Causes of Indo-PAK Conflict 1947 (PDF)

**Causes of the Outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani Conflict in 1947** Consider the criteria of Roots, Catalyst, Trigger +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Causes** | **1930s** | **1940-1947** | **Evaluation | | |...

**Causes of the Outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani Conflict in 1947** Consider the criteria of Roots, Catalyst, Trigger +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Causes** | **1930s** | **1940-1947** | **Evaluation | | | | | (Weigh/Compare | | | | | the Importance | | | | | of Causes)** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Clash of Indian | Indian | Indian | Long standing | | (secular) and | nationalism: | nationalism: | clashes in | | Muslim | | | Indian and | | (Pakistani) | Presence of a | -centred around | Pakistani | | nationalism | strong indian | principles of | nationalism can | | (Jammu and | nationalism | secularism and | be said to have | | Kashmir 77% | started as | liberal | been a root | | muslim, 20% | early as 1930s, | democracy → | cause in the | | Hindu, 3% sikh | with the Civil | | conflict, as | | and Buddhist, | Disobedience | India's push | the persisting | | with Azad | act against | for inclusivity | motivations | | kashmir under | Colonial rule | led to the need | from both | | Pakistani | | for the | parties to | | control being | Separation of | inclusion of | accede Kashmir | | 100% muslim) | Muslim and | Kashmir | and Jammu were | | | Hindu | | the seeds that | | | (Pakistani | -1940 lahore | allowed the | | | nationalism): | resolution = | conflict to | | | | the creation of | arise. | | | Muslims felt | a separate | | | | they were | muslim state | The | | | treated | was formally | ethnic-religiou | | | harshly, wanted | articulated | s | | | to have a | | significance of | | | separate state | Main clash: | Kashmir | | | --\> | ethno religious | reinforced the | | | "two-nation | significance of | conflicting | | | theory" | Kashmir between | nationalisms in | | | | the two: | building both | | | -Lucknow pact | | India and | | | (1916) and | - | Pakistan, | | | Government of | | fueling the | | | India pact | -kashmir was | pressure for | | | (1935) | the purest | Kashmir to be | | | | source of their | incorporated | | | → gave separate | culture, and | into the | | | electorates to | could not be | respective | | | muslims and | given up | countries, | | | provided | | sparking the | | | representation | - | contention in | | | in legislative | | the conflict | | | bodies = | | | | | reinforced the | | | | | idea of | | | | | seperate | | | | | political | | | | | identities for | | | | | Hindus and | | | | | Muslims | | | | | | | | | | -proposed the | | | | | idea of | | | | | Pakistan (which | | | | | incl Jammu and | | | | | Kashmir) as | | | | | early as 1933 | | | | | | | | | | Kashmiri | | | | | nationalism: | | | | | | | | | | -Kashmiris were | | | | | unhappy with | | | | | how the Dogras | | | | | (group of | | | | | people that | | | | | bought and | | | | | consolidated | | | | | Kashmir and | | | | | Jammu and other | | | | | states) treated | | | | | Kashmir as if | | | | | it was | | | | | conquered | | | | | territory | | | | | | | | | | → | | | | | discrimination | | | | | among the poor | | | | | was rampant | | | | | | | | | | -1932 first | | | | | political party | | | | | formed | | | | | | | | | | 'national | | | | | conference' | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Impact of | \- | -Cabinet | catalyst as it | | British | | Mission Plan | added onto | | decolonisation | | 1946 (failed) | tensions and | | (e.g., approach | | with both | exacerbated the | | to managing | | Indian National | conflict | | competing | | congress and | | | nationalisms; | | Muslim league | | | support of a | | rejection | | | Muslim homeland | | | | | and partition | | -Mountbatten | | | plan) | | plan on 3 June | | | | | 1947 | | | | | | | | | | → create two | | | | | seperate states | | | | | (india and | | | | | pakistan) based | | | | | on religious | | | | | stance | | | | | | | | | | -India gained | | | | | independence on | | | | | 15 August 1947 | | | | | | | | | | -Radcliffe line | | | | | announced on 17 | | | | | August 1947, | | | | | seperating | | | | | India and | | | | | Pakistan (gave | | | | | India rule over | | | | | Jammu and | | | | | Kashmir) | | | | | | | | | | →led to | | | | | pakistani | | | | | suspicions tht | | | | | India had | | | | | colluded with | | | | | the British | | | | | | | | | | →led to mass | | | | | migration | | | | | across borders | | | | | which incited | | | | | violence and | | | | | chaos = 15 | | | | | million | | | | | uprooted and | | | | | one-two million | | | | | dead | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Significance | [Strategic | | root cause as | | (strategic, | importance]{.un | | it was motives | | economic) of | derline} | | for rule over | | Kashmir to both | of Kashmir: | | kashmir | | India and | | | | | Pakistan | India: | | | | | potential | | | | | buffer against | | | | | China and USSR | | | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | | | Pakistan: | | | | | feared India | | | | | wanted to end | | | | | Pakistan | | | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | | | [Economic | | | | | significance]{. | | | | | underline} | | | | | of Kashmir: | | | | | Indus river | | | | | | | | | | India: Control | | | | | over headwaters | | | | | of Indus river | | | | | (in Kashmir) | | | | | allowed them to | | | | | control | | | | | Pakistan's | | | | | water resources | | | | | (political | | | | | leverage) and | | | | | allow them to | | | | | continue | | | | | irrigation to | | | | | the countries | | | | | northern | | | | | regions | | | | | | | | | | Pakistan: the | | | | | indus river | | | | | gave them an | | | | | indispensable | | | | | source of water | | | | | for drinking | | | | | | | | | | → the supply of | | | | | water could be | | | | | curtailed as a | | | | | means of | | | | | coercion by | | | | | other nations | | | | | vying for | | | | | control | | | | | | | | | | → without | | | | | water, Pakistan | | | | | would become a | | | | | desert and dry | | | | | up | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Issue of | | [Given that | trigger as | | Kashmir (e.g., | | Kashmir was a | these | | Hari Singh's | | princely state, | circumstances | | indecision over | | they had the | were what | | accession; | | right to choose | finally caused | | domestic Muslim | | which dominion | the bubble to | | revolt) | | to | burst, and | | | | join]{.underlin | force the | | | | e} | pakistanies to | | | | | invade Kashmir | | | | -Hari singh, | | | | | was hostile to | | | | | both the indian | | | | | national | | | | | congress and | | | | | muslim league, | | | | | BUT signed | | | | | standstill | | | | | agreement with | | | | | Pakistan on 12 | | | | | Aug 1947 → | | | | | ensured trade, | | | | | communication | | | | | was sustained | | | | | | | | | | → following 15 | | | | | Aug 1947 | | | | | independence of | | | | | india, Kashmir | | | | | became | | | | | independent | | | | | | | | | | → kashmir not | | | | | signing | | | | | agreement with | | | | | india aroused | | | | | suspicions | | | | | among all | | | | | parties over | | | | | whether india | | | | | had a secret | | | | | arrangement | | | | | over the future | | | | | of Kashmir → | | | | | increased | | | | | tensions | | | | | between all | | | | | parties | | | | | | | | | | [Rebellion in | | | | | Kashmir]{.under | | | | | line} | | | | | | | | | | -spring of | | | | | 1947: poonch | | | | | region started | | | | | agitating | | | | | against Dogra | | | | | rule | | | | | | | | | | -15 august | | | | | 1947: organised | | | | | revolt against | | | | | dogras, with | | | | | sympathy from | | | | | Pakistan | | | | | | | | | | \- Muslims felt | | | | | that the hindu | | | | | maharadja was | | | | | trying to purge | | | | | them | | | | | | | | | | -Muslims in | | | | | western Kashmir | | | | | revolted and | | | | | created azad | | | | | Kashmir | | | | | government in | | | | | response to | | | | | Hari singhs | | | | | indecisiveness | | | | | and his | | | | | inability to | | | | | address the | | | | | debilitating | | | | | situation | | | | | | | | | | \*22 Oct 1947: | | | | | Pathan | | | | | tribesman from | | | | | Pakistan | | | | | invaded Kashmir | | | | | → trigering the | | | | | outbreak of the | | | | | first | | | | | indo-pakistani | | | | | conflict | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ Causes and Progression of the start of the indo-pakistani conflict (1930-40s): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. **Development of the Indo-Pakistani Conflict (1947-1972)** 1. Analyse and evaluate whether each actor played primary or secondary roles in shaping the development of the Indo-Pakistani conflict over time. +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Actors* | **First | **Second | **Third | **Peace | **Primary | | * | Indo-Paki | Indo-Paki | Indo-Paki | Process 🡪 | or | | | stani | stani | stani | Simla | secondary | | | War | War | War | Agreement | actor?** | | | 1947** | 1965** | 1971** | 1972** | | +===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+ | Pakistan | -thousand | -continue | Pakistan' | establish | First | | | s | d | s | ed | indo-paki | | | of pathan | to claim | formation | LOC on 2 | stani | | | tribesmen | Kashmir, | was based | July 1972 | war: | | | crossed | as the | around | | | | | the | "complete | the idea | → changed | Primary | | | border | ness" | of a | the | | | | into | of the | state for | ceasefire | Second | | | kashmir | nation | the | line in | indo-paki | | | and | depended | Muslims | Kashmir | satani | | | seized | on the | | into an | war: | | | the town | integrati | BUT, east | internati | | | | of | on | pakistan | onal | Primart | | | Muzaffarb | of | had | border, | | | | ad | Kashmir | little | which was | | | | on 22 Oct | (muslim-m | commonali | indicativ | | | | 1947 → | ajority) | ty | e | | | | invaded | into | with the | of a | | | | srinagar | pakistan | west both | certain | | | | (capital | | culturall | willingne | | | | of | Following | y | ss | | | | kashmir) | the rise | and | on both | | | | | of | linguisti | sides to | | | | -Pakistan | president | cally | accept a | | | | needed | Ayub Kha: | with West | divided | | | | kashmir | | Pakistan | kashmir | | | | to build | -won | | | | | | national | clear | → east | → agreed | | | | unity | mandate | pakistan | to settle | | | | | in West | spoke | differenc | | | | -Followin | Pakistan, | bengali, | es | | | | g | BUTmargin | while | peacefull | | | | kashmir's | al | west | y | | | | accession | victory | spoke | through | | | | to India | in the | urdu | bilateral | | | | and the | east | | negotiati | | | | introduct | | → east | ons | | | | ion | → foreign | pakistan | | | | | of the | Minister | felt | \*BUT, | | | | indian | Bhutto | discrimin | saw the | | | | army, the | actively | ated | simla | | | | Pakistani | encourage | upon | agreement | | | | governmen | d | based on | as a | | | | t | Ayub to | language, | temporary | | | | explicitl | consider | culture, | end to | | | | y | liberatin | and | the | | | | committed | g | economic | conflict | | | | itself to | Kashmir | opportuni | | | | | liberatin | (encourag | ties | | | | | g | ed | (1960s | | | | | kashmir | him to | worsened) | | | | | from | leverage | | | | | | india | on | \*East | | | | | | Hazratbal | felt the | | | | | -agreed | mosque | west | | | | | to bring | incident) | neglected | | | | | dispute | + needed | them | | | | | to UN to | the | | | | | | mediate | country | → felt | | | | | | to rally | that the | | | | | -position | behind a | kashmiri | | | | | ed | common | issue was | | | | | the | issue | essential | | | | | conflict | | ly | | | | | as one | Rann of | a west | | | | | over the | Kutch | pakistani | | | | | status of | (area | cause | | | | | jammu and | near | (diff | | | | | kashmir, | indo-paki | responses | | | | | and not | stani | to | | | | | of | border) | tashkent | | | | | outright | clashes | agreement | | | | | aggressio | in april | ) | | | | | n | 1965 | | | | | | | settled | → | | | | | | in | dismissiv | | | | | | Pakistani | e | | | | | | favour → | of east's | | | | | | emboldene | complaint | | | | | | d | s | | | | | | them | | | | | | | | → | | | | | | Operation | exacerbat | | | | | | Gibraltar | ed | | | | | | (aug | by the | | | | | | 1965) was | ineptitud | | | | | | planned | e | | | | | | as a | in | | | | | | series of | providing | | | | | | attacks | aid to | | | | | | in an | the | | | | | | attempt | victim | | | | | | at | sof the 2 | | | | | | creating | natural | | | | | | unrest → | disasters | | | | | | failure | in the | | | | | | as they | east in | | | | | | had | november | | | | | | overestim | 1970 | | | | | | ated | | | | | | | the | \*Agartal | | | | | | willinges | a | | | | | | s | conspirac | | | | | | of the | y | | | | | | kashmiri | case | | | | | | locals to | 1968: | | | | | | rise up | | | | | | | agaisnt | -charged | | | | | | the | key east | | | | | | Indian | pakistaan | | | | | | governmen | i | | | | | | t | nationali | | | | | | | st | | | | | | \*From | leaders | | | | | | June | | | | | | | 1965, | -ayub | | | | | | Pakistani | quickly | | | | | | guerillas | gave in | | | | | | infiltrat | to | | | | | | ed | protests | | | | | | Jammu and | and gave | | | | | | Kashmir, | control | | | | | | but | to Yahya | | | | | | FAILED to | Khan in | | | | | | instigate | March | | | | | | uprising | 1969, who | | | | | | | delcared | | | | | | → | marshall | | | | | | Operation | law | | | | | | Grand | | | | | | | slam (1 | -he | | | | | | sept | promised | | | | | | 1965) | to hold | | | | | | | elections | | | | | | In the | and | | | | | | Tashkent | implement | | | | | | declarati | LFO ( but | | | | | | on | in | | | | | | (Jan | actuality | | | | | | 1966): | he was | | | | | | | unwilling | | | | | | Pakistani | to | | | | | | 's | concede a | | | | | | agreed to | basic | | | | | | withdraw | degree of | | | | | | from | autonoy | | | | | | territori | in eastb | | | | | | es | pakistan) | | | | | | they had | | | | | | | occupied | → | | | | | | | creation | | | | | | | of Awami | | | | | | | League | | | | | | | (national | | | | | | | ist | | | | | | | party in | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | pakistan) | | | | | | | led | | | | | | | by mujbur | | | | | | | rehman | | | | | | | who was | | | | | | | arrested | | | | | | | under | | | | | | | this | | | | | | | conspirac | | | | | | | y | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Awami | | | | | | | league: | | | | | | | called | | | | | | | for state | | | | | | | wide | | | | | | | non-coope | | | | | | | ration | | | | | | | on 7 | | | | | | | March | | | | | | | 1971follo | | | | | | | wing | | | | | | | ayub | | | | | | | khan's | | | | | | | refusal | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | recognise | | | | | | | the awami | | | | | | | league | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December: | | | | | | | war broke | | | | | | | out | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -25 march | | | | | | | 1971: | | | | | | | mujibur | | | | | | | arrested | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | pakistani | | | | | | | armed | | | | | | | forced | | | | | | | from west | | | | | | | cracked | | | | | | | down on | | | | | | | Dacca | | | | | | | | | | | | | | → mass | | | | | | | killing | | | | | | | etc | | | | | | | ensued = | | | | | | | mass | | | | | | | migration | | | | | | | across | | | | | | | border | | | | | | | into | | | | | | | india | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (9.8 | | | | | | | million | | | | | | | refugess | | | | | | | at its | | | | | | | peak) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | | | | | | | Novemner | | | | | | | 1971: | | | | | | | Following | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | pakistan' | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | increased | | | | | | | resistanc | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -pakistan | | | | | | | declared | | | | | | | state of | | | | | | | emergency | | | | | | | | | | | | | | → Yahya | | | | | | | khan | | | | | | | ordered | | | | | | | pre-empti | | | | | | | ve | | | | | | | air | | | | | | | strike = | | | | | | | rationale | | | | | | | for india | | | | | | | intervent | | | | | | | ion | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | India | -india | India | India was | establish | | | | needed | became | drawin | ed | | | | kashmir | more | into | LOC on 2 | | | | to | determine | supportin | July 1972 | | | | validate | d | g | | | | | the | to hold | the | → changed | | | | concept | onto | masses of | the | | | | of a | Kashmir | refugess | ceasefire | | | | secular, | | that came | line in | | | | democrati | → article | over the | Kashmir | | | | c | 370: | border. | into an | | | | state / | removed | Moreover, | internati | | | | feared | 'special | the | onal | | | | the | status' | indian | border, | | | | precedent | given to | politicia | which was | | | | of a | Kashmir, | ns | indicativ | | | | 'released | Jammu and | were | e | | | | kashmir | other | sympathet | of a | | | | would | princely | ic | certain | | | | encourage | states as | to what | willingne | | | | separatis | states | was | ss | | | | t | with | happening | on both | | | | movements | greater | and came | sides to | | | | and | autonomy | to | accept a | | | | result in | in 1954 | support | divided | | | | the | | east | kashmir | | | | breaking | Aligned | pakistan | | | | | apart of | the | | → agreed | | | | the | political | → May | to settle | | | | indian | structure | 1971, | differenc | | | | state | of | India | es | | | | | Kashmir | began | peacefull | | | | -gave | with | training | y | | | | Hari | other | and | through | | | | singh | Indian | arming | bilateral | | | | ultimatum | states | the east | negotiati | | | | of | | pakistani | ons | | | | acceding | → Pm | resistanc | | | | | to india | become | e | \*BUT, | | | | in | chief | movement | saw the | | | | exchange | minister | to | sima | | | | for help | | organise | agreemnet | | | | → | → | guerilla | as the | | | | formalize | President | war in | end of | | | | d | become | east | conflict | | | | within 3 | governor | pakistan | | | | | days → | | (successf | | | | | troops | \*signifi | ul | | | | | airlifted | cant | in | | | | | into | effort | hindering | | | | | srinagar | was taken | west | | | | | signaling | by India | pakistani | | | | | the start | to | governanc | | | | | of war | intergrat | e) | | | | | | e | | | | | | -india | Kashmir | BUT, | | | | | realized | into the | gandhi | | | | | war could | Indian | feared | | | | | only be | union so | clap back | | | | | ended | as to | → signed | | | | | once | prove the | bilateral | | | | | Pakistani | point | agreement | | | | | support | that | withsovie | | | | | for the | Kashmir | t | | | | | azad | had | union in | | | | | kashmir | acceded | case of | | | | | forces | and was | third | | | | | and | not part | party | | | | | pathan | of India | attacks | | | | | tribesman | | | | | | | could be | \*Indians | → | | | | | stopped → | gave up | embarked | | | | | sought UN | strategic | on tour | | | | | mediation | positions | of the | | | | | of | captured | west to | | | | | conflict | in the | garner | | | | | on 1 | azad | support | | | | | january | kashmir | in their | | | | | 1948 | region | cause | | | | | | and | (stopping | | | | | -position | backed | west | | | | | ed | down from | pakistan) | | | | | the | their | | | | | | conflict | demand | Following | | | | | as an | that | pakistans | | | | | pakistani | Pakistan | pre | | | | | endangerm | would | emptive | | | | | ent | acknowled | strike, | | | | | of | ge | india | | | | | internati | its | intervene | | | | | onal | responsib | d | | | | | peace | ility | | | | | | under | for | → in 14 | | | | | article | guerilla | days, | | | | | 35 of the | infiltrat | able to | | | | | UN | ion | force a | | | | | charter + | into | pakistani | | | | | refused | Jammu and | surrender | | | | | to deal w | Kashmir | | | | | | pakistan | | | | | | | on equal | | | | | | | footing | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \*Contest | | | | | | | ation: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -consider | | | | | | | ed | | | | | | | itself to | | | | | | | be in | | | | | | | possessio | | | | | | | n | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | kashmir, | | | | | | | by virtue | | | | | | | of the | | | | | | | instrumen | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | accession | | | | | | | of Oct | | | | | | | 1947 → | | | | | | | Pakistani | | | | | | | incursion | | | | | | | into | | | | | | | kashmir | | | | | | | was seen | | | | | | | to be an | | | | | | | invasion | | | | | | | of indian | | | | | | | territory | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -argued | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | since | | | | | | | accession | | | | | | | had been | | | | | | | signed, | | | | | | | plebiscit | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | should | | | | | | | not be | | | | | | | about | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | country | | | | | | | to join , | | | | | | | but | | | | | | | rather to | | | | | | | confirm | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | accession | | | | | | | → put | | | | | | | india in | | | | | | | advantage | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | position | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | The | | USSR: | USSR: | US and | | | Superpowe | | | signed | USSR | | | rs | | Soviet | bilateral | pushed | | | (the US | | increasin | agreement | for peace | | | and the | | gly | with | negotiati | | | USSR) | | developed | india to | ons | | | | | relations | protect | as they | | | | | with | them in | feared | | | | | India | the event | being | | | | | | of a | dragged | | | | | → 1955 | third | into | | | | | soviet | paty | direct | | | | | visit to | attack | clash | | | | | India | | | | | | | | US: cut | \*followi | | | | | → they | off arms | ng | | | | | reinforce | to | recogniti | | | | | d | Pakistan | on | | | | | India's | following | of | | | | | refusal | Gandhi's | bilateral | | | | | to be pit | persuasio | nature of | | | | | agaisnt | n | the | | | | | Pakistan | | conflict, | | | | | as equal | BUT, | the | | | | | | still | superpowe | | | | | → Vetoed | sent USS | rs | | | | | Pakistan' | Enterpirs | no longer | | | | | s | e | had to | | | | | proposal | to the | intervene | | | | | to | Bay of | | | | | | reavuluat | Bengal as | | | | | | e | a show of | | | | | | the | support | | | | | | indo-paki | to the | | | | | | stani | pakistani | | | | | | conflict | s | | | | | | in 1957 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \*soviets | | | | | | | had the | | | | | | | chance to | | | | | | | assert | | | | | | | themselve | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | as | | | | | | | mediators | | | | | | | amidst | | | | | | | US&UK's | | | | | | | hesitance | | | | | | | | | | | | | | → sought | | | | | | | to boost | | | | | | | relations | | | | | | | with | | | | | | | Pakistan | | | | | | | to curb | | | | | | | chinese | | | | | | | influence | | | | | | | (despite | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | support | | | | | | | of India) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | US: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pakistan | | | | | | | forged | | | | | | | strong | | | | | | | ties with | | | | | | | the US | | | | | | | due to | | | | | | | its | | | | | | | geostrate | | | | | | | gic | | | | | | | location | | | | | | | → | | | | | | | pakistan | | | | | | | offered | | | | | | | bases and | | | | | | | staging | | | | | | | posts to | | | | | | | US to | | | | | | | conduct | | | | | | | surveilla | | | | | | | nce | | | | | | | over USSR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Signed | | | | | | | defence | | | | | | | agreement | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | + | | | | | | | membershi | | | | | | | p | | | | | | | in both | | | | | | | SEATO | | | | | | | (1954) | | | | | | | and CENTO | | | | | | | (1955) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Forged | | | | | | | ties with | | | | | | | china on | | | | | | | the basis | | | | | | | of a | | | | | | | common | | | | | | | enemy ( | | | | | | | Pakistani | | | | | | | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \*US and | | | | | | | UK | | | | | | | imposed | | | | | | | arms | | | | | | | embargoes | | | | | | | on the | | | | | | | sub-conti | | | | | | | nent | | | | | | | to get | | | | | | | them to | | | | | | | stop | | | | | | | fighting | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BUT, were | | | | | | | hesitant | | | | | | | to play | | | | | | | mediator | | | | | | | (US more | | | | | | | concerned | | | | | | | with | | | | | | | Arab-isra | | | | | | | eli | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | Vietnam) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NOTE: NOT | | | | | | | SUPERPOWE | | | | | | | R | | | | | | | | | | | | | | China: | | | | | | | forged | | | | | | | ties with | | | | | | | Pakistan | | | | | | | amidst | | | | | | | worsening | | | | | | | china-ind | | | | | | | ia | | | | | | | ties | | | | | | | (contest | | | | | | | over | | | | | | | border | | | | | | | along | | | | | | | Aksai | | | | | | | Chin | | | | | | | Plateau) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | → | | | | | | | reinforce | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | a general | | | | | | | friendlin | | | | | | | ess | | | | | | | (common | | | | | | | enemy) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | → defeat | | | | | | | of India | | | | | | | to china | | | | | | | made them | | | | | | | seem weak | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \*applied | | | | | | | external | | | | | | | pressure, | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | deliverin | | | | | | | g | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | three-day | | | | | | | ultimatum | | | | | | | on 17 | | | | | | | September | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | threatene | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | grave | | | | | | | consequen | | | | | | | ces | | | | | | | unlesss | | | | | | | India | | | | | | | dismantle | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | fortifica | | | | | | | tions | | | | | | | it had | | | | | | | made in | | | | | | | their | | | | | | | border | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | The UN | -UNSC | Pressure | \- | Largely | | | | establish | imposed | | remained | | | | ed | by US, Uk | | a | | | | the UNCIP | and China | | bystander | | | | to carry | was | | in | | | | out | reinforce | | proceedin | | | | mediatory | d | | gs | | | | influence | by UN, | | with | | | | on 20 | with both | | little to | | | | january | party | | no | | | | 1948 | leaders | | involveme | | | | | (ayub and | | nt | | | | -resoluti | Shastri) | | | | | | on | being | | | | | | on 21 Apr | engaged | | | | | | 1948: | by | | | | | | Pakistani | Secretary | | | | | | outsiders | -General | | | | | | (pathan | U Thant | | | | | | tribesmen | | | | | | | and P | -20 sept | | | | | | nationals | 1965: | | | | | | ) | UNSC | | | | | | had to be | passed | | | | | | withdrawn | resolutio | | | | | | + India | n | | | | | | had to | demanding | | | | | | reduce | that they | | | | | | its | called | | | | | | forces to | for a | | | | | | minimum | ceasefire | | | | | | strength | | | | | | | → | → | | | | | | plebiscit | declared | | | | | | e | on 23 | | | | | | to be | septembe | | | | | | held | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -13 | | | | | | | August | | | | | | | 1948: | | | | | | | restated | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | Kashmiri | | | | | | | people | | | | | | | should | | | | | | | decide | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | country | | | | | | | to join | | | | | | | | | | | | | | → meant | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | Pakistan | | | | | | | seen as | | | | | | | equal to | | | | | | | India + | | | | | | | reinforce | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | importanc | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | kashmiri | | | | | | | people in | | | | | | | deciding | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -suggeste | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | possibili | | | | | | | ty | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | arbitrati | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | internati | | | | | | | onal | | | | | | | tribunal | | | | | | | in Aug | | | | | | | 1949, BUT | | | | | | | rejected | | | | | | | by india | | | | | | | as they | | | | | | | refused | | | | | | | to be | | | | | | | seen as | | | | | | | equal to | | | | | | | "perpetra | | | | | | | tors" | | | | | | | Pakistan | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ 2. Analyse and evaluate the factors contributing to the recurrence of war over time. **Factors** **First Indo-Pakistani War 1947** **Second Indo-Pakistani War 1965** **Third Indo-Pakistani War 1971** **What was driving recurrence of war?** ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- Pakistani interests Indian interests Superpower rivalry in the Cold War Failure of peace initiatives (e.g., UN intervention) Other factors? 3. Analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of attempts at managing the Indo-Pakistani Conflict over time. **Attempts at Management** **First Indo-Pakistani War 1947** **Second Indo-Pakistani War 1965** **Third Indo-Pakistani War 1971** **Effectiveness?** -------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- -------------------- Superpower intervention and diplomacy UN intervention (e.g., UNSC resolutions and UN peacekeeping) Bilateral (India and Pakistani) peace negotiations Others?