Science Ahead Stage 7 Past Paper PDF

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/ H73 Marshall Cavendish r Ui9 Education Holistic www.mceducation.com www.facebook.com/mceducation Educat ional Solutio ns Curriculum Science Ahead An International Lower Secondary Science Course Technolo © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 CHAPTER 4 Microorganisms “ 1J 1 1 iV V v V * MC © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 Chapter 4 Microorganisms What Will You Learn in This Chapter? Understand how microorganisms play a role in the breakdown of organic matter and food production. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 Chapter 4 Microorganisms 4.1 What Are Microorganisms? 4.2 Microorganisms And Decay 4.3 Microorganisms And Food Production 4.4 Microorganisms And Disease 4.5 The Works of Louis Pasteur © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Have you eaten some of these food items? Do you know how these food items are made? © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production At the end of this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: What are some food items made using microorganisms? © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Which kinds of microorganisms are used in yoghurt, cheese or bread? f 'N The bacteria found in yoghurt are good for our gut. V_J > 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production How is bread made? Add water to flour to form dough. © Add yeast to the dough. Yeast acts on the sugar, producing carbon dioxide and ethanol, which is an alcohol. This process is called fermentation. I# © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information Biotechnology = applied science in utilizing living things to produce a product that can support human survival. Living things that are used = microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and tissues and cells). Materials and parts obtained from living things include enzymes, alcohol, tissues, cells, genes, and DNA Biotechnology, divided into two = conventional biotechnology and modern biotechnology © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information Bioteknologi = terapan ilmu pengetahuan dalam memanfaatkan makhluk hidup untuk menghasilkan suatu produk yang dapat mendukung kelangsungan hidup manusia. Makhluk hidup yang dimanfaatkan = mikroorganisme (bakteri, jamur, virus, serta jaringan dan sel). Bahan dan bagian yang diperoleh dari makhluk hidup antara lain enzim, alkohol, jaringan, sel, gen, dan DNA Bioteknologi, dibagi menjadi dua = bioteknologi konvensional dan bioteknologi modern © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information Conventional biotechnology = traditional characteristics and carried out based on hereditary experiences with the direct use of organisms. Examples in manufacturing = tapai, bread, cheese, yogurt, tempeh, and alcoholic beverages Modern biotechnology = carried out based on research to produce products and services in large quantities Application examples = tissue culture, cloning, genetic engineering, cell fusion, in vitro fertilization, gene recombination © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information Bioteknologi konvensional = bersifat tradisional dan dilakukan berdasarkan pengalaman turun-temurun dengan pemanfaatan organisme secara langsung. Contoh dalam pembuatan = tapai, roti, keju, yoghurt, tempe, dan minuman beralkohol Bioteknologi modern = dilakukan berdasarkan penelitian untuk menghasilkan produk dan jasa dalam jumlah besar Contoh penerapan= kultur jaringan, kloning, rekayasa genetika, fusi sel, fertilsasi in vitro, rekombinasi gen © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information The use of biotechnology in the food sector can be seen in the table below: No Raw material Microorganisms that play a role Type of food/drink 1. Tempeh Soy Rhizopus oryzae Oncom Neurospora sitophila tofu waste (tofu 2. dregs) 3. Tapai Yeast (Saccharomyces sp., Rhizopus sp., Cassava, sticky rice Aspergillus sp., and lactic acid bacteria) 4. Nata de coco Coconut water Acetobacter xylinum 5. Soy sauce Soy Aspergillus wentii and Aspergillus sojae Bread Wheat Yeast or khamir (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 6. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information Pemanfaatan bioteknologi di bidang pangan dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini: No Bahan baku Mikroorganisme yang berperan Jenis makanan / minuman 1. Tempe Kedelai Rhizopus oryzae 2. Oncom Ampas pengolahan tahu Neurospora sitophila 3. Tapai Singkong, ketan Ragi (Saccharomyces sp., Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., dan bakteri asam laktat 4. Nata de coco Air Kelapa Acetobacter xylinum 5. Kecap Kedelai Aspergillus wentii dan Aspergillus sojae Roti Gandum 6. Yeast atau khamir (Saccharomyces cereviseae) © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information No. Type of Raw material Microorganisms that play a role food/drink 7. Cheese Milk Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus Butter Fat 8. Streptococcus lactis and Lectonostoceremoris. 9. Yogurt Milk Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus 10. Pickles Cucumber, garlic, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus vegetables (converting sugar into lactic acid) 11. Tauco Soy Aspergillus oryzae 12. Coffee Coffee beans Klebsiella and Erwinia © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information No Bahan baku Mikroorganisme yang berperan Jenis makanan/ minuman 7. Keju Susu Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus Mentega Lemak Streptococcus lactis dan Lectonosto ceremoris. 8. 9. Yoghurt Susu Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus Acar 10. Timun, bawang Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, dan Pediococcus putih, sayuran (mengubah gula menjadi asam laktat) 11. Tauco Kedelai Aspergillus oryzae Kopi Biji kopi Klebsiella dan Erwinia 12. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information Single-cell protein (PST) is produced from mushrooms grown in a liquid medium with an adequate supply of O2 and the addition of nutrients. Examples of PST and its uses; No. Microorganisms It uses Methylophilus 1. Fodder for livestock to produce quality milk and meat methylotrophus 2. Arthrospira (Spirulina) Protein-rich food source for humans 3. Chlorella Protein-rich food sources for humans or various supplements 4. Fusarium Animal feed 5. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Animal feed supplement 6. Candida utilis Animal feed supplement © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information Protein sel tunggal (PST) dihasilkan dari jamur yang ditumbuhkan dalam medium cair dengan suplai O2 yang cukup dan penambahan nutrien. Contoh PST dan kegunaannya ; No. Mikroorganisme Kegunaannya 1. Methylophilus Makanan ternak agar ternak menghasilkan susu dan methylotrophus daging yang berkualitas 2. Arthrospira (Spirulina) Sumber pangan kaya protein bagi manusia 3. Chlorella Sumber pangan kaya protein bagi manusia atau berbagai suplemen 4. Fusarium Makanan tambahan ternak 5. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Suplemen makanan ternak 6. Candida utilis Suplemen makanan ternak © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information Enzyme production and uses: No. Source of enzymes It uses Types of enzymes 1. Amylase The food industry, the weaving industry Aspergillus oryzae (jamur), Bacillus subtilis (bakter) 2. Mold protease Aspergillus oryzae Bread dough softener 3. Bacillus subtilis Meat tenderizer Bacterial protease 4. Escherichia coli Penicillin acylase Semisynthetic penicillin preparation 5. Renin Mucor sp. Cheese production © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Additional Information Produksi enzim dan kegunaannya ; No Jenis enzim Sumber enzim Pemanfaatannya Amilase Industri makanan, industri tenun Aspergillus oryzae (jamur), 1. Bacillus subtilis (bakter) Aspergillus oryzae Pelunak adonan roti 2. Protease kapang 3. Bacillus subtilis Pelunak daging Protease bakteri 4. Penisilin asilase Eschericia coli Pembuatan penisilin semisintetis 5. Renin Mucor sp. Produksi keju © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 4.3 Microorganisms and Food Production Key Points Some kinds of microorganisms are used in the production of food. For example, bacteria are used for making yoghurt and cheese, mould for making cheese and yeasts for making bread. Bread-making involves adding baker’s yeast to the dough. The yeast converts sugar in the dough to ethanol and carbon dioxide, which makes the dough rise. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Biotechnology in Agriculture: Purpose = to improve the product both quality and quantity Example = 1) Development of biological fertilizers by utilizing microorganisms, for example: a) Rhizobium sp., (Nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in the roots of legumes) b) Anabaena (a cyanobacteria group that can symbiotic with Azolla pinnata ferns) c) Utilizing mycorrhizae for soil fertility 2) Using Bacillus thuringiensis produces a deadly toxin from caterpillars. 3) Overcome pests biologically, for example: a) planthopper pests in rice were eradicated by spiders b) The stink bug that rubbed the inside of the young rice © 2020 Marshall seeds Cavendish Educationwas Pte Ltd eradicated by spiders and Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi di Bidang Pertanian : Tujuan = meningkatkan produk baik kualitas maupun kuantitas Contoh = 1) pengembangan pupuk biologi dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme, misalnya : a) Rhizobium sp., (bakteri pengikat nitrogen yang terdapat dalam akar tumbuhan kacang-kacangan) b) Anabaena (golongan sianobakteri dapat bersimbiosis dengan tumbuhan paku Azolla pinnata) c) Memanfaatkan mikoriza untuk kesuburan tanah 2) menggunakan Bacillus thuringiensis menghasilkan toksin mematikan hama ulat. 3) mengatasi hama secara biologi, misalnya : a) hama wereng pada tanaman padi diberantas dengan laba-laba b) walang sangit yang mengusap bagian dalam benih- benih © 2020 Marshall Cavendishpadi Educationmuda Pte Ltd diberantas dengan laba-labaScience danAhead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 1) Hydroponics Cultivation of planting without using soil, but using water as the main growing medium. The water contains the nutrients and inorganic substances needed. Additional media: sand, gravel, or broken brick 1) Aeroponics Cultivation of plants without using media The nutrients are obtained from water sprayed into the air around the hanging roots of the plant. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 1) Hidroponik Budidaya tanam tanpa menggunakan tanah, tetapi menggunakan air sebagai media tanam utamanya. Air tersebut mengandung nutrisi dan zat-zat anorganik yang dibutuhkan. Media tambahan : pasir, kerikil, atau pecahan bata 1) Aeroponik Budidaya tanaman tanpa menggunakan media Nutrien diperoleh dari air yang disemprotkan ke udara sekitar akar tanaman yang menggantung. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 3) The Tissue Culture The technique of reproducing plants or breeding plants by using plant organs/tissues is implanted into media containing nutrients as needed in germ-free (aseptic) conditions. Plants have totipotency properties (the ability of cells to grow) The cultured tissue (explants) can come from pieces of roots, stems, or leaves of plants. The steps: explants (pieces) ^ callus (clumps) ^ plantlets (small plants, roots, stems, and leaves) © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 3) Kultur Jaringan Teknik memperbanyak tanaman atau membiakkan tanaman dengan menggunakan organ / jaringan tumbuhan yang ditanamkan ke dalam media yang mengandung nutrisi sesuai kebutuhan dalam kondisi bebas kuman (aseptik). Tumbuhan memiliki sifat totipotensi (kemampuan sel untuk tumbuh) Jaringan yang dikultur (eksplan) dapat berasal dari potongan akar, batang, atau daun tumbuhan. Langkahnya : eksplan (potongan) ^ kalus (gumpalan) ^ plantlet (tanaman kecil, berakar, batang dan daun) © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 3) The tissue culture Stages in tissue culture techniques: o A cell/slice of plant tissue (explants) aseptically (clean from pests and bacteria) is placed and maintained in a solid/liquid medium containing nutrients. o Nutrition in the form of a solution containing elements of macromolecules, micromolecules, amino acids, sugars, vitamins, and hormones. o Some of the cells on the surface of the slice will form cell clots (callus) o Callus can be separated, then transferred to a special medium so that it grows to form small plants with roots, stems, and leaves (plantlets). o This plantlet is acclimatized in a greenhouse. Acclimatization is an effort to adjust or adapt Science © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd an Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 3) Kultur Jaringan Tahapan pada teknik kultur jaringan : Suatu sel / irisan jaringan tanaman (eksplan) secara aseptik (bersih dari hama dan bakteri) diletakan dan dipelihara dalam medium padat / cair yang berisi nutrisi. Nutrisi berupa larutan yang mengandung unsur makromolekul, mikromolekul, asam amino, gula, vitamin, dan hormon. Sebagian sel pada permukaan irisan tersebut akan membentuk gumpalan sel (kalus) Kalus dapat dipisah-pisahkan, kemudian dipindahkan ke dalam medium khusus sehingga tumbuh membentuk tanaman kecil yang berakar, berbatang, dan berdaun (planlet) Planlet ini diaklimatisasi di rumah kaca. Aklimatisasi merupakan upaya penyesuaian atau adaptasi suatu organisme terhadap lingkungan baru yang dimasukinya © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 3) The tissue culture Advantages: reproduction of plant seeds of the same quality as the parent multiplication of plant seeds in large quantities in a short time and do not need large areas © 2020 Marshall uniform crop Cavendish Education yield Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 3) Kultur Jaringan o penggandaan bibit tanaman yang berkualitas sama dengan induk o penggandaan bibit tanaman dengan jumlah banyak dalam waktu singkat dan tidak perlu lahan luas o hasil tanaman seragam © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 4) Genetic Engineering It is used to obtain new organisms that have better characteristics by processing certain gene traits possessed by living things. Genetic engineering can be carried out through DNA recombination and cell fusion. DNA recombination ^ combining genes (DNA) from different organisms to form new genes that produce new traits as desired. Organisms resulting from DNA recombination are called recombinants / transgenic organisms. The technique is called plasmid technology if the combining of genes is done by inserting genes into a plasmid (circular DNA in bacteria) © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 4) Rekayasa Genetika Digunakan untuk memperoleh organisme baru yang memiliki sifat lebih baik dengan cara mengolah sifat gen tertentu yang dimiliki makhluk hidup. Rekayasa genetika dapat dilakukan melalui rekombinasi DNA dan fusi sel. Rekombinasi DNA ^ penggabungan gen (DNA) dari organisme berbeda sehingga terbentuk gen baru yang menghasilkan sifat baru seperti yang dikehendaki. Organisme hasil rekombinasi DNA disebut rekombinan / organisme transgenik. Tekniknya disebut teknologi plasmid, jika penggabungan gen dilakukan dengan jalan menyisipkan gen ke dalam plasmid (DNA melingkar pada bakteri) © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd fsScience Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 4) Genetic Engineering Cell fusion is done by combining two different cells to obtain new cells. The two cells can come from the same or different species to form new cells/hybridomas. Cell fusion requires gene source cells (the source of ideal properties), container cells (selected ones capable of forming rapidly), such as substances that accelerate cell fusion. Examples of genetically modified crops: o Rot-resistant tomato plant o Corn, cotton, and soybean plants that are resistant to insecticides (Bt corn, Bt cotton, Bt soybean) are inserted with the cry gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which produces a protein (crystalline) which is toxic to insects © 2020 Marshall Cavendisheg. caterpillars. Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 4) Rekayasa Genetika Fusi sel dilakukan dengan menggabungkan dua sel yang berbeda untuk memperoleh sel baru. Kedua selnya dapat berasal dari spesies yang sama ataupun berbeda sehingga terbentuk sel baru / hibridoma. Dalam fusi sel diperlukan sel sumber gen (sumber sifat ideal), sel wadah (dipilih yang mampu membentuk dengan cepat), seperti zat-zat yang mempercepat fusi sel. Contohnya tanaman dari hasil rekayasa genetika : o Tanaman tomat yang tahan busuk o Tanaman jagung, kapas, dan kedelai yang tahan terhadap insektisida (jagung Bt, kapas Bt, kedelai Bt) yang disisipkan gen cry dari Bacillus thuringiensis yang menghasilkan protein (crystalline) yang bersifat racun pada serangga mis. ulat bulu. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 4) Genetic Engineering o Cotton plants that are resistant to herbicides (pesticides to kill weeds) are inserted with the gene for herbicide-resistant bacteria o Papaya plants that are resistant to ringspot virus attack (UH rainbow transgenic papaya varieties) o Golden rice, which is rich in beta carotene (provitamin A) o Iron-rich rice o Drought resistant GMO sugarcane (The research result from the team at the University of Jember) 5) Cloning The formation of identical cells, tissues or individuals originating from a single cell undergoing repeated asexual division. With cloning, new plants can be obtained in large numbers in a shorter time, are identical, and have the same morphological and © 2020 M i logical^properties as their parents. Science Ahead Stage 7 Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 4) Rekayasa Genetika o Tanaman kapas yang resisten terhadap herbisida (pestisida pembasmi gulma) yang disisipkan gen bakteri yang tahan herbisida o Tanaman pepaya yang tahan terhadap serangan virus ringspot (varietas pepaya transgenik UH rainbow) o Beras golden rice yang kaya akan beta karoten (provitamin A) o Beras yang kaya zat besi o Tebu transgenik yang tahan kekeringan (Hasil penelitian dari tim peneliti di Universitas Jember) 5) Kloning Pembentukan sel, jaringan, atau individu identik yang berasal dari satu sel tunggal yang mengalami pembelahan aseksual berulang- ulang. Dengan kloning, dapat diperoleh tanaman baru dalam jumlah banyak dalam waktu yang lebih singkat, bersifat identik, dan memiliki sifat morfologi dan fisiologis sama dengan induknya © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7 Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 4) Rekayasa Genetika o Tanaman kapas yang resisten terhadap herbisida (pestisida pembasmi gulma) yang disisipkan gen bakteri yang tahan herbisida o Tanaman pepaya yang tahan terhadap serangan virus ringspot (varietas pepaya transgenik UH rainbow) o Beras golden rice yang kaya akan beta karoten (provitamin A) o Beras yang kaya zat besi o Tebu transgenik yang tahan kekeringan (Hasil penelitian dari tim peneliti di Universitas Jember) 5) Kloning Pembentukan sel, jaringan, atau individu identik yang berasal dari satu sel tunggal yang mengalami pembelahan aseksual berulang- ulang. Dengan kloning, dapat diperoleh tanaman baru dalam jumlah banyak dalam waktu yang lebih singkat, bersifat identik, dan memiliki sifat morfologi dan fisiologis sama dengan induknya © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 6) Nuclear Technology (Radiation) The radiation technique uses electromagnetic waves. Radiation is useful in increasing food production, among others, it is used to produce superior types of rice, to sterilize male insects, to preserve crops, and to determine the best fertilization period. Radiation is used to encourage mutations/storage on chromosomes so that changes in nature occur. These new traits are permanent and are inherited (inherited) to their offspring. Organisms resulting from mutations are called mutants. Mutants are expected to be superior. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 6) Teknologi Nuklir (Radiasi) Teknik radiasi menggunakan gelombang elektromagnetik. Radiasi bermanfaat dalam peningkatan produksi pangan, antara lain digunakan untuk menghasilkan jenis padi unggul, memandulkan serangga jantan, mengawetkan hasil panen, dan mengetahui masa pemupukan yang paling baik.. Radiasi digunakan untuk mendorong mutasi / penyimpanan pada kromosom sehingga terjadi perubahan sifat. Sifat baru tersebut bersifat tetap dan diwariskan (menurun) kepada keturunannya. Organisme hasil mutasi disebut mutan. Mutan diharapkan bersifat unggul. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 6) Nuclear Technology (Radiation) BATAN (National Atomic Energy Agency) succeeded in forming superior rice, which was named Atomita I and II (1982 - 1983), as well as Atomita III and IV. The advantages of Atomita include the following: o Can survive (can live) in various soils o Shorter lifespan (faster harvest) o Resistant to planthoppers o Resistant to late blight o More crops Radiation techniques on pest insect larvae cause these larvae to develop into infertile insects. Thus reducing the offspring of the pest population © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 6) Teknologi Nuklir (Radiasi) BATAN (Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional) berhasil membentuk padi unggul yang diberi nama Atomita I dan II (tahun 1982 - 1983), serta Atomita III dan IV. Keunggulan yang dimiliki pada Atomita, antara lain sebagai berikut : o Tahan (dapat hidup) di tanah beragam o Umur lebih pendek (lebih cepat panen) o Tahan hama wereng o Tahan penyakit busuk daun o Hasil panen lebih banyak Teknik radiasi pada larva serangga hama menyebabkan larva tersebut akan berkembang menjadi serangga yang mandul. Sehingga mengurangi keturunan dari populasi hama tersebut © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plantation 6) Nuclear Technology (Radiation) Radiation can also be used to preserve food crops, by: o inhibits germination in the type of tubers o delay the ripening of the fruit so that the fruit does not rot easily o prevent infestation of pests and ticks on grain to be stored. I Bioteknologi Modern di Bidang Pertanian dan Perkebunan 6) Teknologi Nuklir (Radiasi) Radiasi juga dapat digunakan untuk mengawetkan makanan hasil panen, dengan cara : o menghambat pertunasan pada jenis umbi-umbian o menunda pematangan buah sehingga buah tidakScience Ahead Stage 7 \N © 2020 Mar disimpa Elcation Pte Ltd  Additional Information Biotechnology in the Animal Husbandry Sector 1) Artificial insemination This is done by taking sperm from a good male, then injecting it into the ovaries of the female who is ovulating so that fertilization occurs. The purpose is to get superior livestock through natural copulation. 2) Cloning in animals Cloning in animals using adult cells as is done to produce Dolly sheep is as follows: o Body cells (autosomes) in the form of white sheep udder cells (Finn Dorset) were taken and placed in a petri dish. o An egg cell from black sheep (Blackface) that have not been fertilized and then the nucleus is removed. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi di Bidang Peternakan 1) Inseminasi buatan Dilakukan dengan cara mengambil sperma dari pejantan yang baik, kemudian disuntikan ke saluran telur betina yang sedang mengalami ovulasi agar terjadi fertilisasi. Tujuannya untuk mendapatkan ternak unggul melalui kopulasi alami 2) Kloning pada hewan Kloning pada hewan dengan menggunakan sel dewasa seperti yang dilakukan untuk menghasilkan domba Dolly adalah sebagai berikut: o Sel tubuh (autosom) berupa sel ambing domba putih (Finn Dorset) diambil dan ditempatkan dalam cawan petri. o Sel telur dari domba hitam (Blackface) yang belum dibuahi dan kemudian dihilangkan inti selnya. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Biotechnology in the Animal Husbandry Sector 2) Cloning in animals Cloning in animals using adult cells as is done to produce Dolly sheep is as follows: o The nucleus of the cell and the egg combine in a petri dish (in vitro) / fertilization outside the body cell o The results of the combination are propagated (cloned) in special media o The cloned results develop into an embryo o The embryo is implanted in the uterus and then born become Dolly Lamb. Cloning is also carried out in frog farms to obtain large numbers in a short time. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi di Bidang Peternakan 2) Kloning pada hewan Kloning pada hewan dengan menggunakan sel dewasa seperti yang dilakukan untuk menghasilkan domba Dolly adalah sebagai berikut: o Inti sel dengan sel telur bergabung di dalam cawan petri (in vitro) / pembuahan di luar sel tubuh o Hasil penggabungan dibiakan (dikloning) dalam media khusus o Hasil kloning berkembang menjadi embrio o Embrio tersebut ditanam di dalam rahim dan kemudian dilahirkan menjadi Domba Dolly. Kloning juga dilakukan pada peternakan katak untuk memperoleh jumlah yang banyak dalam waktu singkat. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi di Bidang Peternakan 2) Kloning pada hewan © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi di Bidang Peternakan 2) Kloning pada hewan © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Biotechnology in the Animal Husbandry Sector 3) Genetical Engineering Dairy cows are injected with bovine growth hormone (Bovine Growth Hormone) which is made using Escherichia coli bacteria to increase milk production and increase livestock meat weight Salmon is given a growth hormone gene from another fish species so that in just a year it can grow to a size that normally takes 2-3 years. 4) Hybridization / Crossbreeding Mating between two individual animals that have two different characteristics, but are still in one species. Through hybridization, an animal breeder expert can produce animals that have superior characteristics. For example, cow A which has fat flesh characteristics is mated with cow B which produces a lot of milk © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi di Bidang Peternakan 3) Rekayasa Genetika Sapi perah disuntik dengan hormon pertumbuhan sapi (Bovine Growth Hormone) yang dibuat menggunakan bakteri Escherichia coli untuk meningkatkan produksi susu dan meningkatkan bobot daging ternak Ikan salmon diberi gen hormon pertumbuhan dari spesies ikan lain sehingga hanya dalam waktu setahun pertumbuhannya dapat mencapai ukuran yang biasanya membutuhkan waktu 2-3 tahun. 4) Hibridisasi Perkawinan antara dua individu hewan yang mempunyai dua sifat beda, tetapi masih dalam satu species. Melalui hibridisasi, seorang ahli pemulia hewan dapat menghasilkan hewan yang memiliki sifat unggul. Sebagai contoh, sapi A yang memiliki sifat berdaging gemuk dikawinkan dengan sapi B yang menghasilkan air susu yang banyak. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Biotechnology in the Medical Sector 1) Antibiotics Obtained by utilizing bacterial or fungal microorganisms. For example penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum; streptomycin from the bacterium Streptococcus griseus and cephalosporin C is a p-lactam class of antibiotics produced by the yeast of Cephalosporium acremonium 2) Vaccines Made from genetic engineering by modifying the genome of the pathogen so that it becomes weak. The vaccine is then inserted into the body to stimulate the body to produce immune substances. For example : o the hepatitis vaccine to prevent hepatitis illness o the smallpox vaccine to prevent smallpox illness o the typhoid vaccine to prevent typhoid illness © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi di Bidang Kesehatan 1) Zat antibiotika Diperoleh dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme bakteri atau jamur. Contohnya : penisilin dari jamur Penicillium notatum dan Penicillium chrysogenum dan streptomisin dari bakteri Streptococcus griseus. 2) Vaksin Dibuat dari rekayasa genetika dengan memodifikasi genom patogen sehingga menjadi lemah. Vaksin kemudian dimasukan ke dalam tubuh untuk merangsang tubuh menghasilkan zat kekebalan. Contohnya : vaksin hepatitis untuk mencegah penyakit hepatitis vaksin cacar untuk mencegah penyakit cacar vaksin tifus untuk mencegah penyakit tifus © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Biotechnology in the Animal Husbandry Sector 3) Monoclonal antibodies Making monoclonal antibodies using cell fusion techniques, for example, antibody-producing B lymphocytes are combined with myeloma cells (cells that are able to divide rapidly / cancer cells) to produce antibodies. The hybridoma cells are then multiplied (cloned) so that they can produce many antibodies 4) Producing insulin By using gene recombination techniques. Gene recombination is done by incorporating the human insulin gene into the bacterial plasmid (DNA) for example Escherichia coli The result of the combination is then inserted into the bacterial cell. These bacteria will produce human insulin which is then used to help people with diabetes mellitus (DM). © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi di Bidang Kesehatan 3) Antibodi monoklonal Pembuatan antibodi monoklonal menggunakan teknik fusi sel, misalnya sel limfosit B penghasil antibodi digabungkan dengan sel mieloma (sel yang mampu membelah dengan cepat/sel kanker) menghasilkan antibodi. Sel hibridoma tersebut kemudian diperbanyak (dikloning) sehingga dapat menghasilkan banyak antibodi 4) Pengahasil insulin Dengan menggunakan teknik rekombinasi gen. Rekombenasi gen dilakukan dengan cara menggabungkan gen insulin manusia ke dalam plasmid (DNA) bakteri. Hasil penggabungan kemudian dimasukan ke sel bakteri. Bakteri ini akan menghasilkan insulin manusia yang kemudian digunakan untuk membantu penderita diabetes melitus (DM). © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Biotechnology in the Medical Sector 4) Producing Insulin The advantages of insulin resulting from gene recombination include the following: can be made in bulk cheaper and easier to get purer because it uses human protein Bioteknologi di Bidang Kesehatan 4) Penghasil insulin Keunggulan insulin hasil rekombinasi gen, antara lain sebagai berikut : o dapat dibuat dalam jumlah besar o lebih murah dan lebih mudah didapat o lebih murni karena menggunakan protein manusia © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Biotechnology to Prevent Pollution 1) Bioremediation Aim to improve environmental quality (example = soil quality). For example, a bacterial strain that is able to process contaminating kerosene compounds and even uses kerosene as food. Pseudomonas sp can be used for bioremediation because it produces biosurfactants 2) Pyrolysis Recycling waste from plants by decomposing waste at high temperatures without oxygen (anaerobically) into charcoal, methane gas, and other inorganic materials. 3) Compost Organic waste can be composted with the help of microorganisms so that it breaks down and produces humus which is useful as organic fertilizer © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi untuk Mengatasi Pencemaran 1) Bioremediasi Bertujuan memperbaiki kualitas lingkungan (contohnya = kualitas tanah). Misalnya, strain bakteri yang mampu mengolah senyawa minyak tanah yang mencemari dan bahkan menggunakan minyak tanah sebagai makanannya. Pseudomonas sp dapat digunakan untuk bioremediasi karena menghasilkan biosurfaktan 2) Pirolisis Daur ulang sampah dari tumbuhan dengan proses dekomposisi sampah dengan suhu tinggi tanpa oksigen (anaerob) menjadi arang, gas metana, dan bahan anorganik lain. 3) Kompos Sampah organik dapat dibuat kompos dengan bantuan mikroorganisme sehingga terjadi penguraian dan menghasilkan humus yang bermanfaat sebagai pupuk organik © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Biotechnology to Prevent Pollution 4) Fermenter Sewage is managed by a fermentation system under anaerobic conditions to produce methane gas (biogas) which can be used as fuel. Cane sugar fermentation can produce gasohol 5) Biogas and gasohol Biogas and gasohol can be produced cheaper and produce a low pollution effect so as to reduce pollution. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Bioteknologi untuk Mengatasi Pencemaran 4) Fermenter Limbah kotoran dikelola dengan sistem fermentasi pada kondisi anaerob sehingga menghasilkan gas metana (gas bio) yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk bahan bakar. Fermentasi gula tebu dapat menghasilkan gasohol 5) Gas bio dan gasohol Gas bio dan gashol dapat diproduksi lebih murah dan menghasilkan efek polusi rendah sehingga dapat mengurangi polusi. © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Impact of Biotechnology Application 1) The positive impacts of biotechnology include: help overcome food shortages increase production without expanding materials obtained by new organisms that are superior reduce levels of pollution 2) The negative impacts of biotechnology are as follows there are some people who reject biotechnology because it is considered to be against the nature concerns over the negative effects of untested GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) concerns about the possibility of gene transfer in humans Concerns about the possibility of pest-resistant transgenic plants crossing with wild plants will produce weeds that are pesticide- resistant, making it difficult to eradicate © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  Additional Information Dampak Penerapan Bioteknologi 1) Dampak positif bioteknologi antara lain : membantu mengatasi kekurangan bahan pangan meningkatkan produksi tanpa memperluas lahan diperoleh organisme baru yang bersifat lebih unggul menurunkan kadar polusi 2) Dampak negatif bioteknologi adalah sebagai berikut ada sebagian masyarakat yang menolak bioteknologi karena dianggap melawan kodrat alam kekhawatiran terhadap dampak negatif dari organisme transgenik (Genetically Modified Organism / GMO) yang belum teruji kekhawatiran terhadap kemungkinan timbulnya transfer gen pada manusia kekhawatiran terhadap kemungkinan tanaman transgenik tahan hama melakukan persilangan dengan tanaman liar akan menghasilkan tanaman gulma yang tahan pestisida sehingga sulit diberantas © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Science Ahead Stage 7  & GOD © 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd BLESS Science Ahead Stage 7