PR1 Lessons 1-3 PDF

Lesson 1: Introduction & Definition of Terms Mr. Cris Del Prado, LPT Arrange the words to form the definition of research. problem tools systematic looking at a with the potential used and empirical generalizations all to arrive at of the most valid usually from data conclusions way...

Lesson 1: Introduction & Definition of Terms Mr. Cris Del Prado, LPT Arrange the words to form the definition of research. problem tools systematic looking at a with the potential used and empirical generalizations all to arrive at of the most valid usually from data conclusions way  and the answer is … “It is a systematic way of looking at a problem with all the potential tools used to arrive at the most valid conclusions and generalizations usually from empirical data.” EMPIRICAL DATA - data based on observation, testing and experience “Did you know that… you’ve already done a research in your life?”  A B Issues on pollution, global warming, tsunami, 1.Subjects in the tornadoes, earthquakes, etc. Classroom Questions on values, opinions and policies of 2.Theories/Decisions which different organizations found in the need Empirical Support recommendation 3.Technological and Interpersonal reactions with the people around Science Researches you 4.Off – shoots of Other Study habits and motivation of second year Researches students on academic achievements Intelligence theories on learning and teaching SO… WHAT IS …  The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. An endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc by the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation. The process of gathering data or information to solve a particular or specific problem in a scientific manner.  Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve. We may already think we know the answer to our question already. We may think the answer is obvious, common sense even. But until we have subjected our problem to rigorous scientific scrutiny, our 'knowledge' remains little more than guesswork or at best, intuition. Why Research??????  Lesson 2: Purposes and Characteristics of Research Mr. Cris Del Prado, LPT Purposes of Research (Aims, Objectives, Goals)  Purposes of Research ▪ The definition of research says that it is purposive. ▪ It is mainly to preserve and improve the quality of human life. ✓ aim - service to men ✓ goal - the good of life ✓ objectives - satisfy man’s craving for more understanding  Characteristics of Research 1. Research gathers new knowledge or data from primary or first hand resources. ▪ puts emphasis upon the discovery of general principles ▪ entails careful sampling procedures, infers qualities of the entire population from those observed in the smaller group ▪ data is gathered NOT from printed or published materials  Characteristics of Research 2. Research is expert, systematic and accurate investigation. ▪ carefully planning the procedures ▪ gather, record and analyze the data with accuracy ▪ use of valid data-gathering instruments  Characteristics of Research 3. Research is logical and objective. ▪ constantly strive to remove personal feelings and preferences ▪ resist temptations ▪ seek only the data that supports the analysis ▪ emphasis on testing, rather than proving the hypothesis ▪ results are objectively recorded  Characteristics of Research 4. Research is carefully recorded and reported. ▪ patient and unhurried ▪ carefully defined terms ▪ well-described and well-detailed procedures ▪ limiting factors are recognized ▪ references are carefully recorded ▪ All conclusions, generalizations and recommendations are cautiously arrived at.  Characteristics of Research 5. Research requires an effort-making capacity and courage. ▪ must be conducted with much exerted effort ▪ needs much work, time and patience ▪ oftentimes encounter hazards and discomforts ▪ disagreement with colleagues may arise ▪ public and social disapproval  Lesson 3: The Scientific Method of Research and Collection of Data Mr. Cris Del Prado, LPT  SCIENTIFIC METHOD ▪ research is systematic ▪ follows the scientific method of research ▪ sequential steps  SCIENTIFIC METHOD ▪ Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting ✓ determine (recognizing) the problem ✓ forming a hypothesis ▪ Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies (RRLS) ✓ doing the library research ▪ Chapter 3: Methods of Research and Procedures ✓ designing the study ✓ developing the instruments for data collection ✓ collecting the data  SCIENTIFIC METHOD ▪ Chapter 4: Analysis, Presentation and Interpretation of Data ✓ analyzing the data ▪ Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations ✓ determining ✓ making recommendations for further research  THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD ▪ rigid control ✓ manipulation of the research variables things that vary in quantity and quality which are to be manipulated by the researcher age, sex, population, adequacy, efficiency kept constant or equal in certain research work  THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD ▪ objectivity ✓ there should be no bias or partiality in treating the results of inquiry ✓ the results should not be tampered with, whatever they may be  THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD ▪ systematic organization ✓ proper and accurate tabulation of data ✓ presenting the data statistical tables ready for interpretation  THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD ▪ rigorous standards ✓ serve a bases for evaluating the findings of a study ✓ should not be changed to suit the expectations of the researcher  DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES ❖ no “BEST” data collection ❖ every process comes with pros and cons ❖ suitable and practicality ▪ QUANTITATIVE DATA ✓ is counted and expressed in numbers ▪ QUALITATIVE DATA ✓ based on attributes or qualities  DATA COLLECTION METHOD ▪ OBSERVATION ✓ simple and unobtrusive way of collecting data ✓ gathering first-hand information ✓ gives the observer a holistic perspective that helps them understand the context ✓ effective because it is straightforward and efficient ✓ does not require extensive training  DATA COLLECTION METHOD ▪ SURVEYS / QUESTIONNAIRES ✓ a popular means of data collection because they are inexpensive and can provide a broad perspective ✓ can be conducted by any means ✓ often used when information is sought from a large number of people or a wide range of topics  DATA COLLECTION METHOD ▪ INTERVIEWS ✓ can be conducted in person or by phone ✓ can be structured (using a survey) or unstructured ✓ but it requires more time and money to plan and execute such as interviewer trainings  DATA COLLECTION METHOD ▪ FOCUS GROUPS ✓ a group interview of people who all have something in common ✓ provide same type of data in-person interviews ✓ add a social element and offer a broader understanding of why a group thinks or behaves in a particular way  QUIZ #1 – PR 1 PREPARE FOR A QUIZ ON NEXT MEETING. TOPICS: ❑ LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH ❑ LESSON 2 – PURPOSES & CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH ❑ LESSON 3 – METHODS OF RESEARCH