Practical Research H2 PDF

PRACTICA L RESEARC H2 PRACTICAL -RELATING TO WHAT IS REAL RATHER THAN WHAT IS POSSIBLE OR IMAGINED. RESEARCH -THE ACTIVITY OF GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT A SUBJECT  PRACTICAL RESEARCH -means actual doing or using of something rather than theories and ideas. -is research directed towards p...

PRACTICA L RESEARC H2 PRACTICAL -RELATING TO WHAT IS REAL RATHER THAN WHAT IS POSSIBLE OR IMAGINED. RESEARCH -THE ACTIVITY OF GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT A SUBJECT  PRACTICAL RESEARCH -means actual doing or using of something rather than theories and ideas. -is research directed towards problems which have a practical “day to day” nature. I. What is Research? RESEARCH -is derived from the Middle French “recherche” which means “to go about seeking”. -the earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577. -is the collection and evaluation of information about a particular subject. 1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s speculation with reality. 2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or theories. 3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness. 4. It is a process of inquiring. II. Nature of Inquiry 1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”. It is a problem solving technique. 2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by applying the different human senses. 3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death. 4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation. III. Investigation and Immersion  Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”. It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon. Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by him in detail. Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of “research” comes in.  IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research  Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or knowledge. Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system or method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge creation (a creative process) V. Purpose of Research 1. To learn how to work independently. 2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically. 3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something. 4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher- order thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying and creating. 5. To improve your reading and writing skills. 6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of gathering data and of presenting research findings. 7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination or strong influence of a single textbook or of the professor’s lone viewpoint or spoon feeding.  VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life 1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and findings by proving lies and supporting the truth. 2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and environment. 3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 1. Accuracy. It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, noted and bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledge. 2. Objectiveness. It must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations, predictions or conclusions. 3. Timeliness. It must work on a topic that is fresh, new and interesting to the present society. 4. Relevance. Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in a community. 5. Clarity. It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise and correct language. 6. Systematic. It must take place in an organized or orderly manner. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative Research data is numerical data that can be measured and analyzed using mathematical and statistical methods. It represents quantities, amounts, or values and is often used to identify patterns, relationships, and trends. Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical analysis like Pearson’s r, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for analysis. Since data is analyzed statistically, it is imperative that the data obtained must be numerical and quantifiable, hence its name quantitative research. Examples of Quantitative Data: Height and weight (e.g., 170 cm, 65 kg) Age (e.g., 25 years old) Temperature (e.g., 30°C) Sales revenue (e.g., $10,000) Test scores (e.g., 85 out of 100) Types of Quantitative Data: 1. Discrete Data – Whole numbers, countable values (e.g., number of students in a class). 2. Continuous Data – Measurable values with decimals or fractions (e.g., height, time, distance). Characteristics of Quantitative Research Quantitative research is commonly used in natural sciences research problems because of the following characteristics: 1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a large sample size. 2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses. 3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation through graphs, charts, and tables possible and with better conveyance and 4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less time consuming data analysis. 5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken. 6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For instance, a single survey form can be administered simultaneously to collect various measurable characteristics like age, 7. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking and decision making. 8. High Replicability. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions. Kinds of Quantitative Research 1. Descriptive design - Descriptive research is a type of research that focuses on describing a situation, event, or phenomenon as it is. It does not try to explain why something happens but rather gives a clear and detailed picture of what is happening. Key Features: It collects factual information (e.g., surveys, observations, case studies). It does not involve experiments or cause-and-effect analysis. It is useful for understanding trends, behaviors, and characteristics. Examples: 1. A survey on customer satisfaction in a restaurant. 2. A study on students' study habits in a university. 3. Observing traffic patterns in a city. 2. The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables. Data is collected by observation since it does not consider the cause and effect, for example, the relationship between the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement. 3. Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events and present conditions. The term “Ex post facto” which means after the fact, looks at the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two, there is no experimental manipulation in this design. An example of this is “How does the parent’s academic achievement affect the children obesity?” 4. Quasi-experimental design research: are most likely to be conducted in field settings in which random assignment is difficult or impossible. They are often conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment--perhaps a type of psychotherapy or an educational intervention. Example: The effect of a new treatment plan on breast cancer. 5. Experimental research is a type of research that tests cause-and- effect relationships by manipulating one or more variables in a controlled environment. Researchers actively change something (independent variable) to observe its effect on something else (dependent variable). Key Features: Involves experiments and control groups to compare results. Uses independent variables (what is changed) and dependent variables (what is measured). Conducted in controlled settings to minimize outside influences. Example: A scientist wants to test if a new fertilizer increases plant growth. Independent variable: Type of fertilizer used. Dependent variable: Plant height after a certain period. Control group: Plants without fertilizer for comparison. PRELIMINARY PARTS Title Page Approval Sheet Abstract Acknowledgment Dedication Table of Contents  TITLE PAGE The title of your paper should concisely state the topic of the paper and the variables or theoretical issues that are being explored in relation to the topic. The title should be about 10-15 words long and should be centered in the middle of your page. The title clearly indicates the title of the thesis, name of students, academic degree  APPROVAL SHEET This page includes the signature of acceptance of the faculty adviser, approval of the Chairman of the Committee and signature of the Members of Examining Board or Panel of Examiners.  ABSTRACT It is a short summary of your research paper. An abstract prepares readers to follow detailed information, analysis, and arguments of your paper. An abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to read the full paper. An abstract helps readers remember key points from your paper.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Enable you to thank all those who have helped in carrying out the research. Careful thought needs to be given concerning those whose help be acknowledge and in what order. The general advice is to express your appreciation in a concise manner.  DEDICATION A dedication is a message which is written at the beginning of a book.  TABLE OF CONTENTS Usually headed simply contents and abbreviated informally as TOC is a list , usually found on a page before the start of a written work. It should readily give the readers an analytical view of the substance of the thesis as well as the sequence of the CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEMS AND IT'S BACKGROUND Introduction Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Objectives Significance of the Study Scope, Limitations and Delimitations Conceptual Framework Definition of Terms  1. INTRODUCTION Discusses four (4) relevant ideas: ⮚ TOPIC or SUBJECT MATTER: define and elaborate using methods of paragraph development like classification and giving examples ⮚ IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC: Cite the role that the topic plays in your life and the benefits from it. ⮚REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC: emphasized what motivated you to choose the topic. ⮚PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: discusses the objective of the study.  II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ⮚ Consists of statements on what led the researcher to launch the study. ⮚ May have been generated by some empirical observations, the need to explore the problem and some other relevant conditions. ⮚ Describe as clearly as possible the problem intended to be addressed and refer to the relevant literature in the field. Clear reasons in pursuing the topic. Cite briefly the setting of the study with historical description, participants/respondents.  III. Statement of the Problem There should be a general statement of the whole problem followed by the specific questions or sub problems into which the general problem is broken up. Statement of the Problem This study attempts to sought answers to the following questions: 1. How the Public Market Vegetable Vendors of Malasiqui, Pangasinan manage their waste? 2. What are the materials used by the public market vegetable vendors of Malasiqui, Pangasinan in managing their waste?  IV- OBJECTIVES Objectives are the desired or expected ends to be achieved through the research activity that are not influenced by the judgment or personal bias. They describe the aims or goals, which expected to be achieved at the end of the research  V- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ⮚Present the contributions of research to various sectors (to field, society, government/organizations) ⮚Address theoretical and practical significance ⮚Explain in paragraph form addressing each sector in relating importance of the study findings.  VI- SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ⮚ State limits of the locus (location and sampling) ⮚ State the extent of mode of investigation (modus) ⮚ State limits of the subject matter covered (focus) ⮚ Weaknesses of the study beyond control of the researcher ⮚ State inability/restrictions of the study in generalizing the findings.  VII-CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework, on the other hand, embodies the specific direction by which the research will have to be undertaken. Statistically speaking, the conceptual framework describes the relationship between specific variables identified in the study. It also outlines the input, process and output of the whole investigation. The conceptual framework is also called the research paradigm.  IX-DEFINITION OF TERMS Defining important terms is essential to ensure a common understanding of key concepts and terminology is shared between the research, thesis and dissertation author and his or her audience, particularly if the term is unusual or not widely known.  CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Foreign Literature Foreign Studies Local Studies Local Literature Synthesis  Related Literature Information that you will read in Related Literature: 1. Ideas of each author must be stated. 2. Surname of author 3. Year of applications of the book. 4. Selected studies must also be categorized into foreign or local.  Related Studies The second component of Chapter 2 is the related studies which includes: 1. Ideas from the thesis/ dissertations read and have relations to the present study. 2. Thesis writers family name. 3. Year when the thesis/ dissertation was written. 4. Selected studies must also be categorized into foreign or local.  FOREIGN LITERATURE Foreign Literature consists of foreign or from another country news, information websites, and articles that gives great relevance to your Research or Study. Foreign Literature gives a foreign background, that are relevant to the people and is shared from the people often refers to public news articles which also showed necessary data to help determine and support the Research of yours. Foreign, if printed in other  FOREIGN STUDIES Foreign Studies are foreign researches, studies, thesis, surveys or any other methods of Research. International Studies (IS) generally refers to the specific university degrees and courses which are concerned with the study of 'the major political, economic, social, and cultural issues that dominate the international agenda’. If conducted in foreign land.  LOCAL LITERATURE Local Literature- are derived from our local news media or our own public government sites. Local literature is an informative booklet or other means of information that informs people about the local environment.  LOCAL STUDIES Local Studies- this refers to the researches and other studies that are performed in our own setting or country. If conducted in the Philippines.  SYNTHESIS Synthesizing simply means combining. Instead of summarizing the main points of each source in turn, you put together the ideas and findings of multiple sources in order to make an overall point.