The Political Self & Leadership PPT PDF

## The Political Self - A public identity one makes and constructs about themself to be. - A political position based on the interest and perspective of one social organization. ## What is Politics? It is etymologically defined as "affairs of the cities". - It is a process of making decisions th...

## The Political Self - A public identity one makes and constructs about themself to be. - A political position based on the interest and perspective of one social organization. ## What is Politics? It is etymologically defined as "affairs of the cities". - It is a process of making decisions that applies to all members of the group. - It is the ability to govern or control over a group of people in a community, state or nation. - It can be inferred from this that a person's ability to influence others by making a decision for them is one of the essential qualities in one's political self. ## What is Political Orientation? We tend to prefer groups based on our preferences, ideals, and interests. We want our perception of our social surrounding to be aligned within our sense of self. Political ideals are our organized set of beliefs regarding social behaviors within our political environment. ## Two Types of Motives of Social Influence 1. **Normative Influence** - based on conforming to positive expectations to others. - Helps avoid punishments 2. **Informational Influence** - based on accepting the information obtained from others as evidence of reality. ## Leadership Leadership is the process by which group members motivate and guide the group. It is also a process of giving control, guidance, headship, direction, and governance to a group or organization. It is the key dynamic factor that motivates and coordinates organizations to accomplish their objectives. Without being inspired by a leader, the whole organization or a department might drift along with no definite focus on key objectives such as trying to improve the worker's safety. ## Theories of Leadership ### 1. Theory of Needs McClelland (1961) identified three motivators that he believed we all have: - **Need for Achievement** - People who are motivated by achievement need challenging, but not impossible, projects. They thrive on overcoming difficult problems or situations, so make sure you keep them engaged this way. People motivated by achievement work very effectively either alone or with other high achievers. - **Characteristics:** - Has a strong need to set and accomplish challenging goals. - Takes calculated risks to accomplish their goals. - Likes to receive regular feedback on their progress and achievements. - Often likes to work alone. - **Need for Affiliation** - People who are motivated by affiliation work best in a group environment, so try to integrate them with a team (versus working alone) whenever possible. They also do not like uncertainty and risk. Therefore, when assigning projects or tasks, save the risky ones for other people. - **Characteristics:** - Wants to belong to the group. - Wants to be liked, and will often go along with whatever the rest of the group wants to do. - Favors collaboration over competition. - Does not like high risk or uncertainty. - **Need for Power** - Those with a high need for power work best when they are in charge. Because they enjoy competition, they do well with goal-oriented projects or tasks. They may also be very effective in negotiations or in situations in which another party must be convinced of an idea or goal. - **Characteristics:** - Wants to control and influence others. - Likes to win arguments. - Enjoys competition and winning. - Enjoys status and recognition. ### 2. Three Leadership Motivation Pattern (Chan and Drasgow, 2001) - **Affective Identity Motivation** - The motivation to lead as a result of a desire to be in charge and lead others. - **Noncalculative Motivation** - Those who seek leadership positions because they will result in personal gain. - **Social-Normative Motivation** - The desire to lead out of a sense of duty or responsibility. ### 3. Path-Goal Theory (Northouse, 2013) The path-goal theory can best be thought of as a process in which leaders select specific behaviors that are best suited to the employees' needs and the working environment so that they may best guide the employees through their path in the attainment of their daily work activities (goals). - **Instrumental Leaders** - leaders who plan and organize for their subordinates. - **Supportive** - leaders who show concern to their subordinates. - **Participative** - leaders who allow subordinates to participate in decision making. - **Achievement-oriented** - sets challenges and rewards achievement. It generally follows these basic steps: - Determine the employee and environmental characteristics - Select a leadership style - Focus on motivational factors that will help the employee succeed ## Rethinking Filipino Values Every country has its differing values and stereotypes, and the Philippines is no exception. We Filipinos firmly believe that our country has the best values in the world. Although we have been colonized by several countries, many core values from our ancestors remained intact and are still honored to this day. Filipinos are not perfect, but we have great characteristics and qualities every one of us should be proud of. - **Traits** - Referred to as distinguishing characteristics, typically one belonging to a person. - **Values** - The regard that something is held to deserve. The importance, worth, or usefulness of something. ## What Do Filipinos Value? The Filipino value system or Filipino values refers to the set of values or the value system that a majority of the Filipino have historically held important in their lives. As with any society though, the values that an individual holds sacred can differ on the basis of religion, upbringing and other factors. The term **kapwa**, or a shared inner self, lies at the core of Filipino values and psychology. A person who treats another as a kapwa has a shared a sense of identity and consciousness with that 'other' person. Both in the individual and community level, strong emphasis is placed on social acceptance and maintaining social harmony. As such, social approval and caring about what others will think, say, or do strongly influence social behavior. Here are some of the values that Filipinos have historically held important: - **The Family (Family-oriented)** - The family is at the center of the Filipino community. Children are not expected to leave their parents' house until they themselves get married; and even after then, many couples opt to stay with or close to their or their spouse's parents. Also, they're expected to care for their ageing parents instead of sending them to a retirement home. - **Humor and Positivity** - Optimism, humor, and positivity are valued traits in the Philippines. The country has a long list of national holidays, and many provinces and cities have their own sets of local holidays. At the same time, in the face of difficult or challenging situations, members of the community are encouraged to look at the brighter side of things. - The inclination for finding the good in the bad can be traced to the country's location, which lies in the path of typhoons and sits along the Pacific Ring of Fire. In a place where natural calamities are commonplace, humor and positivity work as a coping mechanism, much like how some children laugh to hide their embarrassment after slipping or falling. - **Filipino Hospitality** - Filipinos in the country and around the globe can be expected to extend a warm welcome to their guests regardless of where they come from, how well they know their host, and why they're visiting someone's home. - Hosts typically provide their guest with food and entertainment and, if there's time, a tour around the local destinations. Before they leave, guests are entreated to take home pasalubong or souvenirs, which often come in the form of delicacies and local sweets. - **Faith and Religion** - Spirituality is deeply ingrained in Filipinos. A form of animism was already being practiced in many pre-colonial societies and Islam has been firmly established in the southern islands even before the Spanish brought Catholicism to the country. These days, religion still plays a big part in society and in the everyday lives of Filipinos. The Catholic Church's views still affect the passing of some laws, most towns still hold fiestas to honor their patron saints, and many regular non-working national holidays are dedicated to celebrating various religious activities and events. To many Filipinos, religion helps shape their values and principles. More often than not, the Filipino people place their moral values in religion, particularly Catholicism and Islam. - **Respect** - One of the precious things Filipinos have is that they are respectful. Young, youth, people in all ages know how to show respect and courtesy. Some ways to show them are the use of "Po at Opo", "Pagmamano" or putting the back of an elder's hand on your forehead, and calling our older siblings or elders Ate or Kuya. ## Negative Filipino Traits Generally, Filipinos are known to be happy, friendly and very hospitable people and we are known for all these good qualities around the world! But, let us face it, Filipino people also have annoying and bad habits that sometimes give the country a negative reputation. These habits not only pull us down personally but the entire nation as well. - **"Bahala na" Attitude** - Roughly translated as "come what may", this is the Filipinos' own version of fatalism, the belief of trusting in Divine providence or leaving everything to the hands of fate. It is a Filipino's way of avoiding rationalization or good reason. While this trait can sometimes be helpful in time of adversity, the mentality of "what goes around, comes around," can also keep us from finding ways out of tough situations. - **Procrastination or "Mañana Habit"** - This is the Filipino habit of leaving for tomorrow what can be done today. They tend to postpone their actions for a later time thus reducing accomplishments. Filipinos are fond of saying "bukas na lang" or "sa susunod na lang" due to laziness. This arises from a slack mentality that a problem will eventually go away by itself. - **Crab Mentality** - Filipinos tend to possess this mentality especially when they feel insecure. In a way, crab mentality also promotes an unhealthy competition. - Instead of doing things that could help one to develop and become better than his competitors, Filipinos devote so much of their time gossiping and back-biting. It is their way of deviating people's attention on their inadequacy by focusing on other people's faults. - **Lack of Self-Discipline** - We have laws and regulations in order to achieve a harmonious community. However, most Filipinos have this penchant of disregarding the rules in order to prioritize what they want. - There's a theory that explains why Filipinos lack discipline or fail to implement rules, and it is something that is ingrained in our very culture. Being oppressed by various colonizers for such a long time made our ancestors defiant of the rules they believed to be discriminatory; thus, creating a mentality of "self-righteous disobedience." This is reflected on how Filipinos break laws to save time. For example, even when a signage clearly says 'No Jaywalking', Filipinos will still choose to cross the fatal road because it's more convenient and for them "righteous" to cross there. - **Filipino Time** - Related to the mañana habit, Filipino time refers to the Filipinos' own unique brand of time, which is known to be minutes or hours behind the scheduled or standard time. This behavior drives time-observant foreigners to get frustrated because Filipinos tend not to observe punctuality at all. It's a dreadful habit that needs to be stopped as it hinders productivity and progress. Not to mention that you're not only wasting your own time but other people's time as well. Filipino values will prevail even if years will pass by. It will never be removed because it serves as a distinction among other race. Definitely, it's more fun in the Philippines and it's the best to be part of Filipino family.