PRELIMS EMERGENCY PDF

EMERGENCY SITUATION ACUTE AND CHRONIC NCM 0118|| MARIA CHRISTINA LEE|| S.Y 2024-2025 D. COPD PRE-TEST 7. Which of the following is a common symptom...

EMERGENCY SITUATION ACUTE AND CHRONIC NCM 0118|| MARIA CHRISTINA LEE|| S.Y 2024-2025 D. COPD PRE-TEST 7. Which of the following is a common symptom of pneumonia? 1. What is the primary focus of critical care Choose an answer: nursing? A. Shortness of breath Choose an answer: B. Chronic cough A. Promoting wellness in stable patients C. Fatigue B. Caring for critically ill or unstable patients D. All of the above C. Conducting research on chronic diseases 8. What type of pneumonia is acquired outside of D. Educating patients on preventive care a hospital setting? 2. Which of the following best defines 'critical Choose an answer: illness'? A. Community-acquired pneumonia Choose an answer: B. Hospital-acquired pneumonia A. A condition requiring routine monitoring C. Aspiration pneumonia B. A reversible condition with mild symptoms D. Ventilator-associated pneumonia C. A condition requiring invasive 9. Which management option is NOT typically interventions to sustain life used for pneumothorax? D. A chronic condition managed with Choose an answer: outpatient care A. Observation 3. Which principle of critical care nursing B. Oxygen therapy emphasizes minimizing risks? C. Chest tube drainage Choose an answer: D. Antibiotics A. Efficacy 10. What is the primary goal of critical care B. Safety nursing? C. Effectiveness Choose an answer: D. Efficiency A. To educate patients about their conditions 4. What is a common symptom of Chronic B. To provide comprehensive care for Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? seriously ill patients Choose an answer: C. To conduct clinical research A. Chest pain D. To manage outpatient B. Chronic cough 11. Which principle of critical care nursing ensures C. Fever that care meets clinical needs? D. Wheezing only during exercise Choose an answer: 5. Which management strategy is NOT typically A. Effectiveness used for patients with COPD? B. Appropriateness Choose an answer: C. Efficacy A. Smoking cessation D. Respect and Care B. Inhaled medications 12. What is a common treatment for pulmonary C. Surgical intervention hypertension? D. Oxygen therapy Choose an answer: 6. What condition is characterized by high blood A. Inhaled medications pressure in the pulmonary arteries? B. Surgery Choose an answer: C. Oxygen therapy A. Asthma D. All of the above B. Pulmonary Hypertension C. Pneumonia DEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!1 13. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of B. It enhances patient satisfaction and pneumothorax? outcomes Choose an answer: C. It is a legal requirement A. Chest pain D. It is not significant at all B. Shortness of breath 20. What is the most common cause of C. Coughing up blood pneumothorax? D. Rapid breathing Choose an answer: 14. What is the role of a critical care nurse? A. Infection Choose an answer: B. Trauma A. To manage outpatient clinics C. Chronic lung disease B. To provide care for patients with chronic D. Genetic predisposition diseases 21. Which of the following is a key characteristic C. To oversee the care of critically ill patients of effective critical care? D. To conduct health education seminars Choose an answer: A. High patient turnover 15. Which of the following conditions is B. Collaborative care systems characterized by irreversible lung damage? C. Minimal patient interaction Choose an answer: D. Focus on administrative tasks A. Asthma 22. What is the primary goal of oxygen therapy in B. COPD COPD management? C. Pneumonia Choose an answer: D. Pulmonary Hypertension 16. Which principle of critical care nursing A. To cure the disease emphasizes the importance of timely B. To alleviate symptoms and improve intervention? oxygenation Choose an answer: C. To prevent lung cancer A. Effectiveness D. To reduce hospital stays B. Timeliness 23. Which of the following is NOT a type of C. Efficacy pneumonia? D. Safety Choose an answer: 17. What is the primary symptom of aspiration A. Community-acquired pneumonia pneumonia? B. Hospital-acquired pneumonia Choose an answer: C. Ventilator-associated pneumonia A. Fever D. Chronic pneumonia B. Cough with mucus 24. What is the primary treatment for a small, C. Shortness of breath stable pneumothorax? D. All of the above Choose an answer: 18. Which of the following is a common treatment A. Immediate surgery for pneumonia? B. Observation and follow-up Choose an answer: C. Chest tube placement A. Antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia D. Antibiotics B. Inhaled corticosteroids 25. Which of the following is a potential C. Surgery complication of untreated pulmonary D. Oxygen therapy only hypertension? 19. What is the significance of involving patients Choose an answer: and families in care decisions? A. Heart failure Choose an answer: B. Chronic cough A. It enhances and reduce the workload of C. Pneumonia nurses D. Asthma MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!2  TOPIC OVERVIEW - Is a condition where life cannot be sustained without invasive therapeutic A. CRITICAL CARE IN NURSING interventions. a. Definition of terms b. Principle of Nursing B. CRITICAL CARE NURSE E.g Stroked patient, Neural infection, sepsis, Acute a. Roles respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Myocardial b. Responsibilities infarction, Traumatic Brain Injury, Severe burns, c. Skills Multi organ failure. d. ECG CRITICAL ILL PATIENT 1.0 CRITICAL CARE IN NURSING - Is defined as those patients who are at risk Is the field of nursing with a focus on the utmost for actual or potential life-threatening care of the critically ill or unstable patients health problems and they are highly following extensive injury, surgery, or vulnerable, unstable and they are highly Life-threatening Diseases. vulnerable, unstable and complex, Thereby ⭐ ( We don’t manage here benign patients “mild requiring intense and vigilant nursing care. patient’s” E.g Dengue, Nephritis, or POST op CRITICAL CARE NURSING patient’s, Mild infections or URT, OPD patients, - Field of nursing with a focus on the utmost Measles, pneumonia patients, Kawasaki, simple care of the critically ill or unstable patients. fractures e.g. elbow fracture, knee fracture, wound debridement.) ⭐ AIM: To promote excellence of care of (There are the nurses who are their went of a lot of trainings ,seminars, and experiences, for them to critically ill patients by specialist nurses and their take critical care patients) “NOT FRESH GRAD professional colleagues. ⭐ (Nurse’s who are specialist, cardio thoracic NURSES” - Deals specifically with human response to surgeon, neurosurgeon) the Life-threatening problems and being supported with life saving measures. DEFINITION OF TERMS Critical Care (Medicine)- Is the 1.2 PRINCIPLES OF CRITICAL NURSING MULTIDISCIPLINARY HEALTHCARE or Injury 1. EFFICACY ⭐ (we tackled fields of medicine and nursing) - Care and nursing interventions have achieved and project or desired patient - E.g we tap healthcare specialties which are outcomes focused on life threatening illness. - Specialty that cares for patients with acute, life threatening illness ⭐ : (Materials shall be ready available in any circumstances) Short term interventions but precise 2. APPROPRIATENESS CRITICAL CARE (INTENSIVE CARE) - Care and interventions rendered are - Is a healthcare specialty that cares for relevant to the clinical needs of the patient. patients with acute, life-threatening illness or injury and involves multiple skills and specialties. ⭐ before giving to the patient you must check or ask first before doing an intervention (If you don’t create appropriate care it might harm your patient) CRITICAL ILLNESS 3.AVAILABILITY MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!3  - The critical care units are properly staffed 8. RESPECT AND CARE and equipped. - The Degree to which the patients and family members are involved in making 4. TIMELINESS decisions about care and it’s - This requires your adequate knowledge and implementation in-depth observation of the patient's progress during the different stages of the ⭐ : we should be aware of their cultural values, disease and the diagnosis, deviations and and also have empathy and integrity for the readiness to act during the different stages patient. ”Having good therapeutic communication of the disease. is a must!” ⭐: Not only in VS but also with medications. We are ADVOCATES for our patients. We respect Maximum effort and quality care at all times. Even the rights of our patients under their bill of rights. if you know the patient is going to die. As nurses we should make the patient feel like we are relieving their pain. 2.0 CRITICAL CARE NURSE - A licenced professional nurse who is 5. EFFECTIVENESS responsible for providing total nursing care - Care and interventions are rendered in the of serious acute and chronically ill patients correct manner to achieve the desire or experiencing life threatening problems predicted patient outcome. ⭐QUALIFICATIONS: ⭐ :For you to achieve the outcome properly in a - - Registered Nurse Have critically care training course or timely manner it must be effective already. orientation 6. SAFETY ROLES - The risk of interruption of the Care-Environment can be eliminated for ★ CARE PROVIDER - We render necessary care patients and others including health care ★ EDUCATOR - We provide informations based on providers. patient’s needs ⭐ :proper documentation, interventions , and ★ MANAGER - We Coordinate and collaborate endorsements shall be good in conduct to get the ★ ADVOCATE - Protects the Patient’s rights optimal care for the patient. 7. EFFICIENCY RESPONSIBILITIES AND FUNCTION - Relationship between outcomes used for care. A well established critical care system ★ Assess and implements treatment that provides collaborative, dedicated and ★ Provides direct measures compassionate care. ★ Uses independent, dependent, and ⭐ : For us to render effective care we must interdependent interventions collaborate with the technicians, product managers ★ Renders critical care for the tools or items that we need for the patients, ★ Provides health education or in short those who are not in the medical field also for emergency circumstances (First ★ Supervises patient care and ancillary responders “Paramedics”). MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!4 SKILLS ★ Admission, Transfer, Discharge ★ Bedside safety ★ Bedside and patient care planning ★ Patient care issues ★ Documentation ★ Respiratory care ★ Cardiovascular care ★ Neurological care ★ Psychosocial/ Spiritual care ★ Infection Control (usually for immunocompromised) ★ Laboratory Investigations NORMAL ECG Notes: the movement of heart million secs matters. MI ECG ST segment is far apart indicating Mi MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!5  TOPIC OVERVIEW A. ALTERATION IN VENTILATION SYMPTOMS OF COPD a. COPD - Cough with mucus that you have had for a b. Pulmonary Hypertension long time (three months or longer at a c. Pneumonia time for atleast two years). d. Pneumothorax - Difficulty taking a deep breath. B. MAIN TOPIC TITLE 2 - Shortness of breath, especially when a. Subtopic 1 performing daily activities or with mild b. Subtopic 2 excretion. - Wheezing or other lung sounds ALTERATION IN VENTILATION - Barrel shaped chest COPD Pulmonary hypotension Pneumonia Pneumothorax ARDS Pulmonary embolism Respiratory Failure - Bluish skin A. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE Chronic obstructive pulmonary CAUSES disease or (COPD) is a term Damage to your lungs for certain types of irreversible from smoking is lung and airways damage that the most common block (obstruct) your airways cause of COPD. and make it hard to breathe. Other causes include: If you are diagnosed with Alpha-1 antitrypsin either emphysema or chronic deficiency (“alpha-1”), bronchitis, you have COPD. a genetic disorder that Changes in your lungs and airways in COPD can lead to lung damage. include: Secondhand smoke. ★ Loss of elasticity in your airways and air sacs in Air pollution. your lungs (Alveoli). Exposure to dust and fumes from your job ★ Inflammation, scarring (Fibrosis) and narrowing or hobbies. of your airways. ★ Thick mucus in your airways. COMPLICATION ★ Destruction of the walls between your alveoli. This enlarges them and traps air. ★ COPD can trap bacteria in your lungs, leading to infections. It can also prevent oxygen from TYPES OF COPD getting into your body and carbon dioxide from getting out. This can lead to serious EMPHYSEMA CHRONIC BRONCHITIS complications, including: is when your alveoli is inflammation in your ★ Pneumonia. become damages and large airways. This ★ High levels of carbon dioxide in your blood enlarged. The most narrows your airways and ★ (hypercapnia). common symptom is makes lots of mucus. ★ Low levels of oxygen in your blood (hypoxemia). shortness of breath Cough is the most (dyspnea). common symptom. ★ Respiratory failure. MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!6 ★ Pulmonary hypertension. STAGE 1 FEV1 is 80 or above. ★ Right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale). ★ Collapsed lung (pneumothorax). STAGE 2 FEV1 is between 50 and 79 ★ Polycythemia (making too many red blood cells) STAGE 3 FEV1 is between 30 and 49 DIAGNOSTICS STAGE 4 FEV1 is less than 30. ❤️Pulmonary function tests - Providers can use spirometry and other tests to see how well your lungs are MANAGEMENT working. There’s no cure for COPD. Treatment focuses on ❤️ Pulse oximetry. improving your symptoms and reducing and - This test uses a device on your finger to treating exacerbations. Your provider may measure oxygen levels in your blood. recommend: ❤️Imaging tests. Smoking cessation programs. If you - Chest X-rays or CT scans can look for lung smoke, quitting can slow down the changes caused by COPD. progression of COPD. ❤️ Arterial blood gas test. Inhaled medications. Bronchodilators and - This is a blood test that checks your oxygen steroids can reduce inflammation and open and carbon dioxide levels. your airways. These might come in an ❤️ Exercise testing. inhaler or as a liquid you put in a nebulizer. - Your provider uses this to determine if the Oxygen therapy. You may need oxygen level in your blood drops when you supplemental oxygen to improve your exercise. oxygen levels. ❤️ Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). Pulmonary rehabilitation. This is an - This test checks heart function and rules exercise and education program that can out heart disease as a cause of shortness strengthen your lungs and help you manage of breath. COPD. ❤️ Blood tests. Corticosteroids. You might need a course - Your provider may check your levels of the of steroids to reduce inflammation during protein AAT to see if you might have an exacerbation. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Positive airway pressure. Your provider ❤️Genetic testing. might have you use a BiPAP machine to - If your provider thinks a genetic condition help you breathe, especially during an could be causing your lung issues, they may exacerbation. check for genetic changes with a blood test. STAGES OF COPD - Your provider can stage COPD basedon your forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) results. FEV1 is the amount of air you can breathe out in one second, and it can tell your provider how blocked Antibiotics. If you have frequent bacterial your airways are. Your provider measures infections in your lungs, your provider may FEV1 with spirometry. prescribe antibiotics to prevent infections and exacerbations. Lung volume reduction (LVR). If you have severe COPD and you’re a good candidate, MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!7  your provider may suggest surgery or a ★ PH Due to blockages in your lungs valve procedure that reduces the trapped ★ PH due to other disorders air in your lungs. Clinical trials. Clinical trials are tests of SYMPTOMS new treatments to see if they’re safe and effective. Your provider might recommend The First symptom of pulmonary hypertension is one if a new treatment could be a good fit shortness of breath during your daily activities. These may include climbing stairs or grocery B. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION shopping. You may also feel short of breath when Pulmonary hypertension is high you exercise. At the start of pulmonary blood pressure in your hypertension, You may not have any symptoms Pulmonary arteries, when you do start to notice symptoms, They may which carry oxygen- poor be wild But PH symptoms get worse over time blood from your heart to making it harder for you to do your usual activities. your lungs The earliest symptom is shortness of What are the later symptoms of Pulmonary breath during your usual Hypertension? disease, lung disease and hypoxia. Early diagnosis As PH progressess, youll feel shortnesss of breath and treatment can help you enjoy a better quality even when youre not moving around. Symptoms of life. include: - Bluish color on your skin or lips - Chest pain or pressure CAUSES - Dizziness or fainting Anemia - Fatigue Arrhythmias - Feeling less hungry than usual Blood clots in your pulmonary arteries. - Pain in the upper right side of your tummy Pericardial Effusion. - Racing heart beat - Swelling (Edema) in your ankles, legs or ★ Without Treatment, Pulmonary hypertension tummy. can overtax your heart and eventually be fatal. High blood pressure in your pulmondary arteries DIAGNOSTICS forces your heart to work harder to send oxygen- poor blood to your lungs. Your right ventricle (Lower right chamber) is responsible ❤️ Check the size of the veins in your neck. Bulging neck veins (Jugular Venous Distention) Could be a for pumping this blood to your lungs. So sign of right sided heart failure overtime, PH causes your right ventricle to get bigger due to the extra work This condition (Right ventricular hypertrophy) Can lead to right-sided heart failure. ★ Right sided heart failure has a ripple effect throughout your body. It can disrupt the normal workings of many organs and systems. PH is dangerous for people who are pregnant it can. cause complications for both the birthing parents and fetus. ❤️ Check the size of your liver by feeling the upper right area of your tummy ★ PH Due to Pulmonary arterial hypertension ★ PH Due to left sided heart disease ❤️ Listen to your heart and lungs with a stethoscope. ★ PH Due to lung disease or hypoxia ❤️ Look at your belly ankles and legs for edema. MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!8 ❤️ Measure the oxygen level in your blood using a you can handle and how much oxygen is pulse oximeter. circulating in your blood as you exercise. The results indicate your pulmonary hypertension is 1. Right heart This test is also called mild or severe. catheterization pulmonary artery catheterization. It measures the pressure inside your MANAGEMENT pulmonary arteries and checks how much blood your heart TYPES OF PH can pump per minute. Pulmonary artery Chronic 2. Doppler A Doppler echo uses sound Thromboembolic Echocardiogram hypertension waves to show how your right Pulmonary ventricle is working it also Hypertension measures blood flow through your heart valves it allows your Calcium channel blockers: Anticoagulants: These medications can help These medications help provider to calculate your lower the blood pressure in prevent blood clots systolic pulmonary artery your pulmonary arteries and Example: Warfarin pressure. throughout your body. Balloon artirials These tests look for the underlying cause of Diuretics: These “Water pills” septostomy (BAS): pulmonary hypertension: Help your body clear out extra This procedure is typically fluids used for babies with critical heart defects however, its Blood tests Check for a range of issues Oxygen therapy: You may also used for adults with related to organ function, need this treatment if you pulmonary hypertension. It hormone levels and infections dont have enough oxygen in is a bridge that helps keep specific blood tests include a your blood you stable as you wait for a complete metabolic panel and a lung transplant. complete blood count. Pulmonary Vasodilators: These medication help your Balloon Pulmonary Chest CT Scan Looks for blood clots and other pulmonary arteries relax and Angioplasty: lung conditions that may be open up better. This improves This catheter- Based blood flow and lowers the procedure uses a balloon to causing your pulmonary strain on your heart. widen your pulmonary artery hypertension or making it worse. Its usually done if you cant have open surgery Chest X-ray Shows if your right ventricle or pulmonary arteries are bigger Medication than they should be. Sodium Guanylate Cyclase stimulator may help slow down the disease progression Polysomnogram This overnight sleep test PSG checks if you have sleep Pulmonary apnea. Endarterectomy (PEA): This surgery removes blood clots from your lungs its Pulmonary currently the only possible Looks for blood clots in your cute for pulmonary ventilation/ lungs hypertention and its only for perfusion VQ people with CTEPH Scan Your provider may also perform a six minute walk test. This test shows how much exercise MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!9  C. PNEUMONIA SYMPTOMS - Pneumonia is a infection in your lungs cause by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. CAN BE GRADUALLY Usually develop over several Pneumonia causes your lung tissue to swell OR SUDDENLY: days, you might have (Inflammation) and can cause fluid or pus symptoms similar to in your lungs. Pneumonia can affect one or High Fever bacterial pneumonia or you both of your lungs. Pneumonia in both of 40.55C might additionally have: your lungs is called bilateral or double Cough with pneumonia. yellow, green or Dry cough bloody mucus Headache CAUSES Tiredness Muscle Pain (Fatigue) Extreme tiredness or Rapid breathing weakness Shortness of breath Rapid heart rate Sweating or chills Chest pain and or abdominal pain especially with coughing or deep breathing 1. Pneumonia can develop when your immune Loss of appetite system attacks an infection in the small sacs of Bluish skin or lips your lung (alveoli). This causes your lungs to or nails swell and leak fluids. (Cyanosis) 2. Many bacteria, viruses and fungi can cause the Confusion or infections that lead to pneumonia. Bacteria are altered mental the most common cause in adults and viruses state are the most common cause in school-aged children. Symptoms over 65 BACTERIAL VIRAL Adults over 65 or those with weakened immune systems may have mild or less noticeable symptoms tends to be more causes flu-like symptoms of pneumonia ( Like cough and shortness of breath common and more and is more likely to resolve Symptoms of ongoing health conditions may worsen, severe than viral on its own. You usually don't older adults may experience pneumonia Its more need specific treatment for Sudden change in mental state likely to require a viral pneumonia. Low appetite hospital stay (Hospital acquired Pneumonia, Nosocomial pneumonia). TYPES OF PNEUMONIA Providers treat bacterial pneumonia COMMUNITY When you get pneumonia with antibiotics ACQUIRED outside of a healthcare facility, PNEUMONIA it’s called community-acquired (CAP) pneumonia. Causes include: MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!10  ❤️Bacteria: Infection with acquired pneumonia because it’s Streptococcus pneumoniae often caused by bacteria, also called antibiotic-resistant bacteria, like pneumococcal disease, is the most common methicillin-resistant cause of CAP. Pneumococcal Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). disease can also cause ear This means HAP can make you infections, sinus infections and sicker and be harder to treat. meningitis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria causes Healthcare-asso You can get HCAP while in a atypical ciated long-term care facility (such as a pneumonia, which usually has pneumonia nursing home) or milder symptoms. Other bacteria (HCAP) outpatient, extended-stay clinics. that cause CAP include Like hospital-acquired Haemophilus influenza, pneumonia, it’s usually caused Chlamydia pneumoniae and by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Legionella (Legionnaires’ Ventilator-assoc If you need to be on a respirator disease). iated or breathing machine to help you ❤️Viruses: Viruses that cause pneumonia (VAP) breathe in the hospital (usually in the ICU), the common cold, the flu you’re at risk for (influenza), COVID-19 and ventilator-associated pneumonia respiratory (VAP). The same types of syncytial virus (RSV) can bacteria as community-acquired sometimes lead to pneumonia. pneumonia, as well as ❤️ Fungi (molds): Fungi, like the drug-resistant kinds that cause hospital-acquired Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis pneumonia, cause VAP jirovecii and Coccidioides, are uncommon causes of Aspiration Aspiration is when solid food, pneumonia. People with pneumonia liquids, spit or vomit go down compromised immune systems your trachea are most at risk (windpipe) and into your lungs. If of getting pneumonia from a you can’t cough these up, your fungus. ❤️ Protozoa: Rarely, protozoa lungs can get infected. like Toxoplasma cause pneumonia. COMPLICATION/S AND COMMON ILLNESS Hospital-acquire You can get hospital-acquired ★ COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2). d pneumonia pneumonia (HAP) while in a ★ The flu (influenza virus). (HAP) hospital or healthcare ★ Human metapneumovirus (HMPV). ★ Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV). facility for another illness or ★ Legionnaires’ disease. procedure. HAP is usually more ★ Mycoplasma pneumonia bacteria. serious than community- ★ Pneumococcal disease. ★ Pneumocystis pneumonia. ★ Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!11 DIAGNOSTICS MANAGEMENT Antibiotics: Antibiotics treat bacterial Imaging: Your provider can use chest pneumonia. They can’t treat a virus but a X-ray or CT scan to take pictures of your provider may prescribe them if you have a lungs to look for signs of infection. bacterial infection at the same time as a virus. Blood tests: Your provider can use a blood Antifungal medications: Antifungals can test to help determine what kind of treat pneumonia caused by a fungal infection. infection is causing your pneumonia. Antiviral medications: Viral pneumonia Sputum test: You’re asked to cough and usually isn’t treated with medication and can then spit into a container to collect a go away on its own. sample for a lab to examine. The lab will A provider may prescribe antivirals such as look for signs of an infection and try to oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), zanamivir (Relenza®) determine what’s causing it. or peramivir (Rapivab®) to reduce how long Pulse oximetry: A sensor measures the you’re sick and how sick you get from a amount of oxygen in your blood to give virus. your provider an idea of how well your lungs Oxygen therapy: If you’re not getting enough are working. oxygen, a provider may give you extra oxygen Pleural fluid culture: Your provider uses a through a tube in your nose or a mask on your thin needle to take a sample of fluid from face. around your lungs. The sample is sent to a IV fluids: Fluids delivered directly to your vein lab to help determine what’s causing the (IV) treat or prevent dehydration. infection. Draining of fluids: If you have a lot of fluid Arterial blood gas test: Your provider between your lungs and chest wall (pleural takes a blood sample from your wrist, arm effusion), a provider may drain it. This is done or groin to measure oxygen levels in your with a catheter or surgery. blood to know how well your lungs are Pain relievers and fever reducers: Your working. provider may recommend medicines like ibuprofen (Advil®) and acetaminophen (Tylenol®) to help with body aches and fever. Cough suppressants: Check with your healthcare provider before taking cough suppressants for pneumonia. Coughing is important to help clear your lungs. Breathing treatments and exercises: Your provider may prescribe these treatments to help loosen mucus and help you to breathe. Using a humidifier: Your provider may recommend keeping a small humidifier running by your bed or taking a steamy shower or bath to make it easier to breathe. VACCINE FOR PNEUMONIA Bronchoscopy: In some cases, your ★ There are two types of vaccines (shots) that provider may use a thin, lighted tube called prevent pneumonia caused by pneumococcal a bronchoscope to look at the inside of your lungs. They may also take tissue or fluid bacteria. Similar to a flu shot, these vaccines samples to be tested in a lab. 12 won’t protect against all types of pneumonia, but if you do get sick, it’s less likely to be severe. MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!12 ★ Pneumococcal vaccines: Pneumovax23® and CAUSES Prevnar13® protect against pneumonia bacteria. ⚕️ Medical Conditions They’re each recommended for certain age Asthma. Emphysema Pneumonia. idiopathic pulmonary groups or those with increased risk for Chronic obstructive fibrosis. pneumonia. Ask your healthcare provider which pulmonary disease Lung cancer. (copd). Lymphangioleiomyomato vaccine would be appropriate for you or your Collagen vascular sis. loved ones. disease. Tuberculosis. Cystic fibrosis. Acute respiratory distress ★ Vaccinations against viruses: As certain syndrome (ARDS). viruses can lead to pneumonia, getting vaccinated against COVID-19 and the flu can ⚕️Injuries help reduce your risk of getting pneumonia. Blunt force trauma. Stab wound. ★ Childhood vaccinations: Gunshot wound. Medical procedures, like a nerve block, lung biopsy, If you have children, ask their healthcare central venous line provider about other vaccines they should get. placement or mechanical ventilation. Several childhood vaccines help prevent infections caused by the bacteria and viruses ⚕️Lifestyle Factors that can lead to pneumonia. HOW LONG AM I CONTAGIOUS IF I HAVE Drug use, especially Flying that involves PNEUMONIA? inhaled drugs. drastic changes in air Smoking. pressure. If you have bacterial pneumonia, you’re no longer Scuba or deep-sea diving. considered contagious when your fever is gone and you’ve been on antibiotics for at least two days. If you have viral pneumonia, you’re still considered contagious until you feel better and have been free S/SX of fever for several days. Chest pain on one side, especially when taking breaths. D. PNEUMOTHORAX Cough. Fast breathing. Happens when there's air in the Fast heart rate. space between your chest Fatigue. wall and your lung (pleural Shortness of breath (dyspnea). space). Air in the pleural space Bluish skin, lips or nails (cyanosis). can build up and press against NURSING MNEMONIC your lung, causing it to partially To remember the signs and symptoms of tension or fully collapse. Pneumothoraxis pneumothorax, think P-THORAX also called punctured lung. Pleuritic pain Tracheal deviation Hyperresonance Onset sudden Reduced breath sounds and dyspnea Absent fremitus X-ray shows lung collapse MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!13  growing outside of your uterus can form TYPES OF PNEUMOTHORAX cysts that can bleed Spontaneous pneumothorax: Is a collapsed lung into the pleural space that happens without an injury. causing your lung to collapse. Primary spontaneous when no underlying pneumothorax health condition or disease causes the DIAGNOSTICS collapsed lung. This can happen if Providers usually diagnose a collapsed lung by abnormal air pockets listening to your lungs and by using imaging. This in your lung (blebs) includes break apart and release air. - chest X-rays - CT scans (computed tomography scans) Secondary certain lung diseases spontaneous can lead to a collapsed - Lung ultrasound. pneumothorax lung. This can happen - They may also use an arterial blood gas when your lung is test to measure the levels of oxygen and blocked, causing carbon dioxide in your blood. bulging areas (bullae) that can burst. MANAGEMENT Traumatic pneumothorax: Injuries and medical procedures can cause a traumatic 1. Observation: If your pneumothorax is pneumothorax. Types include: minor, your provider may watch you for Injury-related when an injury to your signs of heart or breathing problems. You’ll pneumothorax chest, like a fractured see your provider for a follow-up visit. rib or knife wound, 2. Oxygen therapy Thoracentesis: Placing a punctured your lung. temporary needle between your ribs on the side of the pneumothorax to evacuate the Iatrogenic when your lung is pneumothorax punctured during a air in your chest. medical procedure, like 3. Chest tube drainage: If you have a larger a lung biopsy or a pneumothorax, your provider may put a central venous line tube in your chest to reduce the air in your insertion. pleural space. As the air pressure OTHER RELATED decreases, your lung re-expands and heals. You may have this tube in place for a Tension pneumothorax when air can get into couple of days or longer. your lungs but can't 4. Chemical pleurodesis: To prevent your lung get out. The one way valve effect causes from collapsing again, a provider may pressure to build up perform pleurodesis. Your provider makes a inside of your chest. cut (incision) and inserts a tube. Then they This is a serious form use chemicals (such as doxycycline or of pneumothorax talcum powder) to attach your lung to your that's a medical emergency. chest cavity, eliminating extra space 5. Some people need surgery to repair Catamenial a rare condition that damage so a punctured lung can heal. You pneumothorax can affect people with may need surgery if you don’t respond to endometriosis. Endometrial tissue other treatments or have: MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!14  Persistent air leakage from the chest tube. A lung that doesn’t expand despite chest tube insertion. A recurrent collapsed lung. Pneumothorax in both lungs. Traumatic lung injuries PRE- TEST ANSWERS: 1. B 6. B 11. B 16. B 21.B 2. C 7. D 12. D 17. D 22.B 3. B 8. A 13. C 18. A 23. D 4. B 9. D 14. B 19. B 24. B 5. C 10. B 15. B 20. B 25. A MALIT, KDEAN,R- OCAMPO,G- LACSAMANA, C RN 2025!!!15