Pop and Soc Study Guide Midterm PDF

Pop and Soc study guide midterm What is (DTT) Demographic Transition Theory? It was developed to explain historical phenomena in the West. Demographic transition theory… It Assumes, that historical fertility rates were always high everywhere and historical mortality rates fell befor...

Pop and Soc study guide midterm What is (DTT) Demographic Transition Theory? It was developed to explain historical phenomena in the West. Demographic transition theory… It Assumes, that historical fertility rates were always high everywhere and historical mortality rates fell before fertility rates. Pre-industrial societies would/ could not control their own fertility. And Western medical and contraceptives are the only way to control fertility. What are the strengths of demographic transition theory? Advantages: It can be used as a predictor of population growth, to shape population policy, and to characterize development stages. Weaknesses of demographic transition theory? Disadvantages: IGNORES MIGRATION, Assumes “one size fits all” development model WHAT ARE THE FOUR PHASES of the demographic transition theory and describe them? Fertility= Birth Rate Mortality= Death rate 4 Phases: Phase 1: High Fertility rate/High Mortality rate: “Pre-industrial society” High fertility rate factors: lack of family planning, high infant mortality and need for agricultural workers—children as economic assets. Death rate high factors: disease, famine, lack of sanitization & education, competition for food Phase 2: High fertility rate/ Declining Mortality rate “Developing countries” Declining mortality rate factors: Improved healthcare, sanitation, and food, No poopy water Phase 3: Declining fertility rate / low Mortality rate “Developed Countries” Declining Birth and death rate factors: family planning, lower infant mortality, mechanization of agriculture, increased stand of living, improved status of women Phase 4: low fertility rate/ low Mortality rate “Post-industrial Society” Modern time Demography: study of a population and size Factors: o Size o growth/decline o distribution o composition: Age/sex/race o characteristics o components of change Importance? o United Nations Population Policy o Environment: Climate change, Overfishing o Politics: electoral math o Public planning: Roads/infrastructure, zoning, economic development o Market research/investment strategies and business: who will buy the product Overpopulation Theories: Just know about overpopulation & Theorists Thomas Malthus: published “On Population” in 1798 Malthus Theory: Population grows geometrically while food grows arithmetically. Saw the world in fixed in time Malthus viewed population growth is dependent on agricultural production o Population if left unchecked, will grow forever o Positive checks: natural disaster, war, famine, disease} regulates societies population size o Moral restraint: abstinence Land use ideology: as the population increases, there is less food to go around leading to overpopulation and a population “crash” to correct for overpopulation Boserup: Places the world on a continuum of development Boserup Viewed agricultural production is dependent on population growth. Land use ideology: As the population increases, there is pressure to innovate to more intensive land cultivation thus raising the carrying capacity. Fertility: production of a live birth Proximate Determinants of Fertility: Biological factors that influence how many children a women will have in their lifetime Conception and the probability to conceive the longer a woman breastfeeds the more time she can't conceive Intercourse Successful gestation of a child However, Social components of fertility are much greater than biological components What kind of policies would you put in place to decrease fertility? And How might you go about reducing fertility in a developing country and what policies would you put into place? Education, economic prosperity - family planning, control of your own body/ better workplace acceptions, abortion more accessible 1) Age at marriage or intercourse 2) Use / Non-use of Contraceptives 3) Incidence of abortion 4) Involuntary infecundity (breastfeeding) the longer a woman breastfeeds the more time she can't conceive. Can be up to 4 years to help space out children. Longer maternity leave I-PAT: Environmental impact= Population x Affluence x Efficiency of Technology One policy would be a population policy, affluence policy, and technological policy Reduce impact Population: Make abortion more accessible, one child policy, kill people Affluence: one car, take away people's space, tax trash emissions Technological policy: electric cars, AI Environmental Impact =Population x Affluence x Efficiency of Technology (# persons) (resources used / person) (impact / unit of resource) Number of people using energy Times the amount of energy used per person Times the amount of CO2 produced per unit of energy How could you reduce the amount of CO2? Reduces numbers of people (or reduce growth rate) Reduce the amount of energy used per person Conserve Reduce the amount of CO2 produced per unit of energy Use hydro, wind, solar, hydrogen fuel cells, etc Technology over affluence over population “The Future Course of Mortality” Is there a limit to human life expectancy? Factors to take into account: Negative Environmental and economic factors Diseases However, there is now updated technology to prevent diseases such as vaccinations  And new research methodologies/policies implemented to help improve societal well-being Life expectancy has been increasing Occupation, Income/education, race Path to lower mortality: The improvement of infant mortality, food intake/water supply, education, social infrastructure, and higher status for women Mortality: The number and/or rate of deaths in a given time or place Lifespan: The highest age at which a person can live Oldest person age: 122 Jeanne Louise Calmet Longevity: The realistic average or life expectancy derived as an average from many lives Infant mortality has a BIG impact on life expectancy Infant death would be easily preventable with a little money and education 7 Theories of Migration Migration: refers to the permanent relocation crossing state boundaries/ change in residence. The only component of change that is explicitly geographic and left out of Demographic transition theory. Has no biological components, hard to calculate. Why might people migrate? Job offer, for further education, to move closer to family, environmental factors. Why is it needed? To measure residency You are given multiple pieces of information about a migrant, match to what migration theories and why? 1. Neoclassical Economics Theory: Supply and demand, assumes people only move or don’t move because of money, low to higher wage areas. 2. New Household Economics Theory: Assumes migration decisions are made based on what's best for a family/household. 3. Dual Labor Market Theory: where developed regions have 2 job markets primary sector for the well-educated and secondary for low-educated. 4. World Systems Theory: 5. Network Theory: Migrants are connected to their countries of origin. 6. Institutional Theory: Ex: Green card, migration may be perpetuated by institutions that develop to precisely facilitate (and profit from) the continued flow of immigrants. 7. Cumulative Causation Theory: Each act of migration changes the likelihood of subsequent decisions about migration. Certain occupational sectors may be seen as “immigrant” jobs reinforcing the demand for immigrant labor. “Demographic Data” What are the differences between Primary Vs. Secondary Data? What is Primary data? Data collected specifically for the purpose in mind, is generally fresh and collected for the first time. Ex: you design a questionnaire to collect information on FSU student's views regarding population policies Primary data advantages: Accurate/reliable, up-to-date, addresses specific research interest Primary data disadvantages: Time-consuming, Expensive, not immediately available What is Secondary Data? Data collected by someone else, collected for a different purpose Ex: You use your friend's questionnaire of FSU students regarding population policies to investigate something different Secondary Data advantages: compliments primary data, Easily accessible Secondary data disadvantages: may be inaccurate, inconsistent, and inaccessible Sources of demographic data: Vital statistics: population processes of life and death Census population: population, demographic structure, and characteristics Administrative data: Local population changes, geographic mobility, and migration