Population Indicators PDF

DEFINITION OF VITAL EVENTS LIVE BIRTH  is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life. FETAL DEATH  is death prior to the compl...

DEFINITION OF VITAL EVENTS LIVE BIRTH  is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life. FETAL DEATH  is death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy; the death is indicated by the fact that after such separation the fetus does not breathe or show any evidence of life. MATERNAL DEATH  is the death of pregnant woman while pregnant, irrespective of the duration and the site of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental caused. INFANT DEATH  is the death of a liveborn infant who dies before completing its first year of life. NEONATAL DEATH  is the death of a liveborn infant who dies during the first 28 completed days of life EARLY NEONATAL DEATH  is the death of a liveborn infant who dies during the first seven days of life. LATE NEONATAL DEATH  is the death of a liveborn infant who dies after completion of the seventh day but before completion of 28 days. PERINATAL DEATH  is the death of a fetus or newborn infant occurring after 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation but prior to the completion of seven days after birth. What is the difference between neonatal and perinatal?  The perinatal period begins at 22 completed weeks of gestation and ends 7 days after birth. The neonatal period represents the first 28 days of life. POPULATION INDICATORS – include population growth indicators (crude birth rate, general fertility rate, total fertility rate, and annual growth rate) and other population dynamics (migration) that can affect the age-sex structure of the population. 1. CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)  measures how fast people are added to the population through births  most frequently used measure of the reproduction of a population  influenced by may factors: fertility, marriage patterns and practices, age and sex composition of a population, and birth registration practice CBR = (B/P) k B – total number of live births for a given area and time period P – total population at the midpoint of the period k - is a constant = 1,000 2. GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR)  is the number of livebirths per 1,000 women aged 15 – 49 in a given year GFR = (Br/Pw) k Br – number of registered live births in a year Pw – midyear population of women 15 – 49 years of age k – is a constant = 1,000  POPULATION PYRAMID – is a geographical representation of the age-sex composition of the population Male Female  the triangular shape is characteristic of developing countries where a large proportion of the population belongs to the younger age groups; this implies that more health services are needed for the young population, such as immunization, nutrition programs, and environmental measures to prevent common childhood illnesses. MORTALITY INDICATORS – provide important information of the health status of the people in the community.  MORTALITY RATE – is a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a special interval. 1. CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR) – rate with which mortality occurs in a given population  represents the total or overall death rate in a given population.  is usually expressed as “number of deaths per 1,000 persons” for a specified place (country, city, state, etc. for a given year. CDR = (D/P) k D – is the total number of deaths for a given area and time period, usually a calendar year P – is the size of population at risk of dying, usually taken as the estimated population at the midpoint of the calendar year k – is a constant = 1,000 2. SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (SDR) – represents a subset of the population or with particular classes of deaths. AGE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATE - specific death rates for different age groups SEX-SPECIFIC DEATH RATES – specific death rates for males and females CAUSE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATES – death rates for particular causes of death/gives the rate of dying due to specific causes SDR = (di/pi) k di – number of deaths occurring in the in the class for a given area and time pi – is the number of persons in the class of the population for the same area and time k – is constant, usually 100,000 3. PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY RATIO (PMR) – describes the proportion of deaths in a specified population over a period of time attributable to different causes. PMR = (di/D) k di – is the number of deaths in a specified class during a stated time period D – is the total number of deaths in the same time period k – is a constant usually 100 or 1,000 4. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR) – refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth. MMR = (dmd+dmi) k dmd – is the number of direct maternal deaths in a specified time B period, usually 1 year dmi – is the number of indirect maternal deaths in the same period B – is the number of live births in the same period k – is a constant, usually 10,000 or 100,000 5. INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR) – is the number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age  measure the risk of dying during the first year of life IMR = (d