Philippine National Standard: Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System - Part B: Drip Irrigation (PDF)

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 224:2017 ICS 65.060.35 Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B: Drip Irrigation BUR...

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 224:2017 ICS 65.060.35 Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B: Drip Irrigation BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS BPI Compound Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Phone (632) 920-6131; (632) 455-2856; (632) 467-9039; Telefax (632) 455-2858 E-mail: [email protected] DEPARTMENT OF Website: www.bafps.da.gov.ph AGRICULTURE PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 224:2017 Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B: Drip Irrigation Foreword The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Enhancement of Nutrient and Water Use Efficiency Through Standardization of Engineering Support Systems for Precision Farming” funded by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCAARRD - DOST). As provided by the Republic Act 10601 also known as the Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization Law (AFMech Law of 2013), the Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS) is mandated to develop standard specifications and test procedures for agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment. Consistent with its standards development process, BAFS has endorsed this standard for the approval of the DA Secretary through the Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE) and to the Bureau of Philippine Standards (BPS) for appropriate numbering and inclusion to the Philippine National Standard (PNS) repository. This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards. The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard. The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others. iii PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 224:2017 Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B: Drip Irrigation CONTENTS Page 1 Scope 1 2 References 1 3 Symbols and Nomenclature 1 4 Definitions 2 5 Components of a Drip Irrigation System 3 6 General Design Criteria 4 7 Data Requirements 4 8 Design Procedure 5 9 Bibliography 13 ANNEXES A Types of Emitters 15 B Sample Design Computation 18 ii PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 224:2017 Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B: Drip Irrigation 1 Scope This standard provides minimum requirements, criteria and procedure for the design of a drip irrigation system. 2 References The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard: PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements 3 Symbols and Nomenclature Parameter Symbol Unit Area wetted by one emitter Aw m2 Diameter of wetted area D m Application efficiency Ea Electrical conductivity of ECw dS/m or mmhos/cm irrigation water Lctual evapotranspiration ETa mm/day Localized evapotranspiration ETcrop-loc mm/day Gross irrgifation requirement IRg mm/day Net irrigation requirement IRn mm/day Ground cover reduction kr factor Leaching requirement LR mm/day Leaching requirement ratio LRt under drip irrigation Electrical conductivity of maxECe dS/m or mmhos/cm saturated soil extract that will reduce the crop yield to zero Number of emitters per plant Np Percentage ground cover Pd Percentage wetted area Pw % Emitter discharge q L/h Rainfall R mm/day Emitter Spacing Se m 1 Distance between the plants Sp m within a row Row Spacing Sr m Duration of irrigation per day Ta h Wetted width W m 4 Definitions For the purpose of this standard, the following terms shall apply: 4.1 drip irrigation trickle irrigation involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 L/h) from the emitters where water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted 4.2 emitters applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to dissipate pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that does not vary significantly because of minor differences in pressure 4.3 emitter spacing spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line 4.4 lateral spacing spacing between irrigation laterals 4.5 leaching deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in loss of salts or nutrients 4.6 manifold portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals 4.7 manufacturer’s coefficient of variation Cv measure of the variability of discharge of a random sample of a given make, model and size of emitter, as provided by the manufacturer and before any field operations or aging has taken place determined through a discharge test of a sample of 50 emitters under a set pressure at 200C 2 4.8 optimal emitter spacing drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter estimated from field tests 4.9 wetted widths width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of emitters spaced at their optimal spacing along a single lateral line 5 Components of Drip Irrigation System Figure 1. A typical drip irrigation system and its components SOURCE: Savva and Frenken. FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance. 2002. * drip irrigation illustration with emitter 5.1 Control head - consists of valves to control the discharge and pressure in the entire system which may have filters and a a fertilizer or nutrient tank. 5.2 Pump unit - takes water from the source and provides the right pressure for delivery into the pipe system 5.3 Main, submain lines and laterals - supply water from the control head into the fields which are usually made from PVC or polyethylene hose and should be buried below ground because they easily degrade when exposed to direct solar radiation 3 5.4 Manifold – contains filters, pressure regulators, air and/or vacuum relief valves 5.5 Filter – removes particle to prevent emitter clogging where its net diameter is smaller than one-tenth to one-fouth of the emitter opening diameter. 5.6 Emitters – see section 4.2 6 General Design Criteria 6.1 Type of Crop –drip irrigation can be used in high value crops such as row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. 6.2 Slope – drip irrigation can be used in any farmable slope where the crop would be planted along contour lines and the water supply pipes (laterals) would be laid along the contour as well. 6.3 Soil Type –drip irrigation may be used for most soils.On clay soils, water must be applied slowly to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. On sandy soils higher emitter discharge rates will be needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil. 6.4 Irrigation Water –irrigation water shall be free of sediments including algae, fertilizer deposits and dissolved chemicals which precipitate such as calcium and iron. Otherwise, filtration of the irrigation water will be needed. 6.5 System Layout and Pipe Network 6.5.1 The pipe network shall be designed to deliver water to the emitters at the appropriate pressure. 6.5.2 The components of the pipe network shall be noncorrosive and non- scaling such as polybutylene, polyethylene, or PVC. 7 Data Requirements 7.1 Topographic map – the topographic map shall include the following details:  the proposed irrigated area, with contour lines  farm and field boundaries and water source or sources  power points, such as electricity lines, in relation to water source and area to be irrigated  roads andother relevant general features such as obstacles 7.2 Water resources data  quantity and quality of water resources over time 4   water rights  cost of water if applicable 7.3 Climate of the area and its influence on the water requirements of the selected crop 7.4 Soil characteristics and their compatibility with the crops 8 Design Procedure Figure 2. Design Procedure for a Drip Irrigation System 8.1 Crop Water Requirement – The water requirement to be considered shall be the localized evapotranspiration based on the formulae below. This shall be computed on a monthly or decadal basis. 𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝−𝑙𝑜𝑐 = 𝐸𝑇𝑎 × 𝑘𝑟 where: ETcrop-loc is the localized evapotranspiration, mm/day ETa is the actual evapotranspiration, mm/day (estimated as shown in PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 – Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements) kr is the ground cover reduction factor (Table 1) 5  Table 1. Values of kr suggested by different authors Ground Cover Kr according to (%) Keller and Freeman and Decroix CTG REF Karmeli Garzoli 10 0.12 0.10 0.20 20 0.24 0.20 0.30 30 0.35 0.30 0.40 40 0.47 0.40 0.50 50 0.59 0.75 0.60 60 0.70 0.80 0.70 70 0.82 0.85 0.80 80 0.94 0.90 0.90 90 1.00 0.95 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 1.00 SOURCE: Savva and Frenken, FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance, 2002 Formula by Keller and Bliesner may also be used, 𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝−𝑙𝑜𝑐 = 𝐸𝑇𝑎 × [0.1(𝑃𝑑 )0.5 ] where: ETcrop-loc is the localized evapotranspiration, mm/day ETa is the actual evapotranspiration, mm/day (estimated as shown in PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 – Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements) Pd is the percentage ground cover 8.2 Leaching Requirements 𝐸𝐶𝑤 𝐿𝑅𝑡 = 2 × [𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐸𝐶𝑒 ] where: LRt is the leaching requirement ratio under drip irrigation ECw is the electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ds/m or mmhos/cm) maxECe is the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract that will reduce the crop yield to zero (dS/m or mmhos/cm) 6  𝐼𝑅𝑛 = 𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝−𝑙𝑜𝑐 − 𝑅 + 𝐿𝑅 𝐼𝑅𝑛 𝐿𝑅 = 𝐿𝑅𝑡 × [ ] 𝐸𝑎 where: LR is the leaching requirement (mm/day) LRt is the leaching requirement ratio under drip irrigation IRn is the net irrigation requirement (mm/day) Ea is the application efficiency (%) Table 2. Minimum and maximum values of ECe for various crops ECe (dS/m) ECe (dS/m) Crop Crop Min Max Min Max Field Crops Cotton 7.7 27 Corn 1.7 10 Sugar beet 7.0 24 Flax 1.7 10 Sorghum 6.8 13 Broad bean 1.6 12 Soya bean 5.0 10 Cow pea 1.3 8.5 Sugarcane 1.7 19 Bean 1.0 6.5 Fruit and Nut Crops Date palm 4.0 32 Apricot 1.6 6 Fig olive 2.7 14 Grape 1.5 12 Pomegrenate 1.8 14 Almond 1.5 7 Grapefruit 1.7 8 Plum 1.5 7 Orange 1.7 8 Blackberry 1.5 6 Lemon 1.7 8 Boysenberry 1.5 6 Apple, pear 1.7 8 Avocado 1.3 6 Walnut 1.7 8 Raspberry 1.0 5.5 Peach 1.7 6.5 Strawberry 1.0 4 Vegetable Crops Zucchini 4.7 15 Sweet corn 1.7 10 squash Beets 4.0 15 Sweet potato 1.5 10.5 Brocolli 2.8 13.5 Pepper 1.5 8.5 Tomato 2.5 12.5 Lettuce 1.3 9 Cucumber 2.5 10 Radish 1.2 9 Cantaloupe 2.2 16 Onion 1.2 7.5 Spinach 2.0 15 Carrot 1.0 8 Cabbage 1.8 12 Turnip 0.9 12 Potato 1.7 10 SOURCE: Keller and Bliesner, Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation, 1990 7 8.3 Irrigation Requirement 𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝−𝑙𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑅𝑔 = − 𝑅 + 𝐿𝑅 𝐸𝑎 where: IRg is the gross irrigation requirement (mm/day) ETcrop-loc is the localized evapotranspiration (mm/day) Ea is the application efficiency (%) R is the rainfall (mm/day) LR is the leaching requirement (mm/day) 8.4 Percentage Wetted Area 100 × 𝑁𝑝 × 𝑆𝑒 × 𝑊 𝑃𝑤 = 𝑆𝑝 × 𝑆𝑟 where: Pw is the percentage wetted area (%) W is the wetted width or width of wetted strip along lateral with emitters (m) Sr is the distance between plant rows or row spacing (m) 8.5 Number of Emitters Per Plant and Emitter Spacing 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 𝑃𝑤 𝑁𝑝 = 𝐴𝑤 where: Np is the Number of emitters per plant Pw is the Percentage wetted area/100 (%/100) Aw is the Area wetted by one emitter (m2) 𝑆𝑝 𝑆𝑒 = 𝑁𝑝 where: Se is the emitter spacing (m) Sp is the distance between the plants within a row (m) Np is the number of emitters per plant 𝜋 × 𝐷2 𝐴𝑤 = 4 where: Aw is the area wetted by one emitter (m2) D is the diameter of wetted area (m) (see Table 3) 8 8.6 Irrigation Frequency and Duration 𝐼𝑅𝑔 𝑇𝑎 = 𝑁𝑝 × 𝑞 where: Ta is the duration of irrigation per day (h) IRg is the gross irrigation requirement (mm/day) Np is the number of emitters per plant q is the emitter discharge (L/h) Table 3. Estimated Areas Wetted by a 4 L/h Drip Emitter Operating Under Various Field Conditions Soil or Root Degree of Soil Stratification2 and Equivalent Wetter Soil Depth and Soil Area3 (Se’ x W), m x m Texture1 homogeneous stratified layered4 Depth 0.75 m: Coarse 0.4 x 0.5 0.6 x 0.8 0.9 x 1.1 Medium 0.7 x 0.9 1.0 x 1.2 1.2 x 1.5 Fine 0.9 x 1.1 1.2 x 1.5 1.5 x 1.8 Depth 1.50 m: Coarse 0.6 x 0.8 1.1 x 1.4 1.4 x 1.8 Medium 1.0 x 1.2 1.7 x 2.1 2.2 x 2.7 Fine 1.2 x 1.5 1.6 x 2.0 2.0 x 2.4 NOTE: 1 Coarse – coarse to medium sands; Medium – loamy sand to loam; Fine – sandy clay to loam to clay (if clays are cracked, treat like coarse to medium soils) 2 Stratified – relatively uniform texture but having some particle orientation or some compaction layering, which gives higher vertical than horizontal permeability; Layered – changes in texture with depth as well as particle orientation and moderate compaction 3 W – long area dimension, equal to the wetted diameter; Se’wetted area dimension = 0.8 x W 4 For soils with extreme layering and compaction that causes extensive stratification, Se’ and W may be as much as twice as large SOURCE: Savva and Frenken, FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance, 2002 8.7 Emitter Selection - The following parameters shall be considered in selecting the type of emitter 9 8.7.1 Types of Emitters – Different types of emitters are shown in Annex A. 8.7.2 Discharge and Pressure Relationship – a lower value of x indicates that the flow will be less affected by pressure variations 𝑞 = 𝐾𝑑 × 𝐻 𝑥 where: q is the emitter discharge (L/h) Kd is the discharge coefficient that characterizes each emitter H is the emitter operating pressure head (m) x is the emitter discharge exponent Table 4. Emitter Discharge Exponents for Various Types of Emitter Emitter Type x Fully-compensating emitter 0 Long-path emitter 0.7-0.8 Tortuous-path emitter 0.5-0.7 Orifice type emitter 0.5 Vortex emitter 0.4 SOURCE: Savva and Frenken, FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance, 2002 8.7.3 Coefficient of Variation Table 5. Coefficient of Variation for Different Emitter Types Emitter Type Cv Range Classification Point-source 0.15 unacceptable Line-source 0.2 marginal to unacceptable Note: While some literature differentiates between ‘point-source’ and ‘line- source’, based on the distance between the emitters, in this Module the difference is based on the material used for the dripline or lateral. The thick wall material is considered as being ‘point-source’, while the tape type of material is considered as being ‘line-source’. SOURCE: Savva and Frenken, FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance, 2002 8.7.4 Temperature and Discharge Relationship – as an emitter is subjected to a higher temperature, discharge increases as well, except for vortex-type emitter 10 8.7.5 Head and Discharge Relationship Between Two Emitters with the Same Characteristics 𝑞𝑎 1/𝑥 𝐻𝑎 = 𝐻 [ ] 𝑞 where: qa is the average emitter flow rate obtainable under pressure Ha (L/h) q is the emitter flow rate obtainable under pressure H (L/h) x is the emitter exponent 8.8 Design Emission Uniformity 1 − 1.27𝐶𝑣 𝑞𝑚 𝐸𝑈 = 100 × × √𝑁𝑝 𝑞𝑎 where: EU is the design emission uniformity (%) Np is the number of emitters per plant Cv is the manufacturer’s coefficient of variation qm is the minimum emitter discharge for minimum pressure in the sub-unit (L/h) qa is the average or design emitter discharge for the sub-unit (L/h) 8.9 Allowable Pressure Variation ∆𝐻𝑠 = 2.5 × (𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻𝑚 ) 1⁄ 𝑞𝑚 𝑥 𝐻𝑚 = 𝐻𝑎 × ( ) 𝑞𝑎 where: ∆Hs is the allowable pressure variation that will give an EU reasonably close to the desired design value (m) Ha is the pressure head that will give the qa required to satisfy EU (m) Hm is the pressure head that will give the required qm to satisfy EU (m) 8.10 Pipe Size Determination - pipe sizes shall be selected depending on the layout, selected material and number of outlets. These pipes shall not exceed the allowable pressure variation. 11 8.10.1 Friction Loss in Main Lines – can be determined using Hazen-Williams Equation, Darcy Weisbach or other friction loss formula. The formula given below is based on Hazen Williams 𝑄 1.852 1.21 × 1010 𝐿 (𝐶 ) 𝐻𝑓 = 𝐷4.87 where: Hf is the total friction loss in pipe with the same flow throughout (m) L is the length of pipe (m) Q is the total discharge (L/s) C is the pipe roughness coefficient 145 to 150 for plastic pipe 120 for aluminum pipe with couplers and new or coated steel pipe D is the inside diameter of pipe (mm) 8.10.2 Friction Loss in Laterals and Manifolds ℎ𝑓 = 𝐻𝑓 × 𝐹 where: hf is the friction loss in the lateral (m) Hf is the total friction loss in pipe with the same flow throughout (m) F is the correction factor depending on the number of outlets in the lateral or manifold (Table 6) Table 6. F factors for various number of outlets Number of F Number of F outlets outlets 1 1.000 14 0.387 2 0.639 16 0.382 3 0.535 18 0.379 4 0.486 20 0.376 5 0.457 25 0.371 6 0.435 30 0.368 8 0.415 40 0.364 10 0.402 50 0.361 12 0.394 100 0.356 SOURCE: Savva and Frenken, FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance, 2002 12 8.11 Total Head Requirement - The total head requirement shall be computed as the sum of the following:  Suction lift  Supply line  Control head  Mainline  Manifold  Laterals  Operating pressure  10% of the sum of the above heads for fittings  Difference in elevation 8.12 Pump and Power Selection – the pump power requirement shall be computed as follows: 𝑄 × 𝑇𝐷𝐻 𝑃= 360 × 𝐸𝑝 where: P is the power requirement (kW) Q is the system capacity (m3/h) TDH is the total dynamic head against which the pump is working (m) Ep is the pump efficiency from the pump performance chart 9 Bibliography American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). 2008. ASAE EP405.1 APR1988 (R2008) Design and Installation of Microirrigation Systems. Fangmeier, D.D, Elliot, W.J., Workman, S.R., Huffman, R.L. and G.O. Schwab. 2006. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Fifth Edition Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2001. Irrigation Manual Volume III – Module 8. Keller, J. and R.D Bliesner. 1990. Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation. National Irrigation Administration. 1991. Irrigation engineering manual for diversified cropping. National Resources Conservation Service – United States Department of Agriculture. 1997. Part 652: Irrigation Guide – National Engineering Handbook. National Resources Conservation Service – United States Department of Agriculture. 2012. Part 623: Irrigation – National Engineering Handbook. 13 Phocaides, A. 2000. FAO Technical Handbook on Pressurized Irrigation Techniques. Savva, A.P. and K. Frenken. 2002. FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance. Schwab, G.O., et al. 1993. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Fourth Edition 14  ANNEX A (informative) Types of Emitters A.1 Based on pressure dissipation mechanism A.1.1 Long–path – water is routed through a long, narrow passage at laminar flow to reduce the water pressure and to create a more uniform flow; flow areas: 1 mm2 to 4.5 mm2. Figure A.1. Long-Path Emitter SOURCE: NRCS-USDA, Part 652: Irrigation Guide – National Engineering Handbook, 1997 A.1.2 Tortuous – have relatively long flow paths with larger path cross-section with turbulent flow regime Figure A.2. Tortuous-Path Emitter SOURCE: NRCS-USDA, Part 652: Irrigation Guide – National Engineering Handbook, 1997 A.1.3 Short-path – almost similar with long-path emitters but with shorter water path; ideal for use in very low pressure systems. Figure A.3. Short-Path Emitter SOURCE: NRCS-USDA, Part 652: Irrigation Guide – National Engineering Handbook, 1997 15 A.1.4 Orifice – the fully turbulent jet emitted at the outlet of the emitter is broken and converted into drop by drop flow; flow area: 0.2 mm2 to 0.35 mm2 Figure A.4. Orifice Type Emitter SOURCE: NRCS-USDA, Part 652: Irrigation Guide – National Engineering Handbook, 1997 A.1.5 Vortex – its flow path is a round cell that causes circular flow. The fast rotational motion creates a vortex which results to higher head losses that allow for larger openings A.2 Based on the ability to flush A.2.1 On-off flushing – flushes for a few moments each time the system is started and again when turned off A.2.2 Continuous flushing – eject large particles during operation since this type has relatively large-diameter flexible orifices in series to dissipate pressure A.3 Based on the connection to the lateral A.3.1 On-line – intended for direct or indirect installation in the wall of the irrigation lateral Figure A.5. On-Line Emitter SOURCE: Savva and Frenken, FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance, 2002 16 A.3.2 In-line – intended for installation between laterals Figure A.6. On-Line Emitter SOURCE: Savva and Frenken, FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance, 2002 A.4 Based on field application A.4.1 Line-source – water is discharged from closely spaced perforations, emitters or a porous wall along the lateral line. A.4.2 Point-source – water is discharged from emission points that are individually and relatively widely spaced, usually over 1 m (3.3ft). Multiple- outlet emitters discharge water at two or more emission points. 17  ANNEX B (informative) Sample Computation Parameter Value Area to be irrigated, A 300 m x 150 m Soil Loamy Crop Mature Citrus Actual Evapotranspiration, ETa 7.1 mm/day Percentage groundcover 70% Rainfall 0 Application Efficiency 0.86 Tree spacing, area per plant 6mx6m Percentage Wetted Area, Pw 50% Area wetted by one emitter, Aw 4 m2 B.1 Compute for the crop water requirement. ETcrop−loc = ETa × k r = 7.1 × 0.82 = 5.8 mm/day (Keller and Karmelli) 6.04 mm/day (Freeman and Garzoli) 5.7 mm/day (Decroix CTGREF) 5.9 mm/day (Keller and Bliesner) ETcrop−loc = ETa × [0.1(Pd )0.5 ] = 7.1 × [0.1(0.7)0.5 ] = 5.9 mm/day B.2 Compute for the irrigation requirements. mm IR n = ETcrop−loc − R + LR = 6.0 − 0 + LR = 6.04 day + LR mm IRn 6.04 +LR mm day IR g = = = 7.02 day + LR Ea 0.86 B.3 Compute for the leaching requirement. ECw 2 LR t = = = 0.13 2×[maxECe ] 2× IR LR = LR t × [ E n] = 0.13 × [7.02] = 0.91 a B.4 Compute for the irrigation requirements. mm IR n = ETcrop−loc − R + LR = 6.0 − 0 + 0.91 = 6.95 day mm mm IR g = 7.02 day + LR = 7.93 day 18 B.5 Determine the number of emitters per plant Area per plant ×Pw (6 x 6) ×0.5 Np = = = 4.5 or 5 emitters Aw 4 B.6 Determine the emitter spacing. Sp 6 Se = = 5 = 1.2 m Np B.7 Check to see if Pw is within the recommended limit. 100×Np ×Se ×W 100×5×1.2×2.26 Pw = = = 38% Sp ×Sr 6×6 Lower Pw suggests that one line of emitter is not satisfactory. Because of this, use two emitter lines. For uniformity, add another emitter. Moreover, adjust the wetted width between the laterals, where the spacing between the laterals should not excedd 80% of the wetted width 0.8 × 2.26 = 1.81 100×Np ×Se ×W 100×6×1.2×1.81 Pw = = = 60% Sp ×Sr 6×6 B.8 Compute for the irrigation frequency and duration. Choose from the options below for the operation. m3 mm 0.285 285L tree IR g = 7.03 day × 6m × 6m = = /day day tree IRg 285 h Ta = = 6×8 = 5.94 day for 8 L/h drippers Np ×q Ta = 7.92 h/day for 6 L/h dripper Ta = 11.88 h/day for 4 L/h dripper B.8.1 6 L/h dripper with 2 sub-units operating for 15.8 h/day B.8.2 8 L/h dripper with 3 sub-units operating for 17.8 h/day, as long as no runoff occurs B.8.3 4 L/h dripper with increased discharge by sligtly increasing the pressure such that Ta=11 h/day, q = 4.32 L/h operating for 22 h/day B.9 Select a 4 L/h emitter for option B.8.3. From manufacturer’s catalogues, x = 0.42, q = 4 L/h at H = 10 m, Cv = 0.07. B.10 Determine the pressure required to deliver 4.32 L/h. q 1/x 4.32 1/0.42 Ha = H [ qa ] = 10 [ ] = 12.0 m 4 19 B.11 Determine qm such that EU of 90% will be attained. EU×qa 90×4.32 qm = 1−1.27Cv = 1−1.27×0.07 = 4.03 L/h 100× 100× √Np √6 1⁄ 1⁄ q x 4.03 0.42 Hm = Ha × ( qm ) = 12 × (4.32) = 10.2 m a B.12 Compute for the allowable pressure variation. ∆Hs = 2.5 × (Ha − Hm ) = 2.5 × (12 − 10.2) = 4.5 m The design process provisions should be made so that the head losses and elevation difference within each hydraulic unit do not exceed the 4.5 m. B.13 Compute for the allowable pressure variation when EU = 95%, ∆Hs = 1.0 m. B.14 Layout the pipe network. B.15 Determine the size of laterals, manifolds and mainline. B.15.1 Lateral – Since there are 6 emitters per plant, 3 emitters per lateral will be considered. The first row of plants will start half the spacing from the boundary. The emitters are of in-line type which losses are equivalent to 0.22 m per emitter. Np L Q = No. of trees × q a × plant = 25 × 4.32 × 3 = 324 h = 0.09 L/s L = 148 m; F = 0.358 (75 outlets); C=150 (soft polyethylene pipe); D = 16mm 0.09 1.852 1.21 × 1010 × 148 × ( 150 ) hf = 0.358 × = 0.946 m 164.87 Adding the losses from the emitter: hf = 0.946 m + 0.156 m = 1.1 m The selected size for the laterals is acceptable. The remaining head for maintaining the allowable pressure variation of 4.5m is 3.4 m. B.15.2 Manifolds – There will be 4 manifolds (M1, M2, M3, M4) where 2 operates at a time so that the total irrigation duration is 22 hours. M1 and M3 will supply 13 rows (26 laterals) while M3 and M4 will supply 12 rows (24 laterals). Additional 10% head loss will be added to account for the manifold-to lateral connection. 20  Parameter M1 M2 M3 M4 Q (L/s) 2.34 2.16 2.34 2.16 L (m) 78 72 78 72 F 0.37 0.372 0.37 0.372 C (uPVC 4) 150 150 150 150 D (mm) 50 50 50 50 hf (m) 0.92 0.74 0.92 0.74 Elevation Difference 0.70 0.70 1.20 0.70 (m) Total Head 1.62 1.44 2.12 1.44 Since the maximum head in the manifold is less than the remaining allowable pressure variation, the selected size for the manifolds is acceptable. B.15.3 Main – It should be sized such that it will allow for the separate use of the first two manifolds from the last two manifolds. Consider 2 cases: Case 1: Last 2 manifolds in operation (M3 and M4) D = 75 mm L = 150 m (distance between M1 and M3) C = 150 (uPVC 4) Q = Q3 +Q4 = 4.5 L/s Hf = 2.03 m D = 63 mm L = 78 m (distance between M3 and M4) C = 150 (uPVC 4) Q4 = 2.16 L/s Hf = 0.63 m Total Hf = 2.66 m Case 2: First 2 manifolds in operation (M1 and M2) Since M1 offtake is at the beginning of the mainline, the flow in the mainline will be the flow required in M2. D = 75 mm L = 75 m C = 150 (uPVC 4) Q2 = 2.16 L/s Hf = 0.34 m Size the mainline based on Case 1. 21 B.15.4 Compute for the total head requirement. Component Head (m) Remarks Suction Lift 2.00 Assumed Supply Line 0.40 D = 75 mm; L = 25 m Control Head 7.00 Assumed based on filtration and chemigation requirement Mainline 2.66 Manifold 0.92 Laterals 1.1 Operating Pressure 12.00 SUBTOTAL 26.08 Fittings 2.6 Elevation Difference 8.20 TOTAL 36.9 B.15.5 Compute for the power requirement. Assume Ep = 55% Q×TDH 16.2×36.9 P= = = 3.02 kW 360×Ep 360×0.55 22 Figure B.1. Field Map 23  Technical Working Group (TWG) for the Development of Philippine National Standard for Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B – Drip Irrigation Chair Engr. Bonifacio S. Labiano National Irrigation Administration Members Engr. Felimar M. Torizo Dr. Teresita S. Sandoval Board of Agricultural Engineering Bureau of Soils and Water Management Professional Regulation Commission Department of Agriculture Dr. Armando N. Espino Jr. Dr. Elmer D. Castillo Central Luzon State University Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers Dr. Roger A. Luyun Jr. Engr. Francia M. Macalintal University of the Philippines Los Baños Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries Department of Agriculture Project Managers Engr. Darwin C. Aranguren Engr. Romulo E. Eusebio Engr. Mary Louise P. Pascual Engr. Fidelina T. Flores Engr. Marie Jehosa B. Reyes Ms. Micah L. Araño Ms. Caroline D. Lat Mr. Gerald S. Trinidad University of the Philippines Los Baños – Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center