Practical Research 2 Quantitative PDF

Topic 1 appropriate for research that approaches research problems that require quantification and measurement. Nature of...

Topic 1 appropriate for research that approaches research problems that require quantification and measurement. Nature of Inquiry and Research Objectivity: Quantitative research emphasizes objectivity, aiming to minimize bias and personal interpretation. It often involves structured Content Standards data collection methods to ensure consistency and reliability. The learner demonstrates understanding of the: Statistical Analysis: Statistical techniques are a cornerstone of 1. importance the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research. Researchers use various statistical tools to quantitative research analyze data, test hypotheses, and draw conclusions with a degree of 2. importance of quantitative research across fields, confidence. 3. nature of variables. Large Sample Sizes: Quantitative studies typically involve larger sample sizes to ensure the results are representative of the broader Performance Standards population being studied. The learner is able to decide on suitable quantitative research in different areas of interest. Generalizability: One of the main goals of quantitative research is to generalize findings from a sample to a larger population, increasing Learning Competencies the study's external validity. The learner: describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of Strengths of Quantitative Research quantitative research (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1). Breadth. With proper representation on the sample size, it is easier to illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields draw conclusions that can be generalized in the entire population. (CS_RS12-Ia-c-2). Objectivity: Quantitative research minimizes researcher bias, leading differentiates kinds of variables and their uses (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3). to more objective and replicable results since it relies on the interpretation of the statistical results. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Precision: Statistical analysis allows for precise measurement of relationships between variables. Quantitative research is a systematic and empirical approach to studying and Generalizability: Large sample sizes and rigorous methodologies analyzing phenomena using numerical data (through mathematics and enhance the potential for findings to be applied to broader populations. statistics). It focuses on gathering and interpreting quantitative data to uncover Efficiency: Quantitative research can efficiently gather data from a patterns, relationships, and trends within a population or sample. This method large number of participants, enabling a comprehensive analysis. employs statistical analysis to draw objective conclusions and make Replicability. Quantitative studies are easier to replicate than generalizations about a larger population. qualitative research. It may provide opportunity for the comparison of the consistency of the results if same methods were adopted. This type of research is also used in testing hypothesis and theories and is useful when developing quantitative models to predict future events and the Limitations of Quantitative Research: likelihood of its outcomes based on past events or scenarios. In example, its Lack of Context: Quantitative research may not provide a deep application has been manifested during the COVID 19 pandemic, when understanding of the context and underlying reasons for observed predicting new infection case, the efficacy rate of vaccines and medications, patterns. Use of tools like questionnaire may obtain a limited or pandemic-related survey and polls. During elections, we have anticipated the inaccurate information due to human subjectivity. standing of the candidates for national election. To simply state, the application Simplification: The focus on numerical data may oversimplify of quantitative research can be seen everywhere and is broadly applied in the complex social or human phenomena. field of education, social studies, economics, governance, business, sociology, Restricted Insights: This method may not capture the full range of medicine, and psychology. human experiences, emotions, and behaviors. Potential Bias: Even though efforts are made to minimize bias, it can Characteristics of Quantitative Research still influence the design, data collection, or analysis. Errors in the Measurable Data: Quantitative research relies on data that can be interpretation of the statistical result, or the statistical tool used may measured and quantified. This includes variables such as numbers, lead to faulty results. quantities, and measurements. Hence, quantitative research is  Emphasis on generalizability hinders the in-depth understanding of Step 4: Development of Data Collection Methodologies. This the causes and factors that influence a particular case. encompasses the selection of appropriate research design, sampling, data collection instruction, plan for data collection procedures and data analysis. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS Selection of the data gathering methods depend on the type of the variables included and the objectives of the researchers. Survey questionnaires are The difference between the processes involved in conducting a qualitative and often used in descriptive type studies although checklist, and rating scales are quantitative research is that, hypothesis/es is/are formulated. It is similarly a also used. Research instruments will be subjected to validation and pilot cyclical process, which begins and ends with a research problem, shown testing to establish its reliability. through the recommendations that the researcher/s offer/s. Step 5: Fieldwork (Data Collection/Experimentation). In this phase, the Identification of the actual data gathering takes place. Several procedures are religiously and Research Problem ethically followed to make sure that the credibility of the results will not be compromised, especially in an experimental research where human and Review animal rights and welfare issues are strictly observed. Reporting of Findings Existing Literatures Step 6: Analysis of Data. Once the data has been gathered, it will be subjected to mathematical and/or statistical analysis. Data processing can be facilitated through the use of electronic software like spreadsheet applications, Generating Conclusions Formulate SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and many more. There are and Recommendations Hypothesis different models and equations that may help guide the researchers in coming up with an objective interpretation of the results. Common statistics include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and regression analysis. Results are Analysis of Develop Data then interpreted based in the context of the research questions or objectives. Data Collection Method Step 7: Generating Conclusions and Recommendations. Conclusions are Fieldwork (Data drawn directly from the interpretation of the results of the statistical analysis. Collection, Experimentation) Results from the data gathered will be summarized and their implications, either theoretical, practical, and social significance, will form part the Figure 1. Quantitative Research Process recommendations of the researchers. Step 1: Identification of the Research Problem. In quantitative research, a Step 8: Reporting of Findings. It was said that a negative finding is still a problem may originate from an existing social issue, observation, or an finding. Communicate the results of the study even if it did not favor your anticipation or prediction of future need. It could also be that the researcher is assumption. Present the methods, and the processes used in the conduct of attempting to prove a theory or hypothesis. the study. Use charts, graphs, tables, and illustrations in simplifying the delivery of the findings. Step 2: Review of Existing Literatures. Literatures provide a comprehensive background of the research topic. In a scientific or clinical research for an TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH instance, there are published articles which may help the researchers reinforce their findings or provide a scientific reference that they may use in furthering Descriptive Research. This type aims to describe one or more aspects of an their studies. one or more groups, communities, and phenomenon without manipulating the variables. Step 3: Formulate Hypothesis. After identifying the variables that will be Example: A survey to determine the demographic information of the target investigated for comparison, correlation, or association, a tentative educative market (customer) of a particular product, and level of political participation of guess (hypothesis), may be formulated. In quantitative studies, hypothesis are community members in a particular barangay. often written in its null form like “there is no relationship between the parent’s educational background and the career decision-making of the students.” Correlational Research. The purpose is to discover, and then possibly Data Analysis: Quantitative research identifies correlations, patterns, and measure, relationships between two or more variables without establishing causal relationships to inform social policies and interventions. cause and effect. Example: Investigating the relationship between exposure to social media and 4. Criminology and Law: the political participation of HUMSS students, relationship between Crime Analysis: Quantitative research assists in understanding crime entrepreneurship competence and intention of students to start-up a business. patterns, aiding law enforcement in effective crime prevention. Legal Research: Data-driven analysis informs legal cases, policy-making, and Experimental Research. Involves manipulation of an independent variable to criminal justice reform efforts. observe its impact on the dependent variable, while controlling for extraneous (irrelevant or unrelated) factors. It established cause-effect relationships. 5. Business: Example: An action research of a teacher that investigates the impact of a Market Research: Quantitative data guides business decisions, from product new teaching method on the test scores of the students. Testing the efficacy development to identifying consumer preferences. of a newly developed vaccine by randomly assigning participants to either the experimental group (receiving the vaccine) or the control group (receiving a 6. Science and Technology: placebo). Experiments and Simulations: Quantitative research fuels scientific discoveries by enabling controlled experiments and simulations. Causal-Comparative Research (Quasi-Experimental). The researcher Data Analysis: Quantitative methods reveal insights in fields like astronomy, investigates the cause-and-effect relationship between variables, but lacks full chemistry, and physics, aiding research breakthroughs. experimental control. Example: Comparing the scores of sections of the students who received a 7. Engineering: new teaching method and those classes who did not. Design and Optimization: Quantitative research informs engineering design, materials selection, and optimization of systems. IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Performance Analysis: Quantitative methods evaluate the efficiency and ACROSS VARIOUS FIELDS reliability of engineered structures and products. Quantitative research plays a crucial role in advancing knowledge and 8. Information Technology: decision-making across a wide range of disciplines. Data Analytics: Quantitative research extracts actionable insights from vast datasets, driving improvements in IT systems and services. 1. Medicine: Cybersecurity: Quantitative analysis helps identify vulnerabilities and assess Clinical Trials: Quantitative research ensures rigorous testing of medical risks in digital environments. interventions, leading to evidence-based treatments. Epidemiology: Analyzing large datasets helps identify disease patterns, risk 9. Communication: factors, and trends for better public health strategies. Audience Analysis: Quantitative methods inform strategic communication Patient Outcomes: Quantitative analysis aids in assessing the effectiveness planning by understanding audience preferences and behaviors. of medical procedures and improving patient care. Media Effects: Quantitative research assesses the impact of media on attitudes, behaviors, and societal trends. 2. Education: Learning Assessment: Quantitative research evaluates teaching methods NATURE OF VARIABLES and educational interventions to enhance student learning outcomes. Policy Formulation: Data-driven insights guide curriculum development and Quantitative research involves the systematic collection, analysis, and educational policies for improved education quality. interpretation of numerical data to understand relationships, patterns, and trends. Central to this process are variables, which are key elements that 3. Social Science: researchers measure, manipulate, or control to study their effects on Surveys and Experiments: Quantitative methods enable researchers to outcomes. Variables provide structure to research and enable researchers to study human behavior, attitudes, and societal trends systematically. draw meaningful conclusions. Variable, to put in layman statement is something that can change and or can Example: Controlling the time allocated for studying to ensure it have more than one value. ''A variable, as the name implies, is something that doesn't confound the study technique effect. varies”. It may be weight, height, anxiety levels, income, body temperature and so on. Each of these properties varies from one person to another and also Level of Measurement has different values along a continuum. It could be demographic, physical or social and include religion, income, occupation, temperature, humidity, Measurement is the process of systematically assigning values to represent language, food, fashion, etc. Some variables can be quite concrete and clear, attributes of organisms, objects, or events. There are four scales of such as gender, birth order, types of blood group etc. while others can be measurement, each of which defines rules for assigning scale values to considerably more abstract and vague (Kaur, 2013). measurements. Types of Variables Statistical Data The independent variable (IV) is the antecedent while the dependent variable is the consequent. If the independent variable is an active variable then we manipulate the values of the variable to study its effect on another variable. In Categorical Numerical Variable Variable the above example, we alter anxiety level to see if responsiveness to pain (Quantitative) (Qualitative) reduction medication is enhanced. Anxiety level is the active independent variable. The variable that researchers manipulate or categorize to observe its Nominal effects on other variables. (cannot be arranged Interval Often denoted as "X" in equations. for any particular Zero is arbitrary order) Example: In a study on the effect of different study techniques on exam scores, the study technique/habit is the independent variable. Ordinal Ratio Dependent variable (DV) is the variable that is affected by the independent (can be arranged in Zero is not arbitrary variable. Responsiveness to pain reduction medication is the dependent order) and means none variable in the above example. The dependent variable is dependent on the Nominal: independent variable Categorical data with no inherent order. The variable that researchers observe or measure to determine the Examples: Gender (male or female), religion (catholic, muslim, INC), impact of the independent variable. ethnicity, yes/no responses. Often denoted as "Y" in equations. Example: In the same study, the exam scores would be the dependent Ordinal: variable. Categorical data with a meaningful order. Examples: Social class (Upper, middle, lower), Education levels (high Intervening Variable school, bachelor's, master's), survey response scales (strongly agree Are the links between dependent and independent variables. There to strongly disagree). are certain phenomena in which, without the intervening variable, there will be no observed significant effect to the dependent variable Interval: from the independent variable. In example, a study looking into the Numerical data with consistent intervals between values, but no true impact of a country’s government type and its support for LGBT rights zero point. may be influenced by that country’s level of freedom of assembly. Examples: Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit, IQ, Likert scales. Control Variable Ratio: A variable held constant during an experiment to isolate the effects of Numerical data with consistent intervals and a true zero point. the independent variable. Examples: Age, height, income, weight. Helps eliminate alternative explanations for observed results.  Uses of Variables in Quantitative Research Classifying. Variables play a principal role in descriptive research. Through variables, we describe the phenomenon or population we are studying. For example, you are interested in studying the academic performance of high school students in your school. Since outcomes can be affected by a number of factors, you could classify the student body according to demographical information – gender, age, educational level, and economic background. By classifying the data, you are providing all the necessary details that may be critical to your argument and study. Measuring. Variables allow us to measure the frequency, magnitude, and impact among others of a particular subject or concept. For instance, human development can be empirically measured. Through the conceptualization and operationalization of human development studies, organizations develop an index that measure different indicators of human development, significantly contributing to practical and theoretical applications. A. Nominal scales of measure represent only qualitative differences of Explaining. Variables allow one to identify the meaning, purpose, and use of the attribute of interest. That is, they categorize data based on type social phenomena. For example, you are studying factors that possibly trigger (i.e., political party). Nominal scales create a set of labels for an increase in immigrants in a particular country. By assigning values to certain categories (Democrat, Republican, Independent) that are mutually factors or phenomenon – such as the implementation of the immigration exclusive and to which participants are assigned. Nominal scales are policies and socioeconomic circumstances – you can see which situations led the weakest form of measurement because they assume equality to an increase in immigrants. By identifying particular variables and choosing among members of a particular category and differences between appropriate indicators, you can explain a particular phenomenon. categories. In addition, the numerical value assigned to each category is arbitrary. Assessing Relationships. Quantitative research tests theories through B. The values in Ordinal Scales represent relative differences in the assessing the relationships between variables. Variables are critical elements amount of some attribute such that the value assigned to someone or of the relationship between subjects and phenomenon you are investigating. something reflects its rank among the rest of the data. An example is Through hypothesis testing, we can examine which variables are related to U.S. News & Report’s “America’s Top College.” Unlike nominal scales, which and how these are related to one another. For example, you are ordinal scales indicate how much scores differ from one another. specifically looking at the effect of educational investment on economic C. Interval scales also reflect quantitative differences among data, but returns. You can test two variables: first, the Philippine budget allotment for unlike ordinal scales they assume equal differences in the amount of state universities and colleges (educational investment) as the independent the attribute being measured. Temperature measured on the variable; second, annual family income (economic return) as the dependent Fahrenheit scale is an interval measure because each incremental variable. Through hypothesis testing, you can assess whether human change in temperature (70, 71, 72, etc.) is the same. development theory is applicable to the context of the Philippines. D. Ratio scales are the most sophisticated form of measurement. There are equal distances between values on the scale and the scale has a References: true zero (0) point. That said, a score of 0 indicates a true absence of Kaur, SP. (2013). Variables in Research. https://sites.usp.br/rnp/wp- the attribute in question. This enables one to create meaningful ratio, content/uploads/sites/830/2020/10/complemento-aula-1.pdf such as “10 is twice as much as 5.” Interval scales cannot make these statements because their 0 point is arbitrary. Torneo, A.R & Clamor-Torner, H.S. (2017). Practical Research 2: An Introduction to Quantitative Research. Sibs Publishing House, Inc.: Quezon City Topic 2 Employability of SHS Graduates Cultural Preservation Initiatives of LGU Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem Content Standards The learner demonstrates understanding of: 1. the range of research topics in the area of inquiry; 2. the value of research in the area of interest; and 3. the specifity and feasibility of the problem posed. Performance Standards The learner is able to formulate clearly the statement of research problem. Learning Competencies The learner: design research useful in daily life (CS_RS12-Id-e-1). writes a research title (CS_RS12-Id-e-2). describes background of research (CS_RS12-Id-e-3). Recommendations Identified research gaps of authors, suggestion for parallel studies, states research questions (CS_RS12-Id-e-4). inquiry from colleagues, experts opinion. indicates scope and delimitation of study (CS_RS12-Id-e-5). cites benefits and beneficiaries of study (CS_RS12-Id-e-6). presents written statement of the problem (CS_RS12-Id-e-7). RESEARCH TOPIC Sets the initial impression of the study and effectively communicates the essence of your research. It serves as an important basis for formulating the research questions, identifying literatures that should be reviewed, narrowing down appropriate theories and frameworks, and planning data collection and analysis. Considerations in Selecting a Research Topic ✓ Time and duration for the conduct of the study Review and Readings ✓ Money or financial requirement Analyze scholarly articles and look for gaps in their research, browse ✓ Expertise / capacity of the researcher for literatures that presents relationships between variables, read ✓ Audience / participants newspapers, and other articles. ✓ Availability of literatures ✓ Accessibility to materials 8Rs of Research Topic Sources Reflection Reflection of social or contemporary issues, personal experiences, expertise and capabilities as a researcher, existing problems or future needs Example: Waste Management Practices  Reports and Data Reduction of Variables Government publications, institutional report and research data If you plan to replicate an existing study, you may create a research focused on one or two variable/s, which will be then identified with another set of sub-variables. Replication Studies which suggest for “a parallel or similar study to be conducted”, Relevant Theories and Models imply replicability of the present research. This can be done by Refer to theories and models that are related to your research interest. choosing a larger sample, selection of different research site/locale or repetition of a study conducted 10 years ago to validate its findings. In choosing a topic consider the following questions… Research Agenda Is the idea unique/new? Will it contribute to the body of knowledge? Consult the research agenda of your school, department or institution. (novelty) Who will be my respondents? Are they accessible to me? (participants/sample) Can I use both qualitative and quantitative methods in this study? (applicability) Will it cost us a lot of resources? (cost-efficiency) Can I finish the tasks within the time allotment? (duration) Is there a solution that I can provide? (output) GUIDELINES IN WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE ✓ Be simple, concise, brief and direct. ✓ Think of your title as a product brand. Should not be misleading, informative, and memorable. ✓ Limit word count to 12 to 15 except for conjunctions, articles, linking verbs, etc. ✓ Do not use negative or concluding words like effectiveness, advantages, impacts, etc. ✓ Avoid use of abbreviations, initialism, and acronyms.  ✓ Avoid use of highfalutin words, jargons, ambiguous, and technical terms. Formats One-part titles Based on main idea Relationship of Caffeine Intake of SHS Students in their Academic Performance Based on Intended Output and Methods Used Development of an Intelligent Autonomous Coffee Maker using Intelligent Control Methodologies Two-part titles Additional Context: Lessons from Running a Coffee Farm Business: Factors Influencing Coffee Farmers’ Decision to Engage in the Coffee Industry Temporal scope of research: A Comparison: Coffee Consumption of Gen Z and Millennial Groups Main approach used: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Motivational Reasons behind Consumer Choice in Branded Coffee Shops Methodology used: A Correlational Study: Performance of Coffee Production Among Young and Seasoned Coffee Farmers in Batangas Province Reminders: Drafted titles for topic proposal are working titles. Consider the time allotment, financial capability, experiences and capabilities of the researchers. Consider the methods, data analysis to be used. Consider the literatures to back up the findings.  GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY UNESCO, etc), within continents (North America, Asia, Africa), across continental regions (East Asia, South East Providing a solid background sets the stage for your research by highlighting Asia), national (country-wide research), and local (study it context and significance. conducted in your school, barangay, city) Clearly explain the historical, theoretical, or practical context of the Do not copy everything. You may use multiple or cross- research topic. citation in the discussion. Identify gaps or unresolved issues in the existing literature that your study aims to address. Example: Justify the importance of the study by demonstrating how it Actually, UNESCO (2020) found evidence that online technologies contributes to knowledge or addresses a relevant problem. negatively affect the schooling of the generation of students today. In Tips in Introduction Writing Asia, Tsui and Chao (2021) noticed an increase in the screentime Narrow down big concepts into chunks of smaller ideas. exposure of students which reduces their reviewing and reading Observe coherence and logical presentation of ideas. time. Use templates in organizing the introduction. In fact, in Netherlands, Brown (2019) found a link between student’s List down questions to facilitate ease in writing. addiction to technology and their attitude in learning. Meanwhile, Create an outline that will serve as basis for writing. among the problems observed by authors in the Philippines include poor implementation of tech-use policies and rules at home (Adajar Introduction Structure et al 2017), ease-of-access to mobile devices (Castillo and Mariano, Hook 2019), toleration of teachers (Mendoza, 2020). A catchy phrase or statement that will get the audience However, a study done in Bauan Technical High School by Agena et attention. It could be a research data, news report, remarks al (2020) indicated that students are able to focus in their academic from known personalities or experts, and quotation. engagement given that no cellphone policies are being enforced in the institution. Example: Filipino students ranked low in PISA for mathematics and science, Research Gap with 353 points and 357 points, respectively, against the 489 It indicates area of research that are intended for exploration OECD…. or improvement. This could be the identified limitations by the authors, given the complexity of their research. Some Identified Problem/Need had it presented as part of their recommendations. Relate the opening statement to the identified problem or Also, it may involve underexplored areas that have scope for need in your study. further research. Show connection by citing your personal experience or own Example: observation. Even if numerous studies have been conducted showing the Take note: Opinionated statements should be avoided. relevance of their topics to the present research, none of the authors Example: have identified the root cause that lead to the persistence of this Despite the efforts of the teachers and schools to improve problem. It could be that… mathematics and science instruction, students were observed to be heavily influenced by… Rationale Present the intention of the researcher. Data / Supporting Literatures Highlight how this study will help you in your future career or Show salient findings from other authors concerning the present specialization in school. problems that they have identified in their study. Explain the underlying reasons that prompted you to conduct Must present this part using CONTINENTAL APPROACH, to the study. show that the problem is not just locally experienced. Summarize the presentation of the necessity (why is the In using this approach, literatures are organized based on study needed), novelty (how or in what way is this one the original of the study (Research conducted globally (UN, unique), practicality (is the study practical to do in this time?,  beneficiality (who will benefit in this study?), usability (after GUIDELINES IN DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTIONS this, what will be the direction of your research? do you simply plan to stack your manuscripts on the shelves?). Note that a quantitative research questions revolve on the aspects that Use the following prompts in writing the rationale: can be measured and are requiring the use of statistical tools, usually The researchers, as would-be teachers, were triggered by prompted by “To what extent…”, “What is…”, “How do the respondents the fact that… assess…” The proponents were prompted to conduct this study to… It requires large population represented by a sample respondents. The researchers believe… A hypothetical question written in its null form is usually written, following The study intends to… The intention of the study the two set of questions containing the dependent and independent The present research aims to… variables. This study explores (you may use explain, describe, investigate, delve into) Key Considerations The researchers attempt to… Start with focus question words – “To what extent, How may, What is”. Keep the research focused on a single concept or phenomena. Reminders Avoid using the words such as “impact” or “effect” and directional Use third person pronouns (the researchers, proponents, authors) phrases. Observe recency of the dates of the literatures to be included (past Avoid conclusive words like “effectiveness”, “advantages”, “benefits”, as 10 years publication) these already suggest a result even if the study is yet to be conducted. Avoid opinionated statements. Use proper in-text citations (although this topic is to be discussed on Research Question Prompts the fifth week) Descriptive research questions How do the respondents describe… To what extent do the respondents… As assessed by the respondents, what are… What is the extent of manifestation of… What is the… How may the profile of the respondents be describe relative to (with respect to, as to, in terms of): Hypothetical research questions Is there a relationship between the X and Y? Is there a difference between the X and Y? How may the assessment of the respondents on …. be compared? Does the assessment of the respondents on … vary? NOTE: (Do not include the term “significant” as we are yet to know from the result of the statistical comparison or correlation if the relationship or difference is significant) Descriptive Question What are the factors that influence Filipino college students to strive for academic honors? Variable Academic efforts Group A sample group of 100 students from the Top 5 Philippine Universities  WRITING THE SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS Question How do youth members assess the programs and activities implemented by Sangguniang Kabataan? Guidelines in Writing the Scope and Limitations Variable Assessment of SK programs and activities Group Sample group composed of registered youth voters aged 15 to Scope 30 Recall your research question and problem statement. These aspects set the direction for your study. Correlational This part states the general aim, defines where and when the study was Question Is there a relationship between the parenting styles and conducted and who the subjects where, the time period, research site, socialization skills of the school-aged students? subjects/participants, context, and variables included in the study. It Variable Parenting styles (IV); Socialization Skills (DV) therefore presents the coverage of the study. Group Sample group of respondents aged 6 to 12 years old Limitations Question Is there a relationship between the behavioral intentions and Also known as the bounds, are influences that the researcher cannot acceptance level among Junior High School teachers using the control. UTAUT Model. They are the shortcomings, conditions, or influences that cannot be controlled by the researcher that place restrictions on your methodology Variable Behavioral intentions through UTAUT Model (IV); Technology and conclusions. Acceptance (DV) Characteristics of design or methodology that influenced the Group Sample group of teachers from Bauan West District interpretation of the findings from your research This may include constraints on generalizability, applications to practice, Comparison and utility of findings. Question Is there a difference between the assessment of Poblacion 1, It points out strengths and weaknesses of the research. 2, and 3 in the implementation of the Waste Management It may include the following methodological limitations like research Program design, sample size, lack of available data, instrument, time constraints, Variable Implementation of Waste Management Program limited literatures, access, duration, cultural and other type of bias, Group Sample group of household from Poblacion 1, 2, and 3 variables, and fluency in language. Question Does the satisfaction level of patients in public and private Delimitations hospital on the medical services vary? This section allows the researchers explain why certain aspects of a Variable Medical Services subject were chosen and why others were purposely excluded. Group Sample group of respondents from public and private hospitals These are definitions you set as the boundaries of your own, so delimitations are in your control. These are set so that your goals do not become impossibly large to complete. Examples of delimitations include research questions, variables, theoretical objectives that you have adopted, research instruments, and population chosen as targets to study. Example: This correlational research attempts to describe the relationship between the attitude of the students and the implementation of modular distance learning among Senior High School students of Bauan Technical Integrated High School for the school year 2022 - 2023. This will also looked into the challenges, issues, and coping strategies of the students in MDL.  STATING THE BENEFITS AND BENEFICIARIES OF THE STUDY Given the quantitative nature of this research, the use of survey questionnaire is one of its limitations. It will be participated by 255 students enrolled for the Guidelines in Writing the Significance of the Study said school year. It is therefore delimited to use of interview and observation. Students from other track and strand will not be included in this study. This section usually requires the researcher to describe the implication of his or her research to several audiences to assert its importance and potential You may use the following key phrases in writing this section such as: benefits to be gained from reading and using the study (Creswell, 2014, 119). “The coverage of this study …” “The researcher limited this research to …” There are several question that you may reflect on when writings this “The study covers the …” portion. These include the following. “The study does not cover the …” Who may possibly benefit from your research? “This study is focused on …” What crucial information can you bring? “This study is limited to …” What knowledge might they be interested in that they could get from your research? What possible impact can your research have on the existing body of knowledge about the topic? What practical implications does your research have? Will your research bring forth recommendations to policy and decision- making? Will your research have impact on practice? Useful Prompts Researchers may find the findings useful as… This study will encourage them to… It will also serve as basis in the study of… This study will contribute to… The study will provide… This study can help boost the… Through this study, students will become aware of… The results of this study will provide some insights and information on how they… References: Amorado, R.V., and Talili, I.N. (2017). Qualitative research a practical approach. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House. Henson, R.M., and Soriano, R.F. (2016). Practical research 1 qualitative research world of reality dissections. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House. Clemente, R.F., Julaton, AB. E., Orleans, A.V. (2016). Science in today’s world for senior high school research in daily life 1. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House, Inc. Torneo, A.R & Clamor-Torner, H.S. (2017). Practical Research 2: An Introduction to Quantitative Research. Sibs Publishing House, Inc.: Quezon City  School Bauan Technical Integrated High School Content Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature Level Senior High School MELC Presents written review of related literature and conceptual framework Subject Practical Research 2: Quantitative Grade Grade 12 Code CS_RS12-If-j-9 CONTINENTAL LITERATURE REVIEW MATRIX APA Reference Title Problem Statement Methods Salient Findings Research Gap List Citation LECTURE NOTES AND GUIDELINES IN LITERATURE REVIEW  School Bauan Technical Integrated High School Content Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature Level Senior High School MELC Presents written review of related literature and conceptual framework Subject Practical Research 2: Quantitative Grade Grade 12 Code CS_RS12-If-j-9 1. Depending on the institution, literatures may be categorized as conceptual literatures or related/research literatures, which may be classified to local and foreign sources. Example: RESEARCH QUESTION CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE TOPICS RESEARCH LITERATURE TOPICS 1. How may the economic profile of the fast food Topic 1: Economic Profile of the Fast food Any research or studies mentioning significant employees be described with respect to their: Employees findings about the economic profile of fast food 1.1. monthly income; employees. 1.2. nature of work; 1.3. job position; and 1.4. length of years? 2. How may the job productivity of the employee Topic 2: Job Productivity of Fast Food Employees Any research or studies mentioning significant be assessed considering the following aspects: (this should mention the four sub-variables findings about the job productivity of fast food 2.1. individual/personal factors; indicated in research question 2 employees 2.2. work environment factors; [individual/personal factors, work environment 2.3. organizational culture and policies; and factors, organizational culture and policies, and 2.4. training and development? training and development]) 3. Is there a relationship between monthly income, Typically, no conceptual literatures are searched for Any research or studies reporting a statistical job position, length of years and job productivity hypothetical questions. correlation between those variables and the job of the employees? productivity of the employees. 4. Is there a difference on the job productivity ofTypically, no conceptual literatures are searched for Any research or studies reporting a statistical the employees when grouped relative to their hypothetical questions. comparison of the job productivity and the profile? identified profile variables. 5. What capacity-building program may be Topic 3: Preparation of Capacity-building Any research or studies which presented the prepared? Programs process in developing a capacity-building program OR findings presented the impact of the capacity-building program in job productivity. Note: In writing the hypothesis and hypothetical questions, consider the logicality of the variables being correlated or compared. Not all demographic variables has to be correlated or compared.  School Bauan Technical Integrated High School Content Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature Level Senior High School MELC Presents written review of related literature and conceptual framework Subject Practical Research 2: Quantitative Grade Grade 12 Code CS_RS12-If-j-9 2. Literature review start from identifying the topics based on the research topic and research questions (check the example above). It will be then followed by identifying the sources, where you will be gathering the literatures. Next, literatures will be searched from online sources, libraries, and archives. The literature matrix may be used in conducting the literature review before you finally proceed to literature writing. 3. Consider the recency of the literatures (include only those literatures that were published for the last 10 years). Check the credentials of the authors and the website where the article is published to established its authority. Scan the material for possible bias and opinionated remarks of the author to determine its objectivity. 4. Review the literatures gathered by analyzing its content: a. Title that appears on the manuscript published. b. Problem Statement which may be obtained directly from the research questions, statement of the problem, or general problem statement. It may also be presented by the author on the last part of the introduction. c. Methods are seen on the research methodology section of the article. Obtain only the research design adopted, population/sample, description of the participants, instrumentation used, and tools used for statistical analysis and interpretation. d. Salient Findings are important findings that directly answer the research problem. Can be the most and least striking in results (highest-lowest mean values), highest or lowest frequency and/or percentage, etc. e. Research Gaps are aspects of research that can be further explored or investigated. It can usually be identified from the recommendations of the authors. Examples of the research gaps are the following: Research Topic: Motivation Level and its Influence to the Academic Performance of the Students Research Gaps Description Examples Theoretical Gap A theoretical research gap exists when there is a lack While there are numerous studies on motivation and academic performance, of comprehensive theories or frameworks explaining there might be a theoretical gap in terms of a unified theory that explains how the relationship between motivation and academic various motivational factors (e.g., intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, goal performance. orientation) inxteract to influence academic achievement. Empirical Gap An empirical research gap occurs when there is Existing research may provide mixed results on whether extrinsic motivators limited empirical evidence or conflicting findings (e.g., rewards) positively or negatively affect academic performance. Further regarding the relationship between motivation and studies are needed to clarify these relationships. performance, making it hard to make conclusions. Methodological A methodological research gap arises when there are The existing literature may rely heavily on self-report surveys to measure Gap limitations in the research methods commonly used motivation, which might not capture the full spectrum of motivational factors. to study motivation and academic performance Researchers could explore innovative methods, such as behavioral observation, to assess motivation more objectively. School Bauan Technical Integrated High School Content Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature Level Senior High School MELC Presents written review of related literature and conceptual framework Subject Practical Research 2: Quantitative Grade Grade 12 Code CS_RS12-If-j-9 Temporal Gap A temporal research gap emerges when there is a Existing studies may show a correlation between motivation and academic lack of research examining how the relationship performance at a single point in time. A temporal gap exists if there is limited between motivation and academic performance research tracking how motivation levels change throughout an academic year evolves over time. and how these changes relate to variations in academic achievement. Geographical Gap A geographical research gap occurs when there is a Majority of the literatures that you have gathered were conducted from other lack of research specific to a particular region or country and there are no studies performed in your locality or country, it location. represents a geographical research gap. Policy Gap This type of gap occurs when there is a lack of If a school district has policies that primarily focus on standardized testing and research that can directly inform policy decisions or neglect the development of motivational strategies or student well-being, there practical applications. is a policy gap that may hinder students' overall academic success. Interventional Gap An interventional research gap arises when there is While some studies suggest that certain teaching strategies or interventions can limited research on the effectiveness of interventions boost motivation, more research is needed to identify specific approaches and aimed at enhancing student motivation and, their long-term effects on academic achievement. consequently, improving academic performance. Moderating and A gap may exist in understanding the moderating or Researchers may explore whether variables like self-regulation, teacher support, Mediating Gap mediating variables that influence the relationship or classroom environment moderate or mediate the impact of motivation on between motivation and academic performance. academic success. Practical Gap A practical research gap pertains to the applicability While there may be research on motivation and performance in controlled and real-world relevance of existing research laboratory settings, there could be a practical gap in understanding how these findings on motivation and academic performance. findings translate to the complexities of everyday classroom environments. Practical studies in real educational settings are needed to bridge this gap. Knowledge Gap A knowledge gap refers to areas where there is Suppose there is limited research on the influence of teacher-student limited research or insufficient understanding of relationships on motivation and academic performance. In this case, a specific aspects related to motivation and academic knowledge gap exists, and further research is needed to explore this performance. relationship. Conceptual Gap A conceptual gap occurs when there is confusion or Different researchers may use varying definitions of motivation, making it inconsistency in the terminology, definitions, or challenging to compare and synthesize findings. Addressing this conceptual conceptual frameworks used in the literature related gap may involve clarifying and standardizing definitions and concepts. to motivation and academic performance. Population Gap A population gap arises when existing research If most studies on motivation and academic performance primarily involve primarily focuses on certain student populations, college students, there may be a population gap in understanding how these neglecting other groups that may have unique dynamics operate among primary or secondary school students, or among motivational needs or experiences. diverse demographic groups.  School Bauan Technical Integrated High School Content Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature Level Senior High School MELC Presents written review of related literature and conceptual framework Subject Practical Research 2: Quantitative Grade Grade 12 Code CS_RS12-If-j-9 f. APA Reference List Citation: Refer to the APA Citation Style Guide 7th Edition. You may access the copy of the document through this link: https://sites.google.com/d/1ImiQjE0mdtGegkvM40Rh77xT0-MwO8cF/p/1RvVfDSAqrhWJulCw0R_pJKVuylSOcD5C/edit. Access the CARES Page of the website – Research Electronic Books Sample: CONTINENTAL LITERATURE REVIEW MATRIX APA Reference Title Problem Statement Methods Salient Findings Research Gap List Citation The Importance The research problem in In a quantitative research The study highlighted the No local studies have been Steinmayr, R., Weidinger, of Students’ this study is to investigate study involving 345 11th crucial role of students' ability conducted in Batangas City which A.F., Schwinger, M., & Motivation for the relative importance of and 12th grade students, self-concepts in predicting speaks of the geographical gap of Spinath, B. (2019). The Their Academic various achievement various measures were academic success across research. Importance of Students’ Achievement – motivation constructs, applied to examine the domains, while indicating that While prior research has explored Motivation for Their Replicating and including ability self- determinants of academic performance-avoidance goals the impact of these constructs Academic Achievement – Extending concepts, task values, achievement. These had minimal impact on grades. individually, few studies have Replicating and Extending Previous Findings goal orientations, and measures encompassed Relative weight analyses examined them simultaneously in Previous Findings. achievement motives, in ability self-concept, task revealed that prior GPA was the one sample (knowledge gap). https://doi.org/10.3389/fps predicting academic values (including intrinsic strongest predictor of It aims to address the gap in the yg.2019.01730 Retrieved: achievement among 11th values, utility, and subsequent GPA, closely existing literature by assessing all https://www.fronti and 12th grade students personal importance), goal followed by ability self- motivational constructs and ersin.org/articles/10.3389/ in Germany. The study orientations (covering concepts, with intelligence, task academic achievement at the same fpsyg.2019.01730/full#B57 on aims to determine which learning goals, values, hope for success, and level of specificity, thereby avoiding September 28, 2023 of these motivational performance-avoidance fear of failure contributing to a the issue of mismatched specificity constructs have the goals, work avoidance, and lesser degree. For math and levels in predictor and criterion strongest influence on performance-approach German grades, prior subject- variables (literature gap). students' grades in goals), achievement specific grades were the most different academic motives (evaluating hope influential, with subject-specific domains (math, German, for success and fear of self-concepts and other and school in general) failure), and intelligence motivational factors also playing when considered (assessing overall, significant roles. Despite its alongside students' numerical, and verbal contributions, the study intelligence and prior aptitude). Academic acknowledged limitations and academic performance. achievement was gauged suggested future research using students' grades in directions, including exploring math, German, and overall motivation construct grade point average (GPA) interactions, alternative achievement indicators, and  School Bauan Technical Integrated High School Content Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature Level Senior High School MELC Presents written review of related literature and conceptual framework Subject Practical Research 2: Quantitative Grade Grade 12 Code CS_RS12-If-j-9 both before and after the diverse samples for broader study. insights. Prepared by: Practical Research 2: Quantitative Teachers