Types of Quantitative Research PDF

Unit 1: Nature of Quantitative Research Lesson 2 Types of Quantitative Research Practical Research 2 Senior High School Applied - Academic  Quantitative Research Quantitative research is defined as “a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables” (Cr...

Unit 1: Nature of Quantitative Research Lesson 2 Types of Quantitative Research Practical Research 2 Senior High School Applied - Academic  Quantitative Research Quantitative research is defined as “a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables” (Creswell, 2009). Quantitative research may either be correlational or causal. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 2  In general, quantitative research focuses on the following: collection of observable and Quantitative measurable data Research standardized data collection instruments statistical techniques in data analysis EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 3 Correlational Research Causal Research Correlational research Causal research looks at causes involves identifying and effects. relationships between A causation refers to “the two variables. claim that a change in one A correlation is “a variable creates a change in statistical measure of another variable” (Vanderstoep association between two and Johnston, 2009). variables” (Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009). EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 44 What is the difference between correlation and causation? 5  Correlational research looks at the following: whether an association exists between variables Correlational the magnitude of the existing Research association between two variables the direction of the association between two variables EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 6  Example: An example of correlational research is the relationship between hours of sleep and test scores among students. Based on the main focus points of correlational Correlational research, the following results are Research possible: There is no significant relationship between hours of sleep and test scores among students. Higher test scores are related to more hours of sleep among students. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 7  Correlational research is often used Application of in quantitative research in the correlational social sciences (e.g., quantitative research research in psychology, political science, economics, etc.) EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 8  In psychology, correlational research is used to look at patterns and associations of human behavior. Application of correlational An example is looking at whether there is research an association between the number of hours a student spends on social media and his/her academic performance. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 9  In economics, correlational research may also be used to determine what affects, or Application of is affected, by certain economic variables. correlational research An example is looking at the relationship between the foreign exchange rates and the credit rating of a particular country. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 10  In political science, correlational research may also be used to study whether an association exists between Application of different political variables. correlational research An example is looking at the relationship between crime rate and the number of votes a politician garnered during an election. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 11 Remember While correlational quantitative research can determine whether a relationship exists between two variables, it does not say that one variable causes the other. 12  Causal Causal research deals with cause Research and effect. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 13  Example: Examining the cause and effect relationship between a food ingredient and the rate of decay of a food sample. Causal Research A possible research study based on this example can examine how an additional unit of the food ingredient (cause) leads to faster decay of the food sample (effect). EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 14  Causal research is often used in Application of studying the natural sciences (e.g., causal research biology, chemistry, physics, etc.), but it is not exclusive to this field. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 15  In chemistry, causal research is applied in Application of the conduct of chemical experiments to causal see whether a change in the quantity of research one substance affects the characteristics of another substance. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 16  Survey Research Experimental Research Survey research is a Experimental research is aimed correlational type of at causation. With the use of quantitative research. the cause-and-effect logic, it looks at whether the This design makes use of application of a treatment, a questionnaire as its known as an intervention, main data collection tool. causes an effect on the sample being experimented on (Creswell, 2009; Leavy, 2017). EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 17 17 Survey Research Main components: Population Data analysis Survey Survey and and design instrument interpretation sample EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 18 Survey Research Survey design It may be cross-sectional or longitudinal. A cross-sectional survey acquires information at one point in time. A longitudinal survey acquires information at multiple points in time to compare, contrast, and assess changes in responses. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 19 Survey Research Population and sample A population is a general group of people with similar characteristics. A sample is a subgroup of the population that is chosen, either randomly or purposively, to participate in the survey research. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 20 Survey Research Survey instrument It is also called the questionnaire. It contains closed-ended questions with fixed answers that will be given to the selected sample. Survey questions may ask about behavior, attitudes/beliefs/opinions, characteristics, expectations, self-classification, or knowledge. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 21 Survey Research Survey question category Sample question Behavior How frequently do you use social media applications? Attitudes/beliefs/opinions What do you think about animal therapy? Characteristics What is your highest educational attainment? Expectations Do you plan to visit a coffee shop in the next two weeks? Self-classification Do you consider yourself socially aware of current events and issues? Knowledge Who is your student council batch representative? EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 22 Survey Research Data analysis and interpretation The analysis is both descriptive and inferential. A descriptive analysis provides a general report of the results of the survey which may include frequencies or average scores. An inferential analysis makes comparisons among the survey results to establish and explain relationships. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 23  Field of study Sample application of survey research Medicine Patient preference for consultation schedules Chemistry Most common chemical substances in high school laboratory experiments Biology Most common inherited genetic diseases among Application of males survey Psychology Collection of demographic data (basic research information) on experiment participants Political science Voter preference in presidential elections Economics Level of income per household Culinary arts Level of satisfaction for a particular dish Business Most preferred mobile phone brands EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 24 Remember The main components of a survey research are the survey design, population and sample, survey instrument, and data analysis and interpretation. 25 Experimental Research Experimental research is a type of quantitative research aimed at causation. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 26 Experimental Research Main components: Stages of the Respondents Variables Experimental Procedure Data analysis Instrumentation Experimental and and materials procedures interpretation EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 27 Experimental Research Respondents The respondents in an experimental research are selected and differentiated into groups. The experimental group receives the experimental treatment or intervention. While the control group does not receive an intervention, it is still a part of the experimental research to assess similarities or differences with the results drawn from the experimental group. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 28 Experimental Research Variables The independent variable is the treatment variable. It causes and explains the effect. The dependent variable is the outcome variable. It is the effect. It is the response to the application of or changes in the independent variable. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 29 Experimental Research Stages of the Experimental Procedure Actual Pretest Posttest intervention This is the stage This is the conduct This is the stage prior to the actual of the experiment or after the actual intervention. There the application of intervention. It is the is no interaction yet the intervention stage after the between the itself. interaction of the variables of the independent and study. dependent variables. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 30 Experimental Research Instrumentation and materials Different research instruments and materials are used in the pretest, posttest, or actual intervention stages. An instrument in an experimental research is used to record the observations at any stage of the experiment. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 31 Experimental Research Experimental procedures They differ according to the group studied and the actions done to the group. Pre-experimental design True experiment It studies and provides an It makes use of both experimental experimental intervention to and control groups whose a single experimental group. respondents are randomly assigned. It does not make use of a Variants of true experiments differ control group. according to the participation of the experimental and control groups in the different stages of procedure. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 32 Experimental Research Experimental procedures They differ according to the group studied and the actions done to the group. Quasi-experiment Single-subject design It uses both experimental and It only has a single individual as control groups. the lone participant of the experiment. It differs from a true experiment in that the The experiment proceeds by respondents are not randomly observing the individual at assigned into groups. different experimental stages and over time. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 33 Experimental Research Data analysis and interpretation Similar to a survey research, results in experimental research are analyzed in both a descriptive and an inferential manner. What sets experimental research apart from survey research is the overall goal of causation and not correlation. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 34  Field of study Sample application of experimental research Medicine Effectiveness of vaccines Chemistry Factors behind the speed of crystal formation Biology Effects of a new brand of fertilizer on the growth of crops Application of Psychology Psychological experiment on the effects of experimental cooperation on team dynamics research Political science Mock elections involving candidates with predetermined characteristics and effects on the number of votes won Economics Simulation of buy-and-sell trading Culinary arts Impact of a particular ingredient on nutritional value Business Pilot study on a new business concept EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 35 Tip Remember the difference between causation and correlation in distinguishing survey research and experimental research. 36 Remember An experimental research is composed of respondents, variables, stages of the experimental procedure, instrumentation and materials, experimental procedures, and data analysis and interpretation. 37 What other fields of study can quantitative research be applied to? 38 Practice Think of a relationship between two objects and/or phenomena. Identify whether the relationship can be analyzed through correlation or causation. EVALUAT ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN EXTEND 39 Correlational research looks at the relationship between variables. It examines the association, magnitude, or direction of the relationship between variables. Causal research examines the changes in variables following the cause and effect logic. It specifically looks at how one variable is either the cause or the effect of the conditions of another variable. 40