Pre-1919 Construction Materials & Practices PDF

Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering PowerPoint presentation Unit 202: Changing practices over time PowerPoint 1 : Know the changes in construction pressures and materials over time Copyright © 2021 C...

Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering PowerPoint presentation Unit 202: Changing practices over time PowerPoint 1 : Know the changes in construction pressures and materials over time Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Sourcing and Use of Construction Resources: Prior to 1919, construction practices heavily relied on locally sourced materials due to transportation constraints. The limited availability and high cost of long-distance transportation made it impractical to import construction materials from distant regions. As a result, builders had to make use of materials that were readily available within their local vicinity. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Sourcing and Use of Construction Resources: One significant aspect of pre-1919 construction was the dominance of stone as a primary building material. Various types of stone were commonly used in different regions depending on their local geology. These stones were quarried locally, cut into blocks or slabs, and used for constructing foundations, walls, and even decorative elements in buildings. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Limestone sandstone granite slate Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Slate was a material widely used, particularly for roofing. Regions abundant in slate deposits, such as Wales in the United Kingdom, saw the extensive use of slate tiles for durable and weather-resistant roofs Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Timber was also a crucial construction material, particularly for framing structures and creating interior features. The availability of different types of timber varied from region to region based on the local forests. Builders utilized timber for beams, trusses, flooring, doors, windows, and decorative elements. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Earth was yet another commonly used material in pre-1919 construction. In areas where stone or timber resources were limited, builders would often turn to earth-based construction techniques. This included using rammed earth, adobe, cob, or wattle and daub methods for constructing walls, particularly in rural or less affluent areas Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction To bind these various materials together, different types of mortars and binders were employed. Quicklime, obtained by heating limestone, was a widely used binder. It was mixed with sand and water to create lime mortar, which provided a strong and durable bond between stones or bricks. Lime mortar offered flexibility and allowed for some movement in the structure, which was beneficial in regions with seismic activity. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Hot lime also known as hydraulic lime, was another type of binder used in construction. It was produced by heating limestone with a higher clay content. Hot lime mortars had the ability to set and harden underwater or in damp conditions, making them suitable for areas with high humidity or water exposure. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction The specific types of mortars and binders used varied based on regional traditions, local materials, and the intended application. The availability and characteristics of these materials played a significant role in shaping the architectural styles and construction techniques of different regions prior to 1919 Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Internal Finishes Plaster Timber Panelling Wallpaper Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Internal Finishes Plaster: Plaster was a common internal finish used on walls and ceilings. It was applied in layers and could be left plain or decorated with ornate designs. Plaster provided a smooth and durable surface for painting or wallpapering. Timber Paneling: Timber paneling was often used in grander buildings to add warmth and elegance to interiors. It involved the installation of wooden panels on walls, which were often intricately carved or molded. Wallpaper: Wallpaper became popular during the 19th century and was widely used to cover walls. It came in various patterns and designs, ranging from simple to highly intricate, providing decorative finishes to interior spaces. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction External Finishes: Stone Slate Timber Earth Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction External Finishes: Stone: Stone was a common material used for external finishes, particularly in grand buildings and public structures. Different types of stone, such as limestone, sandstone, and granite, were used based on regional availability. Stone finishes provided durability and a sense of grandeur. Slate: Slate was often used as a roofing material due to its natural resistance to weathering. It also found use as external cladding on walls, adding a distinctive and visually appealing finish to buildings. Timber: Timber was used as an external finish in the form of timber shingles or weatherboarding. It provided a warm and traditional appearance to buildings, particularly in rural areas. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction External Finishes: Earth: In some regions, earth-based finishes were employed, such as clay or mud plaster. These finishes were often seen in vernacular or traditional buildings, providing a natural and locally available option for external finishes. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction The diverse architectural styles of pre-1919 buildings contributed to a wide range of finishes. These styles included Victorian Gothic Revival Edwardian, Arts and Crafts, and more. Each style had its unique characteristics, and finishes were chosen to complement the architectural design. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Victorian Steeply pitched roofs Painted brick, either colorful or plain Ornate gables Painted iron railings Rooftop finials that resemble a church Sliding sash and canted bay windows Octagonal or round towers and turrets to draw the eye upward Complicated and extravagant ornamentation, both inside and1 of 12 Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. outside Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Gothic Revival Oriel windows and Pointed arches and spires asymmetrical floor plan Dark and brooding appearance Intricate and decorative detailing Tall, vertical emphasis and large windows Steep gables with trims or ornaments Grouped chimneys and pinnacles Battlements and shaped parapets Leaded, tracery, quatrefoil, and clover- shaped windows Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Edwardian Simple internal decorative features Red brickwork Mock-Tudor cladding and timbers Wooden framed porches Spacious hallways Ample and bright rooms Grand parquet wood flooring Geometric floor tiles Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Pre-1919 construction Arts & Crafts Clarity of form or structure Variety of materials Asymmetry Low to the ground Multiple chimneys Prominent "sheltering roof Traditional construction and craftsmanship Use of local materials and traditions Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Post-1919 construction Post-1919 marked a significant period of development and innovation in the construction industry. The advancements in transport systems played a crucial role in revolutionizing construction practices and making a wider range of construction materials accessible from various regions of the country. This availability of materials had both positive and negative cost implications. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Post-1919 construction With the introduction of improved transport systems, construction materials could be transported more efficiently and over longer distances. This resulted in a greater variety of materials being available for purchase Plastics Concrete Composite materials Bricks Blocks Steel Glass Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Post-1919 construction Concrete: Concrete slabs are widely used for foundations, floors, and structural elements. It offers durability, strength, and versatility in construction. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Post-1919 construction Bricks: Bricks are commonly used for walls and structural components. They provide strength, thermal insulation, and a traditional aesthetic Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Post-1919 construction Blocks: Concrete blocks, often referred to as concrete masonry units (CMUs), are used for walls and partitions. They offer strength, ease of installation, and sound Insulation properties Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Post-1919 construction Steel: Steel is used for structural framing, such as beams and columns. It provides high strength-to-weight ratio, allowing for efficient load-bearing structures Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Post-1919 construction Glass: Glass is used for windows, doors, and facades. It allows natural light to enter buildings, enhances aesthetics, and contributes to energy efficiency. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Post-1919 construction Plastics: Plastics are utilized for various purposes, including piping, insulation, and decorative elements. They offer flexibility, durability, and resistance to moisture and chemicals Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Post-1919 construction Composite materials: Composite materials, such as fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), combine different materials to achieve specific properties. They are used for applications requiring lightweight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering The incorporation of Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) and Damp Proof Course (DPC) The incorporation of Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) and Damp Proof Course (DPC) is essential in construction to prevent the ingress of moisture and dampness into buildings. Both DPM and DPC serve distinct purposes and are commonly used in different parts of a structure Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) Damp Proof Membrane (DPM): A Damp Proof Membrane is a waterproof material that is applied to prevent the passage of moisture through floors, walls, and ceilings. It is typically made of polyethylene or bituminous materials and is installed beneath concrete slabs, screeds, or directly under the flooring material. The DPM acts as a barrier, preventing moisture from rising through the structure and causing dampness. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) The installation of DPM is crucial in areas with high groundwater levels or where the soil contains a significant amount of moisture. It helps to prevent problems such as rising damp, which can lead to damage to the building fabric, mold growth, and deterioration of finishes. DPM is commonly used in basements, ground floors, and areas exposed to moisture such as bathrooms and kitchens. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Damp Proof Course (DPC) A Damp Proof Course is a horizontal barrier incorporated into the walls of a building to prevent moisture from rising above ground level. It is typically made of materials such as bitumen felt, plastic sheets, or metal strips and is installed at the base of the wall above ground level. The DPC creates an impermeable layer that blocks the capillary action of moisture and prevents it from entering the walls Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Damp Proof Course (DPC) The main purpose of a DPC is to protect the building from rising damp, which can occur due to the absorption of moisture from the ground. By creating a barrier, the DPC ensures that moisture does not travel vertically through the walls, safeguarding the integrity of the structure and preventing damage to internal finishes Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering 21st Century Construction Sustainable construction in the 21st century refers to the practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings in a way that minimizes negative environmental impacts while promoting social and economic well-being. It involves integrating sustainable principles and practices throughout the entire lifecycle of a building, from its design and construction to its operation and eventual demolition or reuse. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering 21st Century Construction Sustainable construction The concept of sustainable construction recognizes the need to address the environmental challenges we face today, such as climate change, resource depletion, and pollution. It aims to reduce the consumption of energy, water, and raw materials, as well as minimize waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable construction also considers the health and well-being of occupants by providing healthy indoor environments, maximizing natural lighting, and optimizing thermal comfort Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering 21st Century Construction Sustainable construction One notable legislation emphasizing sustainable development is the Well-being of Future Generations Act (Wales) 2015. This Act, passed by the National Assembly for Wales, sets a legal framework to ensure the long-term well-being of both present and future generations in Wales. It requires public bodies in Wales to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, including the social, economic, environmental, and cultural aspects Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Well-being of Future Generations Act (Wales) 2015 https://www.gov.wales/well-being-futur e-generations-act-essentials-html Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Well-being of Future Generations Act (Wales) 2015 It seeks to achieve several well-being goals, such as A prosperous Wales. A resilient Wales. A healthier Wales. A more equal Wales. A Wales of cohesive communities. A Wales of vibrant culture and Welsh language. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Sustainable materials Building materials play a crucial role in achieving a zero carbon footprint in sustainable construction. Traditional construction materials, such as concrete and steel, have significant environmental impacts due to their high carbon emissions during production. To reduce the carbon footprint of buildings, alternative building materials and construction methods are being explored One approach is to use sustainable and renewable materials….. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Sustainable materials Timber Bamboo Cotton Flax Hemp Other vegetable fibres Straw Thatch Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Sustainable materials To achieve a zero carbon footprint, it is essential to adopt a holistic approach that considers the entire lifecycle of building materials. This includes evaluating the environmental impact of extraction, production, transportation, installation, use, and end-of-life disposal or recycling. By prioritizing sustainable building materials and practices, the construction industry can contribute to mitigating climate change and creating a more sustainable future for generations to come. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Material Innovations Materials such as cement, glass, and steel play crucial roles in the construction industry, and their innovative use has greatly impacted construction scale, speed, and overall efficiency. Cement: fundamental ingredient in concrete, which is one of the most widely used construction materials. It provides structural strength, durability, and fire resistance to buildings the development of low-carbon or carbon-neutral cements, such as fly ash or slag-based cements, helps mitigate the environmental impact of construction. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Material Innovations Glass: aesthetic appeal and functional properties. It allows natural light to penetrate buildings, creating a more pleasant and energy-efficient indoor environment. Energy-efficient glass incorporates coatings that enhance insulation, reducing heating and cooling costs. Smart glass can switch between transparent and opaque states, providing privacy or controlling sunlight exposure. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Material Innovations Steel: versatile construction material known for its strength, durability, and ability to be fabricated off-site. used in structural components, such as beams, columns, and frames, due to its high load-bearing capacity. faster construction speed improved accuracy reduced waste compared to traditional construction methods. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Material Innovations Material innovations have had a significant impact on construction scale and speed: Construction Scale: New materials, such as ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), carbon fiber composites, and engineered wood products, have enabled the construction of taller, larger, and more complex structures. These materials offer superior strength-to-weight ratios, allowing for lighter and more efficient designs without compromising structural integrity. As a result, architects and engineers can push the boundaries of what is possible in terms of building height, span, and overall scale. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Material Innovations Construction Speed: Material innovations have also contributed to faster construction processes. For example, the use of precast concrete elements and modular construction techniques allows for simultaneous on-site and off-site work. Off-site fabrication of building components in controlled factory conditions enhances productivity, minimizes weather delays, and improves quality control. The integration of digital technologies, such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), also streamlines construction workflows and facilitates coordination between different trades, further accelerating project timelines. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Material Innovations Off-site construction, also known as modular or prefabricated construction, offers several benefits: Speed and Efficiency: Off-site construction involves the manufacturing of building components or entire modules in a factory-controlled environment. This process allows for concurrent construction activities on-site while components are being fabricated off-site, resulting in reduced construction time. Additionally, the controlled environment enhances productivity, minimizes errors, and improves quality control, leading to more efficient and cost-effective construction processes Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Material Innovations Enhanced Quality: The off-site construction approach enables greater precision and accuracy in the manufacturing of building components. Factory conditions eliminate on-site variables such as weather, site conditions, and labor shortages, ensuring consistent quality and reducing rework. The use of standardized modules also allows for improved quality control measures, resulting in higher-quality buildings. Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Material Innovations Sustainability: Off-site construction aligns with sustainable construction practices. It reduces waste generated on-site, as materials can be precisely measured and optimized in a factory setting. Additionally, the controlled environment allows for the implementation of eco-friendly practices, such as efficient energy usage, waste management, and recycling. Off-site construction also minimizes the disturbance Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12 Progression in Construction and Building Services Engineering Any questions? Copyright © 2021 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 12