Motor Control Presentation PDF

# Motor Control The document describes motor control, the ability to maintain and change posture and movement, incorporating: - Time Frame - Role of Sensation - Role of Feedback It is influenced by three factors: - **Task:** The desired goal of the movement - **Individual:** The person's abiliti...

# Motor Control The document describes motor control, the ability to maintain and change posture and movement, incorporating: - Time Frame - Role of Sensation - Role of Feedback It is influenced by three factors: - **Task:** The desired goal of the movement - **Individual:** The person's abilities and limitations - **Environment:** The surrounding context and potential obstacles ## Motor Control: Feedback Feedback is defined as sensory or perceptual information received as a result of movement. - **Intrinsic:** Sensory information normally acquired during the performance of a task. - **Extrinsic (Augmented Feedback):** Externally presented feedback added to that normally acquired during task performance (e.g., verbal cueing or manual contact by a physical therapist). ## Theories of Motor Control - **Reflex Theory:** Sequences of reflexes are chained together to produce movement. - **Hierarchical Theory:** The nervous system is organized hierarchically, with reflexes and reactions assigned to different levels. ### Stages of Motor Control - **Stage 1: Mobility:** Initial random movements - **Stage 2: Stability:** Maintenance of a posture - **Stage 3: Controlled Mobility:** Movement within a posture - **Stage 4: Skill:** Movement from one posture to another ## Development of Postural Control Postural control develops in three stages: - **Righting Reactions:** Orienting the head in space and keeping the eyes and mouth horizontal. - **Protective Reactions:** Extremity movements that occur in response to rapid displacement of the body. - **Equilibrium Reactions:** The most advanced postural reactions that allow the body as a whole to adapt to slow changes in the relationship of the center of mass with the base of support. ## Systems Model: Components of the Postural Control System The postural control system is comprised of: - **Sensory Organization**: Integrated sensory information from different systems. - **Eye-Head Stabilization**: Maintaining head stability during body movement. - **Motor Coordination**: Coordination of different muscles to produce movement. - **Postural Control System**: The central component that integrates and utilizes sensory input and motor output. - **Environmental Adaptation**: Adjusting to changes in the environment. - **Musculoskeletal System**: The body's structure and ability to move. - **Predictive Central Set**: Expectations of the task and environment. ## Nashner's Model of Postural Control in Standing Nashner's model describes three common sway strategies during quiet steady-state standing: - **Ankle Strategy:** Swaying about the ankles, relying on a solid surface and intact sensory systems. - **Hip Strategy:** Activated when the base of support is narrow, using hip movements for balance. - **Stepping Strategy:** Taking a step to prevent loss of balance in the case of significant disturbance. # Motor Learning: Theories of Motor Learning - **Adams' Closed Loop Theory:** Sensory information is funneled back to the Central Nervous System (CNS) and compared to an internal reference, allowing for accurate movements. - **Schmidt's Schema (Open Loop) Theory:** A recognition schema helps assess how well a motor action is performed, taking into account initial conditions, outcome, and sensory consequences. ## Stages of Motor Learning - **Cognitive Stage:** The learner consciously considers the goal and the environment. - **Associative Stage:** The learner develops the general movement pattern and refines the performance. - **Autonomous Stage:** The skill becomes more automatic, requiring less conscious attention. ## Effects of Practice - **Massed vs. Distributed Practice:** The proportion of rest time and practice time during the session. - **Random vs. Blocked vs. Mixed vs. Constant vs. Variable Practice:** The order in which tasks are practiced. - **Whole vs. Part-Task Training:** Practicing a task as a whole or broken down into individual components. ## Key Concepts - **Constraints to Motor Development, Motor Control, and Motor Learning:** Biomechanical properties of bones, joints, and muscles. - **Age-Related Changes in Motor Learning:** Children and adults learn differently. - **Practice (Blocked Practice) --> Transfer of Skill:** Transferring learned skills to different situations. - **Neural Plasticity:** The nervous system's ability to change. ## Interventions Based on Motor Control, Motor Learning, and Neural Plasticity Principles - **Game Activity Motor Enrichment (GAME)** - **Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT)** - **Body Weight Treadmill Training (BWTT) & Partial Weight Treadmill Training (PBWTT)** - **Functional Movement Assessment** ## Principles of Motor Learning & Rehabilitation - **Use it or lose it:** Lack of activity can lead to functional loss. - **Use it and improve it:** Training can strengthen specific brain functions. - **Specificity:** The training should target the desired outcome. - **Repetition:** Active repetition is crucial for learning and change. - **Intensity:** The training intensity must be sufficient to induce change. - **Salience:** The stimuli used should be meaningful and attention-grabbing. - **Age:** Plasticity is higher in younger brains compared to older brains. - **Time:** The timing of intervention can impact recovery. - **Transferrence:** Training in one task can positively impact similar tasks. - **Interference:** Plasticity in response to one experience may hinder the learning of other behaviors.