Practice Test - Exam I PDF

Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk 1. The _____ can be described as the electronic map of c. retinotopic map the retina on the cortex. a. visual map b. spatial map c. retinotopic map d. cortextual...

Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk 1. The _____ can be described as the electronic map of c. retinotopic map the retina on the cortex. a. visual map b. spatial map c. retinotopic map d. cortextual map 2. The cortical magnification factor occurs in humans b. the small area because _____. of the fovea ac- counts for a large a. a small area in the peripheral retina accounts for a area on the cortex large area on the cortex b. the small area of the fovea accounts for a large area on the cortex c. the lens accommodates so that the image is mag- nified on the retina d. the area at the optic disk accounts for a large area on the cortex 3. The brain imaging technique that creates images of d. MRI structures in the brain, but cannot indicate neural activity, is _____. a. fMRI b. Ablation c. PET scan d. MRI 4. The brain imaging technique that tracks blood flow in a. fMRI the brain using magnetic fields is _____. a. fMRI b. ablation c. ERP d. PET scan 5. Dougherty et al. (2003) used brain imaging to investi- b. information pre- gate cortical magnification. Their primary finding was sented to the 1 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk that _____. fovea activated the most brain a. information presented in the peripheral vision ac- area tivated the most brain area b. information presented to the fovea activated the most brain area c. moving stimuli activated different brain areas than stationary stimuli d. cortical magnification is not detectable using fMRI 6. Using the techniques of both recording from neurons c. ganglion; LGN and ablation, researchers found that properties of the ventral and dorsal streams are established by two different types of _____ cells in the retina, which transmit signals to different layers of the _____. a. bipolar; hippocampus b. ganglion; hippocampus c. ganglion; LGN d. bipolar; hippocampus 7. Ocular ____ columns are columns in which neurons b. dominance respond better to input from one eye than to the other. a. preference b. dominance c. Orientation d. laterality 8. An electrode is placed in an orientation column that b. 40 degrees responds best to orientations of 45 degrees. The ad- jacent column of cells will probably best respond to orientations of _____. a. 5 degrees b. 40 degrees c. 90 degrees d. 175 degrees 9. 2 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk Which statement is true regarding the organization of a. A location col- columns in the cortex? umn can contain many orientation a. A location column can contain many orientation columns. columns. b. An orientation column can contain many location columns. c. Location and orientation columns are located in different parts of the cortex. d. Action columns are present in both location and orientation columns. 10. A(n) ________ is a location column that receives c. hypercolumn information about all possible orientations within a given area of the retina. a. supercolumn b. orientation c. hypercolumn d. action 11. Neurons respond preferentially to the right eye or the d. ocular domi- left eye. This phenomenon is referred to as _____. nance a. hemispheric specialization b. bilateral dominance c. retinotopic disparity d. ocular dominance 12. The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the a. columns for cortex is best described as _____. both the left eye and right eye in a. columns for both the left eye and right eye in each each hypercolumn hypercolumn b. columns for the left eye in the left hemisphere and for the right eye in the right c. groupings of left eye columns adjacent to group- ings of right eye columns 3 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk d. concentric areas, with the center columns for the left eye, and the surrounding columns for the right 13. A large object, such as a tree trunk, will cause _____. c. firing of neurons in a number of dif- a. every neuron in one location column to fire, but no ferent columns firing in any other column b. a limited number of neurons to fire in only one ocular dominance column c. firing of neurons in a number of different columns d. every neuron in an orientation column to fire, but not in the location columns 14. When looking at a scene, the different sections of d. tiling the scene are processed by many different loca- tion columns. Through the use of all of the location columns, the entire scene can be perceived. This ef- fect is referred to as _____. a. fielding b. orientation c. convergence d. tiling 15. Zghsx#8j, a visitor from another planet, is curious a. ablation about cars. She takes the battery out of the car, and finds out that the car won't start and the lights and stereo don't work. Her "research" is most closely related to the method called _____. a. ablation b. transcranial magnetic stimulation c. transcendental mediation d. microstimulation 16. Ablation is a procedure in which _____. c. a particular area of the brain is a. a radioactive isotope is injected into the blood- removed or de- stream and traced through the brain stroyed b. electrodes on the scalp are used to measure 4 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk changes in brain activity c. a particular area of the brain is removed or de- stroyed d. an electromagnetic pulse is used to temporarily disrupt brain activity 17. Object discrimination problem is to the _____ as a a. temporal lobes; landmark discrimination problem is to the _____. parietal lobes a. temporal lobes; parietal lobes b. parietal lobes; temporal lobes c. parietal lobes; occipital lobes d. LGN; thalamus 18. In Ungerleider and Mishkin's (1982) research, mon- b. discriminating keys who had had their temporal lobes removed had between objects difficulty _____. a. coordinating their movements b. discriminating between objects c. discriminating between locations d. remembering sequences of actions. 19. The dorsal pathway goes to the ______ lobe. c. parietal a. temporal b. frontal c. parietal d. occipital 20. The ventral pathway has also been labeled the c. What "_____" pathway. a. where b. how c. What d. Why 21. Which statement regarding the dorsal and ventral pathways is most accurate? 5 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk d. Both pathways a. Information flow is unidirectional in both path- have feedback ac- ways. tivation. b. The pathways rely on information from the same type of ganglion cells. c. The pathways are independent of each other and do not communicate. d. Both pathways have feedback activation. 22. According to Milner and Goodale, the dorsal stream c. how is the "_____" pathway. a. what b. when c. how d. why 23. A researcher finds that damage to Area A of the brain b. double dissocia- results in the loss of Function A, but not Function B. tion In another individual, damage to Area B results in the loss of Function B, but not Function A. These results are best described as a(n) _____. a. associative link b. double dissociation c. single dissociation. d. differential assessment 24. The results of the patient D.F., who had visual form a. perception and agnosia, show that _____. action are inde- pendent of each a. perception and action are independent of each other in the brain other in the brain b. the same brain areas are involved in visual orien- tation and oriented action c. the inability to draw items is due to a lack of general knowledge d. double dissociations do not occur in these pa- tients 6 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk 25. Ganel et al. (2008) designed a modified Ponzo (visual) d. that the illusion illusion in which line 1 appears to be longer than line only affects ventral 2, when, in reality, line 2 is longer. Participants are stream processing asked to judge the line lengths and to reach and grab the ends of the lines. The results of this investigation reveal _____. a. the interaction of the ventral and dorsal stream b. that the visual illusion affects both the ventral and dorsal streams c. the effects of damage to the ventral pathway d. that the illusion only affects ventral stream pro- cessing 26. A structure that is specialized to process information b. module about a particular type of stimulus is called a _____. a. lesion b. module c. Partition d. Pathway 27. The principle that specific functions are served by b. modularity specific cortical areas is called _____. a. Magnification b. modularity c. distribution d. segmentation 28. An IT neuron in the monkey will fire briskly when a. monkey's face presented a picture of a _____. a. monkey's face b. Tree c. banana d. human torso 29. Tsao et al. (2006) found that _____ of neurons in the b. 97% monkey IT cortex were face selective. 7 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk a. 12% b. 97% c. 70% d. 43% 30. An area in the _____ called the _____ is specialized a. temporal lobe; to recognize faces. FFA a. temporal lobe; FFA b. occipital lobe; RBC c. parietal lobe; FFA d. parietal lobe; area 4H 31. Prosopagnosia is _____. a. the difficulty in recognizing famil- a. the difficulty in recognizing familiar faces iar faces b. due to damage to the parietal lobe c. due to damage to the MT cortex d. the inability to detect movement 32. Activity in the PPA _____. d. is the same for pictures of fur- a. reveals a preference for indoor, but not outdoor, nished and empty scenes rooms b. is higher for pictures of empty rooms than fur- nished rooms c. reveals a preference for body parts over faces d. is the same for pictures of furnished and empty rooms 33. The EBA is activated by _____. b. pictures of bod- ies and parts of a. pictures of houses and other manmade structures bodies b. pictures of bodies and parts of bodies c. direct eye gaze from another individual d. tasks that require spatial information 34. Patient H.M. had his _____ removed in order to control a. Hippocampi his epileptic seizures. 8 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk a. Hippocampi b. IT cortex c. striate cortex d. corpus callosum 35. The primary deficit encountered by patient H.M. is c. form new best described as the inability to _____. long-term memo- ries a. discriminate between faces b. perceive different line orientations c. form new long-term memories d. use information from the "where" pathway 36. In the "Halle Berry" study, Quiroga et al. found that the d. concept Halle Berry neuron is best described as responding to the _____ of Ms. Berry. a. visual features b. face c. associations d. concept 37. Gelbard-Sagiv et al. (2008) monitored individual MTL c. try to remem- neurons while displaying video clips of a variety of ber the video clips stimuli. They were able to identify neurons that re- they had seen spond preferentially to a visual stimulus. Later, they asked participants to _____ and found preferential activation of the same neuron to the video clip con- cept. a. view pictures from various viewpoints b. view the same video clips, but with an altered color pallet c. try to remember the video clips they had seen d. draw a picture representing the video clip 38. _____ refers to the fact that the response properties b. Experience-de- of neurons can be shaped by what an animal or per- pendent plasticity son perceives. 9 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk a. Selective adaptation b. Experience-dependent plasticity c. Sensory integration d. Perceptual analysis 39. The _____ effect occurs because humans have more a. oblique cortical neurons that respond to horizontal and verti- cal orientations than slanted orientations. a. oblique b. transverse c. parallel d. box 40. After training participants on the recognition of a. as well to Gree- "Greeble" stimuli, Gauthier et al. found that the neu- bles as to human ron in the FFA responded _____. faces a. as well to Greebles as to human faces b. weakly to Greebles, but strong activity to human faces c. unpredictably to Greebles, and inhibited activity for human faces d. weakly to Greebles, and decreased activity to hu- man faces 41. Gauthier et al.'s Greeble finding is consistent with the d. Expertise _____ hypothesis. a. maturation b. oblique c. Rivalry d. Expertise 42. "Perceiving machines" that can negotiate the envi- d. have yet to be ronment with humanlike ease _____. developed a. were developed by computer scientists in the 1960s 10 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk b. were developed by computer scientists in the 1970s c. were developed by computer scientists in the 1990s d. have yet to be developed 43. Because perception is something that you experi- d. constantly ence ______, knowing about how it works is interest- ing in its own right. a. Intermittently b. when necessary c. when important d. constantly 44. The only way to see, hear, taste, and feel what you d. activating sen- want to experience is by _______. sory receptors a. identifying stimulus inputs b. discriminating among similar stimuli c. developing necessary cognitive constructs d. activating sensory receptors 45. Steven's auditory receptors were damaged failing to d. his auditory ex- use hearing protection when working in a loud envi- periences will dif- ronment. As a result, we can expect that _____. fer from those of an individual a. the areas of his brain associated with auditory whose receptors perception will have diminished considerably in size have not been b. he is almost certainly permanently and completely damaged disabled and likely to require assistance to live inde- pendently c. he will be unable to work without special support, such as the use of hearing aids d. his auditory experiences will differ from those of an individual whose receptors have not been dam- aged 46. Which of the following is the first category of the a. stimuli stages in the perceptual process? 11 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk a. stimuli b. neural Processing c. serendipity d. behavioral responses 47. The process of transforming energy in the environ- b. transduction ment into electrical energy in the neurons is called _____. a. refraction b. transduction c. reduction d. Construction 48. ______ is the step in the perceptual process that is d. Transduction analogous to what happens during an ATM withdraw- al, when pressure from button press becomes electri- cal energy, and then becomes a mechanical response resulting in the dispensing of money. a. Knowledge b. Transference c. Action d. Transduction 49. The specific term for the "stimulus on the receptors" c. visual image in visual processing is the _____. a. transduced image b. environmental stimulus c. visual image d. perception 50. The image projected on the retina is best described a. representation as a(n) ______ of the actual stimulus. a. representation b. environmental stimulus 12 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk c. replication d. scale model 51. Which brain structure is responsible for creating per- b. cerebral cortex ceptions and producing other "high" level functions such as language, memory, and thinking? a. brain stem b. cerebral cortex c. hypothalamus d. occipital lobe 52. Visual form agnosia is a problem of the _____ step of d. recognition the perceptual process. a. action b. attention c. transduction d. recognition 53. Which statement best describes the steps of the per- d. The sequence ceptual process? of steps is dynam- ic and constantly a. The steps are unidirectional, starting at the envi- changing. ronmental stimulus and ending at perception. b. The steps are unidirectional, starting at the envi- ronmental stimulus and ending at knowledge. c. The steps are unidirectional, starting at transduc- tion and ending at recognition. d. The sequence of steps is dynamic and constantly changing. 54. If a person sees the unambiguous "rat" stimulus, a. a rat, because and then views the ambiguous "rat-man" figure, the of the effect of person will most likely report seeing _____. knowledge a. a rat, because of the effect of knowledge b. a man, because we tend to see things that match our species 13 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk c. a rat, because of the effect of action d. a rat or a man equally 55. Justin forgot to wear his glasses to class so the c. top-down pro- writing he sees on the chalk board is blurry. Even so, cessing he is sure it says "Pop Quiz!" because he knows that there are pop quizzes in the class and he can read the "P" and the "Q". What allows him to read the board? a. bottom-up processing b. oblique processing c. top-down processing d. compression 56. _____ processing is based on the stimuli reaching the a. Bottom-up receptors. a. Bottom-up b. Oblique c. Top-down d. Receptor 57. Trying to read a note written by someone with poor c. both top-down handwriting involves _____. and bottom-up processing a. only top-down processing b. only bottom-up processing c. both top-down and bottom-up processing d. only data-based processing 58. The physiological level of analysis involves the rela- d. both tionship between _____. stimulus-and-phys- iology and a. stimulus-and-physiology only physiolo- b. physiology-and-perception only gy-and-perception c. stimulus-and-perception only d. both stimulus-and-physiology and physiolo- gy-and-perception 59. 14 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk Kimmy is casting shadows on the wall and watching c. the stimu- whether her cat Tiger jumps at the shadows or not. lus-perception re- She uses different hand motions to see if there is a lationship difference in whether Tiger jumps or not. Kimmy is informally studying which relationship? a. the stimulus-physiology relationship b. the physiology-perception relationship c. the stimulus-perception relationship d. the perception-behavior relationship 60. Cognitive influences affect _____ level of analysis. c. both the phys- iological and psy- a. only the physiological chophysical b. only the psychophysical c. both the physiological and psychophysical d. neither the physiological nor psychophysical 61. The psychophysical method in which stimuli of a. limits varying intensities are presented in ascending and descending orders in discrete steps is called the method of _____. a. limits b. constant stimuli c. searching d. scaling 62. When using the method of limits, the absolute thresh- d. the average old is determined by calculating _____. of the "cross-over" values a. the stimulus intensity detected 66% of the time b. the stimulus intensity detected 75% of the time c. the stimulus intensity detected 100% of the time d. the average of the "cross-over" values 63. The method of limits takes into account the variability c. averaging the of human perception by_____. results of a num- ber of trials a. consistently presenting subliminal stimuli to avoid 15 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk bias b. using deception to hide the true purpose c. averaging the results of a number of trials d. measuring brain activity concurrently 64. Fechner's and Weber's methods not only made it pos- a. determine sible to measure the ability to detect stimuli, but also mechanisms re- made it possible to _____. sponsible for ex- periences a. determine mechanisms responsible for experi- ences b. identify the subconscious rationales for the re- sponses c. provide scientific justification for introspection d. localize brain lesions responsible for poor perfor- mance 65. The smallest difference between two stimuli that en- b. difference ables us to tell the difference between them is called threshold the _____. a. necessary difference b. difference threshold c. discriminant equation d. determinant level 66. Based on the dark adaptation curve, you would ex- c. get smaller pect the absolute threshold to _____ as time in a darkened room increases. a. get larger b. remain unchanged c. get smaller d. vary unpredictably 67. One of the important limitations of the knowledge a. perception in- derived from determining thresholds is that _____. cludes far more than just what a. perception includes far more than just what hap- happens at the pens at the threshold threshold 16 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk b. the methods are based fundamentally on intro- spection c. the outcomes are of extremely limited reliability d. generalization from the laboratory to real life is not possible 68. Ilsa recently had a stroke that has damaged her ability a. recognition to name objects. Her neurologist shows Ilsa a pen and asks her to name what it is. This is best described as a test of _____. a. recognition b. Magnitude c. reaction time d. description 69. The game "Whack-a-Mole," in which the player must c. reaction time "whack" randomly appearing moles with a hammer as quickly as possible when they peek their heads out, is best described as a _____ task. a. recognition b. magnitude c. reaction time d. Description 70. Tina is a medical laboratory worker who is being d. description trained to read the results of certain laboratory tests. In this phase of her training, she looks at prepared slides and then writes a summary of what she sees. This task is best described as a(n) _____ task. a. recognition b. magnitude c. reaction time d. description 71. Which methods are used to measure the quantitative d. classical psy- relationship between the stimulus and perception? chophysical meth- ods 17 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk a. description b. the phenomenological methods c. reflection d. classical psychophysical methods 72. Fechner's psychophysical methods _____. d. are currently used to test a per- a. are important from a historical perspective only son's hearing and b. were developed in the early 1960s vision c. showed that mental activity cannot be measured quantitatively d. are currently used to test a person's hearing and vision 73. The first step in the procedure for _____ is to present d. magnitude esti- the participant a "standard stimulus" and assign a mation numerical value to that stimulus. a. Recognition b. Description c. phenomenological method d. magnitude estimation 74. The method of magnitude estimation yields a mea- b. perceived sure of _____ magnitude. a. objective b. perceived c. difference d. absolute 75. As a part of the interview process for his dream job - a. phenomenolog- quality control at a small, luxury chocolate manufac- ical report turer - Tony is asked to taste small pieces of chocolate and then describe what he tastes. Tony is most likely being asked to provide a(n) _____. a. phenomenological report b. magnitude estimation 18 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk c. adaptation curve d. absolute thresholds 76. The question "What do you see?" is asking about d. perception _____. a. sensation b. discrimination c. recognition d. perception 77. The question "What is it?" is asking about _____. c. recognition a. sensation b. discrimination c. recognition d. perception 78. Classical psychophysical methods opened the way a. an aspect of the for the founding of scientific psychology by providing mind methods to measure _____. a. an aspect of the mind b. neurological activation c. response bias d. multicultural effects 79. Nelia is riding in a car and notices that stationary ob- c. phenomenologi- jects closer to her move faster than stationary objects cal that are further. Nelia is using the _____ technique regarding perception of a stimulus. a. detection b. search c. phenomenological d. magnitude estimation 80. Michaela lives near the railroad tracks and often a. recognition hears the loud bangs associated with cars being added to trains. When a friend of hers is visiting, 19 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk the friend becomes alarmed at the sounds, wonder- ing what they are but Michaela is able to reassure her friend that it is a normal train-related sound. Michaela's _____ skills, at least in this situation, are superior to her friend's. a. recognition b. detection c. search d. adjustment 81. Abdel works for a company that designs adapted b. How do the chil- products to help people who have trouble grasping dren interact with items. Today he is meeting with children who have the crayons? difficulty grasping as a result of traumatic brain injury and has provided them with a supply of crayons that have been adapted in various ways. Abdel watches as the children color with the crayons. Which question is he most likely asking? a. How quickly do the children react to the crayons? b. How do the children interact with the crayons? c. How do the children describe the crayons? d. Can the children identify the crayons? 82. The _____ spectrum is a band of energy ranging from c. electromagnetic gamma rays at the short-wave end of the spectrum to AM radio and AC circuits at the long-wave end. a. light b. sound c. electromagnetic d. perceptual 83. According to Ludy Benjamin, if changes in physical c. there would be stimuli always resulted in similar changes in percep- no need for psy- tion of those stimuli, _____. chology a. the world would be unbearably complex 20 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk b. remediation of sensory deficits would be impossi- ble c. there would be no need for psychology d. the neurophysiology of perception would be clear 84. Hartline et al. (1956) selected the Limulus to demon- a. it was possible strate lateral inhibition because _____. to illuminate a sin- gle receptor with- a. it was possible to illuminate a single receptor out illuminating its without illuminating its adjacent receptor adjacent receptor b. it was readily available to him and was extremely easy to breed in the lab c. the Limulus eye contained more cones than rods d. the Limulus has excellent color vision 85. A receptor array in the Limulus is connected by the a. stimulate A with lateral plexus. Receptor "A" is located 5 receptors to 10 units of illumi- the left of Receptor "B." What stimulation will result nation in the greatest firing rate recorded from "A"? a. stimulate A with 10 units of illumination b. stimulate A with 10 units of illumination and stim- ulate B with 10 units c. stimulate A with 10 units of illumination and stim- ulate B with 20 units d. stimulate A with 5 units of illumination and stimu- late B with 20 units 86. _________: Limulus :: ________: human retina. c. Lateral plexus; horizontal and a. Horizontal cells; amacrine cells amacrine cells b. Amacrine cells; horizontal cells c. Lateral plexus; horizontal and amacrine cells d. Lateral plexus; rods 87. Human lateral inhibition is most likely accomplished c. bipolar cells by _____. a. end-stopped cells b. extrastriate cells 21 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk c. bipolar cells d. dissociative cells 88. Lateral inhibition has previously been used to explain d. the Hermann _____. Grid and Mach bands, and the a. the Hermann Grid only Chevreul illusion b. Mach bands and the Hermann Grid, but not the Chevreul illusion c. Chevreul illusion only d. the Hermann Grid and Mach bands, and the Chevreul illusion 89. The gray intersections in the Hermann Grid _____. c. support the claim that "per- a. are physically present ception is not the b. are explained by dark adaptation same as the phys- c. support the claim that "perception is not the same ical stimulus" as the physical stimulus" d. support the claim that what is learned in animals is not applicable to humans 90. In Hermann's grid, a possible explanation for why a. the amount gray areas appear at the intersections is because of inhibition right _____. at the intersec- tions is twice as a. the amount of inhibition right at the intersections is great as the inhibi- twice as great as the inhibition between each square tion between each b. the amount of inhibition right at the intersections square is much less than the inhibition between each square c. the superior colliculus responds maximally as you move your eye from intersection to intersection d. moving the eye creates a blur at all the intersec- tions 91. In Mach bands, the darker area sends _____ lateral a. less inhibition to the lighter area than the lighter area sends to the darker area. a. less 22 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk b. more c. the same amount of d. no 92. You can create a version of the _____ by illuminating b. Mach bands a light-colored surface with a desk lamp and casting a shadow with a piece of paper. a. Hermann Grid b. Mach bands c. Benary Cross d. illusory square 93. When _____, lateral inhibition can no longer account a. the lines are for the Hermann Grid. made curvy a. the lines are made curvy b. illumination is increased c. illumination is decreased d. the number of squares is increased 94. The inability of lateral inhibition to account for more a. physiological complex effects shows how _____. explanations may need to be modi- a. physiological explanations may need to be modi- fied by perceptual fied by perceptual results results b. physiological explanations rarely hold across species c. perceptual explanations are typically consistent across species d. what we learn from animals is rarely applicable to humans 95. The inability of lateral inhibition to explain some per- b. the cortex ceptual effects suggests that some contrast effects are based in _____. a. the retina. b. the cortex 23 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk c. the lateral plexus d. the macula 96. The area on the retina that influences the firing rate a. receptive field of the neuron is called the _____. a. receptive field b. amacrine region c. divergence area d. inverted fovea 97. A neuron with an excitatory center-inhibitory sur- a. only the center round receptive field will respond most when we stim- ulate _____. a. only the center b. only the surround c. both the center and surround together d. part of the surround 98. Most of the signals travel from the retina to the _____ b. lateral genicu- via the optic nerve. late nucleus a. temporal cortex b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. the superior colliculus d. the visual homunculus 99. Chad is reading when he sees an insect land on the a. superior collicu- corner of his book. He then makes an eye movement lus to look at the insect. The structure of the visual sys- tem that is most likely responsible for making this eye movement is the _____. a. superior colliculus b. extrastriate cortex c. optic chiasm d. parietal cortex 100. a. center-surround 24 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk Neurons in the LGN have _____ receptive fields. a. center-surround b. side-by-side columnar c. ill-defined d. ambiguous 101. The flow of information in the LGN is best described d. signals com- as _____. ing from the retina and the cortex to a. unidirectional, with signals going from the retina the LGN to the LGN b. unidirectional, with signals going from the LGN to the retina c. unidirectional, with signals going from the LGN to the cortex d. signals coming from the retina and the cortex to the LGN 102. The flow of information to the _____ from the _____ d. LGN; cortex; is greater than from the _____. retina a. cortex; LGN; retina b. LGN; retina; cortex c. retina; LGN; cortex d. LGN; cortex; retina 103. The Nobel Prize winners who conducted the pioneer- b. Hubel and ing research on the physiology of striate cortex neu- Wiesel rons were _____. a. White and Benary b. Hubel and Wiesel c. Mathers and Marshall d. Libby and Rizzutto 104. Graphing the response of a simple cortical cell re- b. orientation tun- sults in the _____. ing curve a. response compression curve 25 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk b. orientation tuning curve c. response expansion curve d. motion-directive sensitivity function 105. Unlike simple cells, complex cells respond best to c. moving stimuli _____. a. stationary spots of light b. small spots of light c. moving stimuli d. stationary lines of any orientation 106. ______ cells fire to moving lines of a specific length c. End-stopped or to moving corners or angles. a. Complex b. Simplex c. End-stopped d. Edge 107. As we travel farther from the retina, neurons fire to a. more complex _____. stimuli a. more complex stimuli b. less complex stimuli c. more intense stimuli d. less intense stimuli 108. The different types of cortical cells that respond to b. feature detec- specific stimuli are also known as _____. tors a. inhibitory cells b. feature detectors c. direct circuits d. signal detectors 109. A stimulus that contains alternating black and white a. grating bars is called a _____. a. grating 26 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk b. grid c. Boolean array d. Moire pattern 110. The difference in intensity between light bars and d. contrast dark bars is called a. orientation b. wave form c. phase d. contrast 111. To measure _____, the experimenter decreases the b. contrast thresh- intensity difference between the light bars and the old dark bars until an observer can just barely detect the difference between the dark bars and the light bars. a. Mach bands b. contrast threshold c. phase continuity d. brightness constancy 112. The results of experiments of selective adaptation to d. tuning curves; gratings with specific orientations can be related to simple cortical the _____ of _____ cells. a. lateral inhibition; simple cortical b. lateral inhibition; end-stopped c. tuning curves; amacrine d. tuning curves; simple cortical 113. When we view a stimulus with a specific property, a. selective neurons tuned to that property fire and will eventually become fatigued, an effect called _____ adaptation. a. selective b. refractory c. depletion d. massed 27 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk 114. _____ refers to the fact that the response properties b. Neural plasticity of neurons can be shaped by an animal's or person's perceptual experience. a. Selective adaptation b. Neural plasticity c. Sensory integration d. Perceptual analysis 115. Selective rearing refers to _____. a. raising an or- ganism in an envi- a. raising an organism in an environment that only ronment that only contains certain types of stimuli contains certain b. genetically manipulating the organism prenatally types of stimuli c. genetically manipulating the organism in the first month after birth d. presenting an array of stimuli to the organism in the first month after birth 116. When a kitten is exposed to an environment of just d. would have cor- horizontal lines, the kitten _____. tical cells that re- spond to horizon- a. would pay attention only to vertical lines tal lines, but none b. would pay attention only to horizontal lines to vertical lines c. would have cortical cells that only respond to vertical lines d. would have cortical cells that respond to horizon- tal lines, but none to vertical lines 117. In the 1990s, researchers discovered an area on the a. fusiform underside of the temporal lobe of the human cortex that was named the _____ face area because it re- sponded strongly to faces. a. fusiform b. cingulate c. geniculate d. occipital 118. c. IT cortex 28 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk Neurons in the _____ respond to complex stimuli, but not simple stimuli such as straight lines. a. LGN b. striate cortex c. IT cortex d. retina 119. Which proposed representational system is the least b. specificity cod- likely to actually be in place in the human visual ing system? a. sparse coding b. specificity coding c. representation by a small number of neurons d. distributed coding 120. _____ coding is the representation of a particular b. Population object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons. a. Specificity b. Population c. Extrastriate d. Sparse 121. Quiroga et al. (2008) studied sensory coding by d. using implanted _____. electrodes in the temporal lobe of a. ablation of the IT in humans epileptic patients b. ablation of the FFA in humans c. using implanted electrodes in the limbic system of college student volunteers d. using implanted electrodes in the temporal lobe of epileptic patients 122. _____ coding occurs when a particular object is rep- a. Sparse resented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent. 29 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk a. Sparse b. Selective c. Limited d. Specific 123. In _____ coding, a particular neuron might respond b. specificity to Jason's face, another particular neuron to Sam's face, and another particular neuron to Bill's face. a. identity b. specificity c. individuated d. experiential 124. Steps of the Perceptual Process 1. Distal Stimuli - Any object avail- able to be per- ceived. 2. Proximal Stimu- lus - The specific object observed. 3. Recep- tor Process- es/Transduction - Light pattern on the retina. Light energy is convert- ed to electric sig- nals 4. Neural Process- ing - Signal trans- mission to the brain. 5. Perception - Conscious aware- ness of the stimu- lus. 6. Recognition 30 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk - Identifying the stimulus. 8. Action - Interact- ing with the stimu- lus. 125. Elements of Signal Detection Theory 1. Criterion - De- cision point on stimulus presence (threshold). 2. Sensitivity (d') - Ability to distin- guish signal from noise. 3. Outcomes: Hit, Miss, False Alarm, Correct Rejection. 4. ROC Curve - Shows hit rate vs. false alarm rate trade-offs. Higher d', mean higher sensitivity, and more bowed ROC curve. 126. Recognition Matching per- ceived stimulus to stored knowl- edge. Influenced by top-down pro- cessing. 127. Psychophysical Methods 1. Method of Limits - Varying stimulus intensi- ty till response change. (grad- 31 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk ual increase/de- crease by the ex- perimenter) 2. Method of Con- stant Stimuli - Randomized stim- uli presentation. 3. Method of Ad- justment - Adjust- ing stimulus in- tensity till de- tection. (grad- ual increase/de- crease by subject) 128. Difference Threshold Smallest de- tectable difference between two stim- uli 50% of the time. Weber's Law: JND is a constant ratio of original stimulus intensity. 129. Magnitude Estimation - Linear Assigning num- bers to stim- uli based on perceived intensi- ty. Linear is in- creased propor- tionally (+10%) 130. Transduction Conversion of light to elec- trical signals by photorecep- tors(cones and rods). Rods for low 32 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk light, cones for col- or vision. 131. Action Potentials Electrical signal from ion move- ment across neu- ron membrane. (K+ and Cl- are inside cell, Na+ rushes in to +40mV) 1. Resting Poten- tial (-70mV) 2. Depolarization - Na+ gates close 3. Repolarization - K+ gates open rushes out (+40mV) 4. Hyperpolariza- tion - K+ gates close (back less than -70mV) 5. Resting Po- tential/ Refrac- tory Period - Na+/K+ pump re- stores (back to -70mV) 132. Grandmother Cell Hypothetical neu- ron responding to specific stimuli. 33 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk Part of specificity coding. 133. Modularity (FFA, PPA, EBA) Inferior Tempo- ral Gyrus (visual recognition) Medial Temporal Lobe (memory) FFA - Face recog- nition (prosopag- nosia) PPA - Processing scenes and spatial layout EBA - Responds to body images. 134. Specificity, Population, Sparse Coding Specificity Cod- ing - Single neu- ron represents an object. Population Coding - Many fir- ing pattern across neurons repre- sents object. Sparse Coding - Few neurons represent object, each involved in multiple represen- tations. 135. Diseases of the Eye Presbyopia - Age-related fo- 34 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk cusing difficul- ty. (needing eye glasses) Myopia - Near- sightedness, eye- ball is too long Hyperopia - Far- sightedness, eye- ball is too short 136. Accommodation Lens shape change to focus light on retina for near or distant ob- jects. Thinner for distant objects, thicker for near objects. Distant objects, lens flatten to re- duce bending. 137. Parts of the Eye cornea: provides more of the eyes focusing power lens: adjusts shape to focus light on retina (ac- commodation) retina: contains rods and cones for detecting light optic nerve: trans- mits visual infor- mation from retina to brain 35 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk 138. Convergence Convergence refers to multiple photoreceptor cells (rods/cones) sending signals to a single retinal ganglion cell. It balances sen- sitivity (light de- tection) and acuity (sharpness of vi- sion). 139. What is Dark Adaptation? Eyes become more sensitive to low light after be- ing in darkness. Rods regenerate photopigments. This is measured using a dark adaptation curve, showing how rods and cones con- tribute to in- creased sensitivity over time. 140. What is Light Adaptation? Eyes adjust to bright light by re- ducing sensitivity. 36 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk 141. Organization of Retinal Layers Layers: Photore- ceptors, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion Cells transmitting signals to the brain. 142. Double Dissociations In brain damage, when function A is present and func- tion B is absent in one person, and function A is ab- sent and function B is present in another. Presence of a double dis- sociation means that the two func- tions involve differ- ent mechanisms and operate inde- pendently of one another. 143. Organization of Visual Pathways Visual info travels from retina to LGN to V1. Ventral Pathway (What) - Object identity. Dorsal Pathway (Where/How) - 37 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk Spatial location and motion. 144. Feature Detectors Simple Cells - Re- spond to specific light orientations, bars or edges. Found in V1 Complex Cells - Respond to mov- ing light bars. Found in V1 and V2. End-Stopped Cells - Respond to corners, angles, or specific lengths. Found in V1 and V2. 145. Ocular Dominance Columns Vertical columns of neurons in V1, all of which re- spond to stimuli from the same eye. Uses both eyes for depth per- ception. 146. Ventral Pathway The "what" path- way that conducts signals from par- vocellular layers of 38 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk LGN, through V1, V2, and into the inferior temporal cortex. 147. Dorsal Pathway Where pathway that moves from magnocellular lay- ers of LGN, through V1, V2, and into the pari- etal lobe. 148. Simple Cells Respond to edges or bars of light at specific orienta- tions. 149. Complex Cells Respond to edges or bars of light that move in a specific direction. 150. End-Stopped Cells Respond to cor- ners, angles, or moving bars of a specific length. 151. Hypercolumns Each hypercol- umn contains neu- rons that respond to different ori- entations and in- put from both eyes, representing all aspects of a small area of visu- al scene. 152. Prosopagnosia 39 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk Inability to recog- nize faces, caused by damage to the FFA, in temporal lobe. 153. Topographical Agnosia Difficulty recogniz- ing places or land- marks. 154. Associative Agnosia a disorder involv- ing a failure in object recognition in which percep- tion seems nor- mal but the person is unable to link his or her percep- tion to basic visual knowledge 155. Parvocellular Pathway Processes color and fine detail. 156. Magnocellular Pathway Processes motion and depth. 157. V1 (Primary Visual Cortex) The first cortical area responsible for processing vi- sual information, handles orienta- tion, edges, and motion. Retinotopic Map: preserves spatial layout of retina 158. V2 40 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk Integrates infor- mation from V1 and begins more complex process- ing like contouring and textures. 159. V3, V4 Involved in pro- cessing form, motion, and shape/color. 160. Top-down processing Influenced by previous expe- riences, knowl- edge, and expec- tations in inter- preting sensory in- formation. 161. Bottom-up processing Building percep- tion from raw sen- sory input with- out prior influence. (data-driven per- ception) 162. Specificity coding Specific neurons respond to partic- ular stimuli, like a 'grandmother cell' firing only when seeing one's grandmother. 163. Population coding Objects repre- sented by pat- terns of activity across many neu- rons, unique firing 41 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk patterns for each object. 164. Sparse coding Subset of neurons active for each stimulus, unique combination for each, involving multiple stimuli. 165. Dark adaptation curve Graph showing improved light sensitivity over time in darkness, with cones initially dominant and rods taking over. 166. Blind spot Area on the retina without light-sen- sitive cells where the optic nerve ex- its the eye. 167. Filling-in mechanism The brain's process of fill- ing in missing visual information based on sur- rounding context to create a seam- less visual experi- ence. 168. Binocular vision The ability to merge visual infor- mation from both eyes to compen- sate for each eye's blind spot. 42 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk 169. Simple cells Neurons in the visual cortex re- sponding maxi- mally to specif- ic orientations of edges or lines in the visual field, revealing ocular dominance. 170. Ocular dominance The phenomenon where different neurons in the vi- sual cortex are se- lective for input from either the left or right eye. 171. Neural transmission Requires a bal- ance of inhibito- ry and excitatory signals to regulate information pro- cessing and main- tain proper neural function. 172. Psychophysics Provided methods to measure as- pects of the mind, allowing the quan- tification of men- tal processes like perception. 173. Orientation tuning curve Graphical repre- sentation of a sim- ple cortical cell's response to spe- 43 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk cific orientations of a visual stimu- lus. 174. Bipolar cells Cells in the retina that synapse with rods and cones, transmitting visu- al information to ganglion cells. 175. Isomerization The process where the isomer- ization of a single pigment molecule triggers a chain re- action leading to the generation of an electrical signal in the photorecep- tor. 176. Bleached visual pigments Visual pigments detached from opsin when bleached, render- ing the pigment in- active until regen- eration. 177. Ventral stream The visual pro- cessing stream re- sponsible for per- ception and recog- nition. 178. Dorsal stream The visual pro- cessing stream guiding action 44 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk and spatial aware- ness. 179. Visual receptors Contain visual pigment mole- cules in their outer segments, where light ab- sorption initiates the phototrans- duction process. 180. Ganglion cells Influence the ven- tral and dorsal streams, with par- vocellular cells for the ventral stream and magnocellular cells for the dorsal stream. 181. Magnitude Estimation - Response Compression When perceived magnitude is smaller than the increase in stim- ulus intensity. As intensity increas- es, the per- ceived magnitude increases slower than the actual intensity. (bright- ness may not show as much if intensity is maxed out) 182. Magnitude Estimation - Response Expansion When an increase in perceived mag- nitude is larger 45 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk than stimulus in- tensity. As intensi- ty increases, there is a fast increase in perceived mag- nitude. (i.e. the fear of a stimu- lus is greater than the actual inten- sity, pain, electric shock) 183. Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) A progressive de- generation of the retina that af- fects night vision and peripheral vi- sion. Hereditary, no cure, night blindness to tun- nel vision, to total blindness. 184. Macular Degeneration breakdown or thin- ning of the tis- sues in the mac- ula (center of reti- na), resulting in partial or complete loss of central vi- sion. Peripheral vi- sion remains in- tact. 185. Low vs High Convergence 46 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk High convergence occurs mostly in rods. Advantage: In- creases sensitivi- ty to light, helpful in low-light condi- tions. Disadvantage: Re- duces visual acu- ity, leading to less detail. Low convergence occurs mostly in cones, especially in the fovea. Advantage: In- creases acuity, providing sharp, detailed vision. Disadvantage: Re- duces sensitivity to light, making it harder to see in dim lighting. 120 rods - 6 cones in single ganglion cell 186. Visual Pigment Molecules Opsin - a large protein in photore- ceptors Retinal - a light sensitive molecule 187. Regeneration After light expo- sure, retinal and 47 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk opsin must re- combine to make photoreceptors re- sponsive to light again. 188. Five Major Cell Types in Retinal Layer Photoreceptors: cones and rods Bipolar Cell Ganglion Cell Horizontal Cell Amacrine Cell 189. Vertical System Includes photore- ceptors and bipo- lar cells that di- rectly pass in- formation ver- tically through the retina. Then reach the ganglion cell which finally sends information to the brain. 190. Horizonal System Involves horizon- al cells and amacrine cells, modifying vi- sual signals across photore- ceptors and gan- glion cells. En- hancing visual contrast. 191. Broca's Aphasia condition result- ing from dam- age to Broca's area, causing the 48 / 51  Exam I Study Guide: Perception and Visual Processing Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fn57tk affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly, but speech com- prehension intact. (frontal lobe) 192. Wernicke's Aphasia condition resulting from damag