Policy Midterm Guide PDF

Kamilah Pasha: Midterm Review Potential Essay Topics Keynesian Economics Government is needed; a good government is an activist government. Government...

Kamilah Pasha: Midterm Review Potential Essay Topics Keynesian Economics Government is needed; a good government is an activist government. Government must do what the private sector will not-namely, spend especially when the economy gets out of full employment mode Modern Conservative Economics (Milton Friedman) argued against active efforts to stabilize the economy; instead of pumping money into the economy, government should circulate enough (welfare spending for altruistic reasons) Social Darwinism The poor would eventually overrun society and bring down the general level of civilization. Survival of the Fittest: the poor must pay the price demanded by nature and be allowed to die out; subsidizing the poor circumvents the law of natural selection. Democratic Socialism Radical economic change can occur within a democratic context. “Proponents or more strident forms of socialism argue that the fundamental nature of capitalism is anathema to advancing the public good”. The Principle of Less Eligibility Make a dollar more than the cutoff, and you are not eligible for programs Settlement House Movement Primarily set up in immigrant neighborhoods by wealthy people, college students, unattached women, etc. who moved into the slums as residents. Equality vs Equity Equity recognizes all individuals have different circumstances where equality evenly distributes resources between all groups. Capitalism An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Neoliberalism Cautious of government, less antagonistic towards big businesses, more skeptical about  the value of universal entitlements. Exploitation Action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work Institutional Racism The systematic and persuasive patterns of discrimination, bias, and disadvantage embedded within the structures, policies and practices of our social institutions Causes of Discrimination Psychological, normative-cultural, economic Feminism All genders have equal rights and opportunities. (respecting women's experiences) Gerrymandering Political manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one party/class Prominent Figures Adam Smith Believed in the “invisible hand” which viewed the marketplace as self regulating Robert Barth Groups are not discontinuous cultural isolates, or logical a prioris to which people naturally belong Reagan/ Bush/ Trump “Trickle down economics”; conservative economists argue that large social welfare programs are detrimental to the society in 2 ways: Erode the work ethic by supporting those not in the workforce Since they are funded by taxes that money is diverted to social welfare programs when it should be invested in the private sector Alan Greenspan Former chairman of the federal reserve; admitted he “made a mistake” in trusting free markets to regulated themselves without government oversight Dorothy Dix A philanthropist and social reformer who increased awareness of conditions for the mentally ill and those who had visual or  hearing impairments Jane Addams A social worker who was instrumental in creating the settlement house movement, a progressive response to the harsh urban conditions Mary Richmond Considered by many to be the founder of the professional clinical social work movement and formulated concept of social casework Abraham Flexner His response-social work lacked scientifically derided and transmittable knowledge base President Hoover Support of social workers due to humanitarian efforts and his prohibitionist stance FDR The Objectives were relief, recovery and reform. Established the National Recovery Act; Federal Emergency Relief Act JFK Sought to implement his New Frontier program Biden Moved quickly to overturn many of Trump’s policies, including rejoining the Paris Climate Accords Court Cases, Acts and Organizations Citizens United v. Federal Election The 1st amendment prohibited government Commission from restricting independent political expenditures by corporations and unions Social Security Act of 1935 Liberals argued that federal social programs were the best way to help the disadvantaged. Public assistance for dependent children Medical care for handicapped children The Green Party Value ecology, social justice, grassroots, democracy and non-violence. The Black Death of 1349 Fixed Minimum Wages, travel restrictions for  unemployed, mandated taking a job and outlawed alms for able-bodied people. The Act for the Punishment of Sturdy Ordered officials to obtain resources via Vagabonds and Beggars 1536 church donations for the poor, sick, handicapped and aged, it's also required assistance to find work for the able bodies and apprenticeship for those 5-14. PRWORA Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 -Work, federalism, accountability, government responsibility. Milford Conference Report provided an outline of the organizational structure by which professional caseworkers would deliver service. Federal Emergency Relief Administration The act was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first major initiative to help with the economic and social effects of the Great Depression. FERA was intended to provide direct cash assistance to the impoverished. National Recovery Act To provide public works projects and enacted the Public Works Administration Civilian Conservation Corps A government work relief program that employed young men to improve public lands during the Great Depression Farm Security Act Created to combat rural poverty Federal Housing Administration The FHA's purpose is to improve housing standards, increase employment in construction, and facilitate home financing Fair Labor Standards Act Establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards affecting employees in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments. National Labor Relations Act Protects the rights of private sector employees to organize, bargain collectively, and strike Ideology A system of ideals PAC Political Action Committee Values Assumptions, convictions or beliefs about what is good and desirable or the way things ought to be. Laissez-faire Less government participation is needed English Poor Laws Individuals considered worthy/deserving (aged, ill, disabled etc.) Judeo-Christian Philosophy The central idea in Judeochristianity is non-self-interested love. Non-self-interested love is defined as the awareness of others' individuality. US Sanitary Commision Organized by citizens, mostly women, was the first important national public health group. Freedmen's Bureau Set an important precedent for federal involvement in a variety of human resources. The Association for Improving the Poor The major emphasis of early social workers was on spiritual guidance where people were declared ineligible for relief due to immoral behavior. Charity Organization Societies Promoted “scientific philosophy” stressed the importance of individual assessment and a coordinated pa of service Black American Associations Believed that if conditions faced by immigrants were difficult, those faced by Black Americans were even more so. Office of Economic Opportunity Volunteers in service to America Upward Bound Neighborhood Youth Corps US Commission on Civil Rights Proposing measures to strengthen and safeguard civil rights in the United States. Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 Self- sufficiency Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 Restored child-placement decisions to the  individual tribes Indian Gaming Regulatory Act Gambling in border Immigration Reform and Control Act Granted legal status to undocumented prior to 1982 or worked in agriculture. Roe v. Wade Abortion Brown v Board of Ed Separate but equal is inherently unequal Full Employment in a Free Society This gives the employee the power to bargain Framework for Policy Analysis Policy Framework A systematic model for examining a specific social welfare policy or a series of policies-is one means analysts use to evaluate the congruence of a policy with the mission and goals of the social welfare state. Policy Framework ACE Method Asses, Compare and Evaluate A Rational Approach Identify, define, known and weighed, identified, considered, consequences, ration of benefits, net values. Political Approach Identify, formulating, legitimizing, implementing, evaluating Policy Analysis Historical Background, problems, policy description, policy analysis. Ethical Considerations Research, Informed Consent, Confidentiality, Plagiarism, Publishing. Political Feasibility Where is the power? Economic Feasibility Where is the revenue coming from? Administrative Feasibility Who will oversee the implementation of the policy? Terms to Know Social Justice Viewed from both political and philosophical perspectives- the goal of social justice is full participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs and ensures that all of its members are psychologically safe and secure. Economic Justice Fair allocation of resources- “a basic problem with the perspective of economic justice is that few of us want to surrender our economic freedom if it means that ultimately we will have less so that others can have more”. Prejudice A value learned through the process of socialization.. Once internalized, it becomes part of the individual's value system. Stereotypes Beliefs that members of certain groups behave in specific ways Discrimination The action that maintains and supports prejudice Institutional Discrimination Discrimination that results from accepted beliefs and behaviors and is codified in societal roles and policies. Assimilation The idea of the melting pot Cultural Pluralism Coexistence of various ethnic groups whose cultural differences are respected as equally valid. Ethnocentrism The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture and a tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own. Homophobia The irrational fear of same sex marriage Sexual orientation Physical, emotional and spiritual wellbeing AIDS Used to justify homophobia attitudes APA Trying to change sexual orientation is ineffective and potentially harmful Ageism Age based discrimination against elderly  persons De jure v De facto Law v reality Poverty Can be defined as deprivation Absolute Poverty An unequivocal standard necessary for survival Relative Poverty Deprivation that is relative to the standard of living enjoyed by other members of society Extreme Poverty 50% below the poverty line Culture of Poverty Transmitted intergenerational in a self perpetuating cycle Eugenics of Poverty Genetic inferiority; involuntary sterilization Birth Lottery The economic status of a child's parents affects the economic status of the child Poverty Threshold (poverty line)- the official federal poverty measure used to calculate the number of poor Poverty Guideline Uses a slightly lower poverty level. Used to determine eligibility for federal programs such as Food Stamps Supplemental Poverty Measure Considered a wider range of factors in determining the poverty threshold The Depth of Poverty The income-to-poverty ratio compares a family or individual income with the applicable poverty threshold. It illustrates how many dollars a family or individual needs to reach the poverty threshold for their category Gig economy A labor market in which independent contractors and freelance workers accept temporary flexible jobs, short term contracts, and freelance work instead of taking permanent jobs with benefits Flexicurity Based on combining labor market flexibility with economic security and the confidence they will not experience long periods of unemployment. Unemployment Not working Underemployment Not able to work 40 hours; working in jobs that do not utilize the skills one possesses Frictional Unavoidable in a constantly changing economy Structural “Deeper and longer-lasting maladjustments in the labor market” Cyclical Swings in economic performance… such as in recession times Chronic Persistent difficulty finding work Dual Labor Markets Influence by unions Wages Minimum amount to make hourly Living Wage Movement Began as push for local ordinance to require private businesses that benefit from public money to pay their workers a living wage Asset- based Policy Road to ending poverty involves savings and accumulation of assets Individual Development Accounts Are part of an asset-building strategy designed to reduce wealth inequality by enabling poor individuals to accumulate assets Americas Fringe Economy Define as predatory lenders and service providers who cater to a financially disadvantaged population Pro-Growth Model Focus exclusively on economic growth since poverty reduction will naturally occur as the economy expands Pro-Poor Model Main focus is on lessening inequality and reducing poverty Non-Governmental Organizations Nonprofit organizations independent of governmental control Microcredit Centers on providing financial services to low-income people who lack access to mainstream banking service