Power Sharing Class 10 Notes PDF

CLASS 10 NOTES SOCIAL SCIENCE Power Sharing PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD Power Sharing What is Power Sharing? For a democracy to function properly,...

CLASS 10 NOTES SOCIAL SCIENCE Power Sharing PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD Power Sharing What is Power Sharing? For a democracy to function properly, it is crucial to have power sharing among the three organs of the country, namely the legislature, executive, and judiciary. This helps to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful and ensures a system of checks and balances. Belgium It is a federal state in Western Europe. Capital - Brussels (Headquarters of European Union) Neighbours -France, Germany, Netherlands and Luxembourg Ethnic Composition of Belgium Exam me aayega D Belgium Population RA Brussels Population KI Speaks Dutch Speaks French Speaks German 59% 40% 1% T Speaks Dutch Speaks French AN 20% 80% Lives in Flemish region Lives in Wallonia region Lives in the rest of Belgium Tension between the French and Dutch communities H The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This AS made the Dutch-speaking community angry who got the benefit of economic development and education much later. PR A special problem in the capital Brussels was that the Dutch community was in the majority in the whole country but a minority in the capital. Ethnic Composition of Sri Lanka E.M.A Ethnic Communities: Sinhala Speakers: 74% Most Sinhala speakers are Buddhists. JOSH METER? Tamil Speakers: 18% Among these, 13% are Sri Lankan Tamils, and 5% are Indian Tamils. Tamil speakers are both Muslims and Hindus. Christian Population: 7% Christians speak both Sinhala and Tamil. Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka E.M.A  PRASHANT KIRAD After Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948, the Sinhala leaders aimed to establish dominance in the government due to their majority, leading to majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. In 1956, Sinhala was made the only official language of Sri Lanka. The government established preferential policies for Sinhala applicants for university admissions and government jobs. The new constitution protected and fostered Buddhism. These measures increased alienation among the Tamils. They felt that major political parties led by Buddhist Mnemonic: Sinhala leaders were insensitive to their language and “S.L.A.B. D.I.C.E” S - Sinhala Only (1956) culture. Tamils believed the constitution and government D L - Language Preference denied them equal rights, discriminated against them in A - Alienation of Tamils RA B - Buddhism Protected obtaining jobs and opportunities, and ignored their D - Denial of Rights concerns. I - Insensitive Leadership KI C - Culture Ignored Belgian Model of Accommodation E.M.A E - Equal Opportunities Denied T Between 1970 and 1993, Belgian leaders amended their constitution four times to AN accommodate ethnic diversity. The number of French and Dutch-speaking ministers in the central government H should be equal, ensuring that no single community can make decisions AS unilaterally. State governments were given powers and were not subordinate to the central PR government. The capital city, Brussels, has a separate government in which both communities have equal representation. A third type of government, called community government, was formed. This government has special powers regarding cultural, educational, and language- related issues. E.M.A Power Sharing is Desirable Prudential Reasons: Power sharing reduces the chances of conflicts between various social groups. It is also a good way to ensure political stability in the country. Power sharing will bring about better outcomes. Moral Reasons: It is the right of the citizens to be consulted on how they should be governed.  PRASHANT KIRAD Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy, emphasizing the intrinsic value of sharing power. Forms of Power Sharing The different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies are: 1. Horizontal Division of Power: This is the sharing of power among the different organs of government. In this type of power-sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercise different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power, thereby putting a check on each other. For example, power is shared among the Executive, the Legislature, and the Judiciary. 2. Vertical Division of Power: This is a system of power-sharing among governments at different levels. The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government. For example, there is a general government for the entire country and governments at provincial or regional levels. In D India, we refer to this as the Central Government, State Governments, RA Municipalities, and Gram Panchayats. 3. Division of Power among Different Social Groups: Power can also be shared KI among different groups that differ socially, such as different religious and linguistic groups. Such an arrangement is used to give minority communities a T fair share in power, who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. AN For example, the system of reserved constituencies in India and the community government of Belgium. H 4. Division of Power among Pressure Groups and Movements: Pressure groups are formed when people with similar opinions get together for similar AS objectives. It is the association of individuals or organizations that seek to PR influence government policy. For example, ABVP (Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad) 5. Division of Power among Political Parties: A coalition government is formed by the collaboration of at least two political parties or groups to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election. For example, the BJP-led coalition in 1998, the NDA in 1999, and the UPA in 2004 and 2009 are some of the best examples of coalition governments. Waqt badalta h,bas tu mehanat toh kar  PRASHANT KIRAD Top 7 Questions 1. Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium. Answer: (i) It has two main languages i.e. Dutch and French. Of the country's total population, 59% live in the Flemish region and speak the Dutch language. (ii) 40% people of Belgium live in the Wallonia region and speak French. The remaining 1% speak German. (iii) In the capital city Brussels, 80% of people speak French while 20% are Dutch-speaking. (iv) The minority French-speaking people are wealthier and powerful than the Dutch-speaking people. D 2. Explain any three elements of the Belgian model of accommodation. Answer: To accommodate diverse regional and cultural diversities, the Belgian Government adopted the following measures RA (i) The Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking KI ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. T (ii) Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State AN Governments of the two regions of the country. (iii) Brussels, the capital of Belgium, has a separate government in which both communities have equal representation. H AS 3. Describe the way in which power can be shared among governments at different levels. PR Answer: Power can be shared among governments at different levels in the following ways: (i) Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. None of these organs can exercise unlimited power as each organ checks the others. (ii) In a federal form of government, power can be divided between the Central Government and the State Government as well as at the Local Government level. (iii) Power may be shared among different social groups, such as religious and linguistic groups. Power-sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups, and social movements control or influence those in power. 4. Evaluate the power-sharing system in India.  PRASHANT KIRAD ANSWER: The power-sharing system in India can be described in the following ways: (i) In India power is shared among different organs of government, such as legislature, executive, and judiciary. This separation of power ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. (ii) In India, power is shared among the Union Government and State Government. Our constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government. Under the State Government power is divided into municipality and panchayat. (iii) In India, there are reserved constituencies for both women and socially weaker sections, both in parliament and in assemblies. (iv) In India, different political parties, pressure groups and movements control and influence the government. 5. Compare the situation of Belgium and Sri Lanka considering their location, size D and cultural aspects. Answer: RA Location: Belgium is a small country in Europe that has borders with France, the KI Netherlands, Germany, and Luxembourg. On the other hand, Sri Lanka is an island nation, which is located a few kilometres off the southern T AN coast of Tamil Nadu. Size: Belgium covers an area of 30,688 km. On the other hand, Sri Lanka has a total area of 65,610 km H Culture: In Belgium, the minority (40%) French-speaking community was AS relatively rich and powerful, but the minority Dutch-speaking (59%) community got the benefit of economic development and education. PR On the other hand, in Sri Lanka, 74% are Sinhala speakers and 18% are Tamil speakers. Buddhism is the main religion. There are also Hindus, Muslims, and Christians. 6. What was the reason for the Civil War in Sri Lanka? What was its impact on the country? Answer: The reasons for the Civil War in Sri Lanka were (i) The democratically elected government in Sri Lanka adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy in Sri Lanka. (ii) The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhalese concerning jobs, religion, and many more. (iii) All the measures taken by the government gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt themselves deprived.  PRASHANT KIRAD The impact of these measures on the country was (i) People got divided based on ethnic and linguistic communities along with a widespread conflict of violent nature. (ii) Thousands of Sri Lankan Tamils were killed or were forced to leave their country. (iii) The civil war gave a terrible setback to the social, cultural, and economic life of Sri Lanka, which influenced even the Sinhala community. (iv) People of both communities suffered heavy losses. 7. Compare how Belgium and the Sri Lankans have dealt with cultural diversity. Answer: Belgium dealt with cultural diversity through measures (i) The number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. (ii) Many powers of the Central Government are given to State Governments. D (iii) The capital, Brussels has a separate government in which both the RA communities have equal representation. (iv) Community Government is elected by people belonging to one language KI community which deals with cultural, educational, and language-related issues. Sri Lanka dealt with Cultural diversity by following measures T (i) A preferential policy was adopted that favoured Sinhala's applications for AN university positions and government jobs. (ii) The state followed a policy of majoritarianism by protecting and fostering H Buddhism. AS PR “Class 10th Phodenge” - Prashant Bhaiya