Police leadership and administration by William_240901_113752.docx

Bostons smart policing uses problem oriented strategies for Mico level hot spots First step for setting a department strategic plan -vision Fmla gives how many weeks -12 Purpose of organizational vision-linking present to future Malfeasance-harmful,unjust,prohibited conduct that violated public...

Bostons smart policing uses problem oriented strategies for Mico level hot spots First step for setting a department strategic plan -vision Fmla gives how many weeks -12 Purpose of organizational vision-linking present to future Malfeasance-harmful,unjust,prohibited conduct that violated public trust Noble cause-illegal means for legitimate means Community partnership- working relationship between police,residents,or social group 3 categories of police behavior-ethical organizational,and legal Smart policing-evidence based and dat drive Key question for performance measures-can police have impact on crime. What presidential task force on 21 century policing say about guardianship culture-redirection of recruitment training,leadership budgetary resources and commitment Presidential task force-advises on tactics,encourage officer participation,measure rewards August Vollmer hired educated police Valid and reliable evaluations require- outcomes,objectives,reporting system,accomplishments Administration- police department involves the logical coordination and arrangement of people,resources Greek word for police - polite Leaninging organism- enhances it\'s effectiveness by adapting its needs Strategic management- implement strategies for goals and objectives Metropolitan police act- hiring of 3k police Sir Robert peel created a police force blue uniforms Paradigm- filter which info passes through before it is integrated with human thought process Paradigm paralysis-the way things are done is a success, so it must be working Political era- killing and Moore identified from 1840s to early 20th century Reform Era-19th to 20th century burarcy Community problem solving policing era- during the 1980s to have relationship with police and public Political era- police were controlled by politics Strategic policing era- adopting strategic strategies August Vollmer adopted professolism for policing hired college people Max weber calls bureaucracy as a hierchary system. Deprofessionalization syndrome- discreased discretion and manager control, patrol is punishment New Breed of policing in 1968- baby boomers Strategic policing- dat driven Owilson said police in cars driving randomly is preventive patrol Pregnancy discrimination act 1978 prohibits discrimination for pregnancy Underreported is goal displacement Direction is shared throughout a organization For strategic management to be successful midmanagers and line supervisors must feel empowered Failure to train is deliberate indifference which was inactive by Supreme Court in 1983 Intelligence policing- data and Intel the decision making framework Repetto says policing is a living breathing organism Authority- commands from a source will be obeyed Voluntaries- choices made by free will Excutivr strategic level-assortment of titles,sherif,colonel,chief Organizational justice- procedural,distributive, interactional Managerial functions-enviroment demands,organization level, activity,Knowledge Middle management is a lt that does planning,organizing,commanding,coordination,and control Supervisor level is Sgt or corpal Types of supervisors, supportive,innovative,traditional,active Traditional superiors-task oriented Supportive supervisor-give praise,personal counselor, and their desire to be a protector of subordinates Active supervisors - be involved,beside subbordinate Tipping point, Cognitive,resource,political,motivational Implement change 1)develop goal,2)communicate change, 3)guiding coalition4) implement change 5\) maintain equilibrium, 6)overcome resistance 7) measure progress Cognitive hurdle- find ways to communicate Resource hurdle- focus on hot spots Validity standards- content,criterion,construct Democratic and participatory leaders are for strategic planning Supervisors serve as quality control Professional policing- maintence of order and the enforcement of law Robert peel Enforcement guided the use of the powers, operations, and interaction with citizens. Proactive policing-broken windows- prevent unsafe community transformational eaders-who can identify and understand the needs of the community, their agency Transformational leaders-are change agents,visionaries,show appetite Kelling and Bratton (1993), in their analysis of the administrative  problems associated with implementing strategic change in policing, middle managers became the main proponents of centralizing control Planning allows the manager to identify what should be done, when, by whom, and what needs to be accomplished. Special population recruitment plan- a diverse workforce that recruits a special group of population to recruit Organization vision- mission,link to future,standards of excellence,guide for action,yardstick,values, Dali lama- gernerosity,ethical,patience,enthusiasm, concentration,wisdom Transformational leadership 4 I\'m idealized,irrational,intellectual,individualized Transformational leader-organization must adapt Transformational leaders- reject the traditional view that police organizations operated in a stable and predictable environment that can be controlled through procedures and policy. Problems the public expects you to solve- problem oriented policing 2008 we had fewer than 10 officers in a department 48% Target -performance that is used when hitting a desired level Strategic level- line supervisors Critical mass-people who have the ability to evert force and I fluency and organization Not sustained-cant prove or not prove allegation Police misconduct- conduct that violated standards and policies Community- fixed place where people live having a sense of belonging Organizational image-small applicant pools, negative image in media and poor relationships Double loop learinging- error and problems detected Unit Commanders- Tactical response Line supervisors-seegeants Subdivision Commanders- establish vision and direction Status que-maintain things the way they are now Cookie cutter management-what works for others works for us Satisficing- easiest way out of situations Status que- way of doing things Organizational capabilites-human,physical,leadership,asset Open source system- strategic planning-\> 1) determine problem 2) scan environment 3)mission statement 4)develop goals 5) plan 6) implementation 7) monitoring 8) evaluation 9) dissemination Goals also known as s.m.a.r.t.e.r goals Problem oriented policing- scanning,analysis,response,assessment Koper curve theory-kitting at hot spots is wasteful Compstat is a strategy by Bratton for a proactive crime control strategy meeting Compstat- timely Intel,rapid deployment, tactics, follow ups Community policing- community partnership to deal with problems of crime and disorder,officer know areas Problem oriented policing- identify nature and cause of crime Compstat-managers are held accountable for addressing the crime and shorter **What is the primary focus of Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP)**- information to guide police Smart policing- evidence based data driven law enforcement Hawthorne found police productivity was influenced by social and psych factors 5th ammendment- due process- can\'t be deprived of life or property without duebprocess 13th ammendment -slavery 14-protection from sex race or national rights issues,protection from removal of privledges Civil rights Act of 1866 land contracts Civil right act 1871 can sue Equal pay act of 1963 1964 civil rights act- employers can\'t discriminate based on sex gender,religion,color Age discrimination 1967- protected if over 40 Fmla act of 1993 Strategy-evaluation of numbers in Quan and qualitative data African Americans benefited the most from programs Pregnancy act of 1978 Equal employment opportunit act of 1972 - investigate complain of discrimination Content Validity-test and job duties Construct validity- traits for job performance Criterion Validity-test and performance Validity test for traits and characteristics Post- officer standards Principles of learning for training- motivation,relevance,repition,feedback Garrity v new jersey- fixing tickets investigation Due process is 5th ammendment Uniform crime report -fbi publishes Macro measures- overall agency measures,real estate value General measures- broad indication, citizen fear level Specific measures- individuals, number of community meetings Performance of public agency, efficiency,effectiveness, economy Democratic policing- crime control and prevention and Police must be accountable to the law rather than to the government Misfeasance- wrongful performance of a normally lawful duty, improper search Nonfeasance- failure to perform task, do report Meat eaters- seek gratuity and bribes Grass eaterz- opportunistic corruption Noble cause- illegal means to obtain legitimate end Type I small number of correct officers Type II unorganized correction with no correction Type III corruption with hiarchy Unfounded- false lack of evidence Exonerated: lawful Coordination-synchronization of efforts of independent activities. Not sustained: csnt prove or disprove Sustained: did not follow policy Line inspections- direct control inspections Staff inspections-not direct control of how people do their jobs Fact findings proceedings- administrative hearings Collective efficacy- neighborhood with a common goal to prevent violence Neighborhood is smaller than a community with smaller subloaction Ferguson effect- negative response to police due to media Hedgehogs concept- what a company do best in the world System improvement - impede Quan and qualitative data Actionable intelligence-intel that can be used for response to threat Enable others to act- Appointed leaders- leaders politically decided or designated by employment or prominence Acknowledge leader-grassroot leader Graham v occonor-reasonable objectivness Strategic analysis begins with the external analysis and serving. Community Servant leader- put others before own needs Community policing-top down approach Learning organization- new knowledge and insight Achievement leader- gets results Problem oriented policing -how public want you to handle stuff 80% of police had community missi9n statements Hours spend on arrest -measure of efficiency Administration helps reward and disipline Leaders do not support police direction and dont want to learn Excutive leadership team-framing a department vision Robert peel law-police exist to prevent crime,working with public, Empowerment-sharing of leadership, company misuse employees ability Organizing-structuring of organization and deploy resources,establish accountability,workload and unified organization effort Agape-unconditional love for others Community and neighborhoods are linked horizontally Community partnership-working relationship between police and residents Transformational leaders-must be fluid and adapt in the changing world,modify behaviors,learners Learning organization- learn on own to respond to enviroment Effective organizations share sense of direction Middle managers- identify goals,take Corrective action,maintain standards Directive leadership-do tasks assigned, Interracial fairness-supervisor has open and honest relationship Diagnosis problem that requires change Intelligence policing-business model, has aids, hotspots Smart-specific, measurable, acceptable realistic,timely ,extended ,rewarding Internal payoffs-police corruption entitlements that are bartered or sold Baseline-initial level of progress and success. Police performance-reporting system,defined outcomes,Managerial oversight Chief activites-resource levels, department mission, budgets Job task analysis- description of job and job needs Progressive construct disipline-disipline with gradual consequences Controlling-operations conform to planned operations Community policing-select line officers and supervisors, joint effort with community Strategic policing transforms department from reactive to proactive Shakedowns-accept bribes, not followup on criminal violation,not arresting,impounding property Real discussions relationships involve-managent of officers,officers to officer, police to community Closed system is not affected by outside sources Change-alteration to structure,people, and practice of organization Peel said police get power from legal system and the people Development- providing skills and knowledge for future assignments Fair labors standards act- FSLA- overtime if work more than 40 hours Newburn said police increase weight of drugs from misdeamor to Felony is flaking or padding Protection of illegal acts-allowing and protecting illegal activites to operate The fix-undermines investigations,giving false testimony Unplanned change-intense external pressure brought on by crisis Challenge the process-innovative way to bring change Threat factors-other police cometition,violent crimes,unrest,crisis Focused evidence-target one problem Strategic control-adjust strategies when not reaching goal 800k police since 2008 External analysis-opportunities a d threats Strategic plan outcomes-vision,success is measured,assign tasks Strategy execution- implementing the development and formulated Encourage the heart-leaders shownappreciation for excellence Compstat centerpiece is the briefing Active superiority style most likely influence behavior Accountability-assess effectiveness and address operational problems Subdivision Commanders-set performance objectives for commands vision Executive staff is human resources Change agent- indicates who take responsibility for changing process and organization Excutive and middle.management-maintain unit,adhere to policy.manage operations Innovative supervisor- forms positive relationships with officers,has positive view Success indicator- measure output or outcome Open system learning- external environments and external inputs Resistance in community policing- resistance from middle managers and line officers Corruption- officer misuse of authority to get personal gain Dala lama-6 aspects of a servant leader- generous, ethical,patience,enthusiastic,concentration, wisdom Community leader- individuals who influence the attitudes and behavior of others within their community. Negative discipline- Punishment is used to eliminate undesirable work-related behavior Output measures consider the quantity of the service delivered---number of arrests, total dollars collected in seized Input measures-resources used to provide a particular service, such as the number of hours spent patrolling a area **is the primary focus of outcome measures in performance measurement** Results achieved compared to desired outcomes Measures of efficiency consider the amount of resources used to achieve an output, like hours spent per arrest and the cost thereof. Efficiency is tied to doing more work in less time and at less cost 65% of police departments had 50k community policing unit in their department in 2000 goals, values, use of personnel, plans and tactic implementation are not questioned, then single-loop learning occurs. Double-loop learning occurs when error and/or problems are detected, analyzed, and corrected in ways that involve the modification of an organization's underlying norms, policies, strategic assumptions and objectives Administration- make decisions about promotion, demotion, reward, discipline, training needs, salary, job assignment, retention, and termination Guidance and counseling- provide feedback to subordinates and assist them in career planning and preparation Socialization- reinforce other means of organizational communication about the mission and values Documentation- record the types of problems and situations officers are addressing in their neighborhoods Guidance and Counseling: to help supervisors provide feedback to subordinates and assist them in career Canton v harris- a municipality can be held liable for constitution violations Strategic Control: Assess performance and make adjustments if the strategy is not achieving the desired outcome. Strategy Formulation- matching the organization's strengths/weaknesses with the opportunities and anticipate ourcomes Internal Analysis: organization's strengths and weaknesses in its internal environment. Identify the "core competencies" dysfunctional organization is that who fails to serve the purpose for which it was created dysfunctional organization-stage 1) lacks in several areas. 2)communication break down,high turn over,low morale 3) status que,management crisis,feel conflict and abandonment limited resources Valid measures correctly capture the concept under consideration. Communication- promote a culture of respect within the department and clarify that mistreatment of citizens will not be tolerated within the organization Police leadership should be democratic Unfreezing involves getting the organization ready for change by having its members confront the present reality in order to recognize the need and lessening their resistance to Kurt Lewin (1947) developed a process of planned change that has three major elements 1)Unfreezing the status quo (Creating Dissatisfaction with the Status Quo and Acceptance of the Change Model). 2) Changing to a new state (Mobilization + Alignment Process). 3)Refreezing the new state (Institutionalization & Measurement). Changing occurs when the planned change process is implemented and the forces against it are overcome. Unfreezing, members confront the present reality in order to recognize the need and lessening their resistance to it. Transactional leadership- uses barging. With officers Rewards, monitor effectiveness, only act when need to, passive,status que, transformational leadership- 1) Idealized influence, 2Inspirational motivation 3)Intellectual stimulation 4)Individualized consideration Distributive fairness- managers ensure promotions,salary and discipline is fair Organizational system best describes policing-open Procedural justice-police are rational,transparent,evidence that police can be trustworthy in authority use. Inspired a shared vision- leaders envision the future with positive messages Utilization of human resources now and in future- hhr management Just cause-disiplinary action that has become standard in labor Arbitration Reform model- technology, crime control,impartially Intelligence led policing-anticipate future risks influence decision matters to prevent crime Community policing- officers know patrol area and residents Multiple hurdle process- eval of canidates based on standards and other elements job task analysis is a systematic detailed study of the content of a job so that one can develop an accurate description Valid measures Accurate performance measurement requires the use of indicators that are both valid and reliable. Reliable measures-indicator that reveal the same results Total quality management- mobilize the organization, recognize importance of line staff, and tap into community resources Open Systems Model- recognizes the role played by the internal and external environments in reaching organizational goals Smarter goals-specific,measurable, acceptable,realistic,timely,extend,rewarding Smarter goals-stretch goals Kickbacks-Receipt of goods, services, or money for referring business (e.g., recommendation of a lawyer to arrestees Corruption of authority:receives some form of material gain due to his or her position without violating the law, free drinks, Direct criminal activities-crime violation of both departmental and criminal norms. (e.g., committing a burglary on duty Research: to training evaluations and assess the effectiveness of interventions designed to improve individual performance Strategy- examining the effectiveness of a project or program. Technology frame- focus is the manner in which information is obtained and processed Cultural frame- perceptions, norms, artifacts, and accepted ways Human resource frame-department's management of its personnel resources and polices. Specific measures are designed to evaluate individual and unit performance and efficiency. Major problem for strategic leaders for effective organization is- managers do not support or can\'t learn law of reciprocity; that is, that one good deed deserves another. exchange theory;employees bargaining for assistance, resources, and information needed to accomplish their jobs Sara model- scanning ,analysis,response, assessment Strategic planning-provide framing action,,assign responsibilities,building consensus within organization,vision,identify weakness and strength **What is the primary objective of the control function in management-** Ensuring employee performance meets organizational objectives Ratcliffe says that for into to be valuable -  must influence the thinking of decision-makers and guide meaningful action **Hersey and Blanchard emphasize-**Adapting leadership style based on subordinates\' competence and commitment Self control -patien e Macro measures-**measurement focuses on direct outcome measures like crime rates and victimization rates?** General measures are broad indicators of effectiveness based on the subjective reflection quality, and accomplishments, Specific measures are designed to evaluate individual and unit performance and efficiency. **key outcome of a strategic plan-** It provides a long-term guiding vision and steps for short-term action Doing a job task analysis for hiringpolice departments - Providing data for recruitment and selection planning **goals of the civic reformers in changing police departments in the U.S.** Eimination of political interference Principal of Democratic policing Authentic leaders are guided by what is right and fair for themselves and organizational personnel **What is a common outcome for organizations that become dysfunctional-management by crisi becomes to** **norm** **primary focus of Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP)-using intelligence to guide operations and tasks** **Which tactic is often mistakenly associated with Broken Windows Policing? Stop,question,frisk** **Suburban department -** They are medium-sized organizations with less than a thousand sworn employees **Which organization\'s research has played a central role in the development of model policies regarding the use of force?** International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) **What is the primary purpose of engaging an organization\'s external environment in strategy development?** **According to Peel's principles, what is the true test of police efficiency? Absence of crime and disorder** **key factor in the public\'s willingness to voluntarily obey the law according to the concept of police legitimacy?-**Belief in the legitimacy of the authority enforcing the law **What are stretch goals designed to do in an organization-** Challenge the organization to go beyond incremental change **what is a potential repercussion of lowering employment standards in police recruitment-** Weakened community trust in the police force **key issues in practicing organizational justice according to Wolfe and Nix?** **How does the text describe today\'s perception of community compared to the traditional view?** **According to Ratcliffe (2016), what is considered as \'knowledge\' in the data analysis continuum? D**ata and information with a particular interpretation **component of the external environment of public agencies as identified by Cohen and Brand? Political,economic, social, technological,** **What kind of crimes did the Lowell Police Department target in their Hot Spots Policing Strategy?** Patiennce aka self control **police department\'s ability to attract qualified applicants?- competitive salary** **Incremental change- planned but limited changes** **goal of using performance measurement for strategy evaluation- to know if something is working or not** **What should police departments ensure through established policy and administration in deadly force incidents?** Ensure credible investigatory procedures are followed Changing reactive departments to proactive ones-transformational leadership **consequence of the reform era\'s focus on motorized patrol? Reactive policing** **What is a key focus of the Human Resource Frame in a police department** Managing personnel resources and policies effectively **According to Goldstein, what is a common issue with traditional police performance improvement methods? \"Means over ends\"** Community is a social construct that refers to a fixed place (geographically defined area) **What is the primary focus of community analysis in policing-**The type, quality, and basis for the interaction of people in the community **What was the primary mission of the Metropolitan Police Department-prevent crime and maintain order** **the underlying theme of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing regarding the culture of policing?** Embracing a culture of guardianship rather than that of a warrior **What was identified as a core responsibility of middle managers in policing -** Aligning the department\'s mission with its operational accomplishments **What is the primary focus of Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)** Identifying and addressing the underlying causes of problems **What is essential for maintaining public confidence in democratic policing-** Police officers demonstrating the highest levels of personal and professional standards. **According to the text, what is considered a critical factor in creating organizational effectiveness? HR management** **What is one of the purposes of performance measurement in law enforcement according to the text?** To help managers make decisions about promotion, demotion, and other administrative actions **Which of the following is a component of distributive fairness- En**suring promotions and discipline are fairly distributed **What is one of the primary purposes of CALEA's accreditation program for law enforcement agencies** To ensure agencies comply with established professional standards **What is the focus of strategic management in policing-** Enhancing operational efficiencies by identifying internal issues and external influences **What is police legitimacy primarily based on?** The belief that police have moral authority to enforce the law **How should complaints that are best resolvable beyond the realm of the internal affairs function be handled?** Redirected to other areas of the department as the nature of the complaint dictate **What does QOL policing focus on? Quality of life offenses** **What year did the English Parliament pass the Metropolitan Police Act? 1829** **purpose of a SWOT assessment in a police department\'s strategic alignment process?** To identify the department\'s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats **intangible asset of a police department?-** High level of trust from the community **What characterizes Urban---multilevel departments in American police organizations?** Large bureaucratic hierarchical organizations with a high degree of task specialization **first hurdle in the tipping point leadership process- Cognitive hurdle** **Why is trust between law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve essential-**It is key to the stability of communities, integrity of the criminal justice system, and safe delivery of policing services **What is the primary goal of the police recruitment process?** **Who are acknowledged community leaders** **what should performance measures in police departments focus on? Services delivered** **what is required to prove the validity of police department selection criteria-** Establishing a relationship between the selection criteria and job performance **What is a key component of strategic policing according to the text?** Proactive analysis of the department\'s environment **What is the primary goal of the police recruitment process?**  generate a large pool of applicants to select the best-qualified individuals **What is a primary feature of the internal affairs process in dealing with complaints against police officers?** Ensuring citizens can file a complaint directly with the police and all allegations are reviewed and investigated if required **What standard of evidence is used in administrative hearings during the fact-finding proceedings?** Preponderance of the evidence **Which theory influenced O.W. Wilson\'s development of the preventive patrol strategy?** Theory of omnipresence **According to the text, what is the main goal of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM)?**Linking personnel management with strategic goals to improve organizational performance **What is a key factor in ensuring police legitimacy in the eyes of the public?** Citizens believe that police actions are morally justified and appropriate to the circumstances **What are organizational core competencies as described in the text?** Areas the department does exceptionally well and that provide a competitive advantage **How can police legitimacy be enhanced in the community** By listening to community residents and responding to their concerns **What is the critical difference between proactive and reactive policing,** The use of information and intelligence for directing operational resources What does the measure of efficiency in performance measurement primarily address?Doing more work in less time and at less cost **According to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), what must be provided to employees who work over 40 hours in a single workweek?**Overtime pay or compensatory time