ■ 60 years of research ■ Extensive publications ■ Conservation advocacy ■ Oct 11: Goodall will be at Royal Botanical Gardens in Hamilton! 40 20 2023-09-21 Pan paniscus (bonobo) ■ Similar locomotion and diet to chimps ■ Morphological and social/behavioural differences compared to chimps ■ High levels of sexual social interactions 41 Homo sapiens (You People) ■ Most widely distributed primate on the planet ■ Large brain; extreme cognitive complexity ■ Bipedal locomotion ■ Reduced dentition and olfaction ■ Tool use ■ Highly structured communities and social heirarchies 42 21