Chapter 1: Introduction to Botany PDF

Chapter 1. Introduction to Botany Prepared by: AMLlorando What is Botany? Botany. Greek word: Botane Meaning ‘grass’, ‘fodder’ or ‘pasture’  physiology structure genetics ecology Botany classification distribution...

Chapter 1. Introduction to Botany Prepared by: AMLlorando What is Botany? Botany. Greek word: Botane Meaning ‘grass’, ‘fodder’ or ‘pasture’  physiology structure genetics ecology Botany classification distribution economic importance  History of Botany Theophrastus Pre-17th century “Father of Botany” “Historia Plantarum” (Enquiry into Plants) “On the Causes of Plants” Germination, cultivation, and propagation History of Botany Pre-17th century City of Alexandria Third century B.C Sheets of papyrus Anatomy, obstetrics, surgery and botanical illustrations  History of Botany Pre-17th century Pedanius Dioscorides De Materia Medica (On Medical Material) 600 plants with around 1000 medicines derived from them Pharmaceutical ‘bible’/ guidebook  History of Botany Early 17th century During the 17th century For a brief period, the search for knowledge in the field of Botany temporarily became stagnant. However, the revival of learning during the European Renaissance renewed interest in plants.  History of Botany 1640 During the 17th century Johannes van Helmont Measure the uptake of water in a tree His experiment disproved the previous theory of the ancient Greeks whereas plants gained mass by taking mineral from the soil. 1665 During the 17th century Robert Hooke “Renaissance Man” Coined the term ‘cell’ structure of cork Most important publication ‘Micrographia’ Hans and Zacharias Janssen 1674 During the 17th century Anton van Leeuwenhoek First to describe ‘living cells’ with his own microscope Rainwater, pondwater, scrapings from his own teeth minute moving objects =“animalcules” now referred to as protozoa, yeasts and bacteria Royal Society of London Royal Society of London “Nullius in verba”= Take nobody’s word for it 1686 During the 17th century John Ray Historia Plantarum This became an important step toward modern taxonomy 1694 Rudolf Camerarius Established plant sexuality De Sexu Plantarum Epistola 1727 During the 18th century Stephen Hales Established plant physiology as a science Published experiments on nutrition and respiration of plants Vegetable Staticks developed techniques to measure area, mass, volume, temperature, pressure, and even gravity in plants. 1758 During the 18th century Carolus Linnaeus “Father of Taxonomy” introduced the science of taxonomy which deals with the identification, nomenclature, description, and classification of organisms (species). His classification is based on species being the smallest unit, and each species (taxon) is under a higher category 1774 During the 18th century Joseph Priestley Laid the foundation for the chemical analysis of plant metabolism “Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air”  During the 19th century The process of photosynthesis was first elucidated by Mayer. However, the Chlorophyll was exact and detailed discovered mechanism remained a mystery until 1862. 1818 1840 1847 1859 Advances were made in the study of plant diseases Charles Darwin proposed his because of the potato blight theory of evolution and that killed potato crops in adaptation, or more Ireland. This led to the commonly referred to as further study of plant “survival of the fittest” diseases  During the 19th century results of Mendel’s experiments in 1865 showed that both Gregor Mendel parents should pass experimented with the distinct physical factors inheritance among pea which code information plants to their offspring at conception. ~1859 1862 1865 20th century exact mechanism of photosynthesis was process of nitrogen fixation, discovered when it was nitrification, and observed that starch was ammonification was formed in green cells only in discovered. the presence of light.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Agricultural science Branch of botany that deals with the study of those plants that are of economic importance and their production. Agronomy branch of agricultural science that deals with the production of crops and management of soil.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Agrostology Study of grasses Archaeobotany branch of Botany in which the scientists study as to how were the plants used by the people in the past. Understanding a plant also helps in understanding the medicinal and spiritual significances of a plant in the past.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Bryology study of Bryophytes such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Ethnobotany deals with plants and their relationship with humans.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Horticulture branch of plant agriculture dealing with garden crops, generally fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Forensic botany the use of plants and parts of plants such as pollens, seeds, leaves, etc. to investigate criminal or non-criminal cases, legal disputes or questions, to discover the cause of death or former location. Lindberg Kidnapping  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Phycology Study of algae; also known as Algology  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Plant systematics Study of the evolutionary history of Plants Carolus Linnaeus: “Father of Taxonomy” His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes) Binomial nomenclature Taxonomic hierarchy: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Plant physiology Aspects such as photosynthesis, flowering and hormones are discussed. Plant anatomy Relation of structure to functions Paleobotany evolutionary relationship of fossil plants to living plants.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Paleobotany evolutionary relationship of fossil plants to living plants.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Plant ecology plants relate to the environment, human effects to increased rate of plant extinction. Plant genetics transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Plant pathology study of organisms and environmental conditions that are responsible for causing diseases in plants, the mechanisms by which the disease occurs, and the methods of controlling plant diseases. Palynology Study of pollen grains and spores  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Phenology deals with the study of timing of root and shoot germination, flowering and fruiting. Plant tissue culture also known as micropropagation. It is the study of rapid propagation in plants.  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Phytochemistry Important plant compounds: ✓ papain in papaya ✓ momordicin in ampalaya ✓ beta carotene / lycopene in tomato ✓ capsaicin in chilies ✓ nicotine in tobacco ✓ caffeine in coffee ✓ ginkgolides in ginkgo ✓ resins in pines ✓ latex in rubber tree  Branches & Subdisiplines of Botany Pteridology Study of pteridophytes and ferns Pomology branch of botany that studies fruits and their cultivation.  References 1. Echapare, E. (2019). Transformative learning module in Botany. Research gate. https://www.scribd.com/document/427912668/Transformative-Learning-Module- in-Botany-Module-1 2. "History of Botany," in Bio Explorer, September 16, 2020, https://www.bioexplorer.net/history_of_biology/botany/. 3. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html  Up next.. Chapter 2: What are Plants?