P.O 1.18 - Communicable Diseases PDF

NANG07 Nursing Health & Ethics SKILL AREA: 1.0 NURSING HEALTH PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE: 1.18 Describe the role of an assistant nurse in giving effective nursing care to a patient with communicable diseases. DK Siti Armah Pg Hussin BHSc (Nursing), DHSc (Nursing)  ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. List som...

NANG07 Nursing Health & Ethics SKILL AREA: 1.0 NURSING HEALTH PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE: 1.18 Describe the role of an assistant nurse in giving effective nursing care to a patient with communicable diseases. DK Siti Armah Pg Hussin BHSc (Nursing), DHSc (Nursing)  ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. List some of the 2. List some of the new communicable diseases. emerges pandemic diseases. 1.1 Malaria. 2.1 Avian flu. 1.2 Dengue. 2.2 Swine flu. 1.3 Tuberculosis. 2.3 severe acute 1.4 Zika. respiratory syndrome (SARS). 1.5 Hands Foots and Mouth disease. 2.4 COVID-19. 1.6 Dysentery. 1.7 Typhoid. 1.8 Cholera. 1.9 Diarrhea. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 3. Recognise the signs and symptoms of each condition. 4. Take precautionary measures to prevent the spreading of each condition listed above. 5. Provide effective nursing care based on the patient’s problems 5.1 Carry out barrier nursing effectively. 6. Educate patient to comply with treatment and medical follow up.  E.O 1. List some of the communicable diseases. What is Communicable Diseases? Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases or transmissible diseases, are illnesses caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can be transmitted from one person or organism to another, either directly or indirectly. These diseases can spread (1.1through Hepatitis) various means, including person-to-person contact, exposure to contaminated surfaces or objects, Example through the air, or via vectors like insects. of Communicable Diseases: 6. 1. Malaria Dysentery 2. Dengue 7. Typhoid 3. Tuberculosis 8. Cholera 4. Zika 9. Diarrhea  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.1 Malaria) 1. What is Malaria? 4. Preventing the spread of Malaria is a potentially life- malaria involves a combination threatening tropical disease caused of personal protective by the Plasmodium parasite(1.1 Hepatitis) measures and community-level interventions to control the 3. Signs & Symptoms: mosquito vector: High fever. Use bed nets Chills. Wear long-sleeved clothing Sweating. Apply insect repellant Headaches. Stay indoor at dusk or dawn Fatigue. Screened windows & doors Nausea and vomiting. Eliminate standing water Muscle and joint pain. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) Anemia (due to the destruction of Take Antimalarial Medications  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.2 Dengue) 1. What is Dengue? Dengue is a viral infection caused by the dengue virus, which is primarily transmitted to humans through (1.1 theHepatitis) bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes 3. Signs & Symptoms: Sudden high fever Severe headaches 4. Preventive Joint and muscle pain measures: Pain behind the eyes Use bed nets Rash Wear long-sleeved Mild bleeding (e.g., nosebleeds or gum clothing Apply insect repellant bleeding) Screened windows & **These symptoms usually appear 4 to 10  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.2 Dengue) (1.1 Hepatitis)  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.3 Tuberculosis) 1. What is Tuberculosis? Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. (1.1 Hepatitis) It primarily affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, 4.such Preventive as the measures: kidneys, bones, and brain. Tuberculosis Vaccination (BCG) 3. Signs & Symptoms: Healthcare worker protection & screening Good respiratory hygiene Cough (that lasts more than 2-3 weeks) Chest pain Early diagnosis & treatment – TB is curable Fever Night sweats with appropriate treatment & prevent Fatigue spreading to others Unintended weight loss TB pt to wear mask (respiratory etiquete) Loss of appetite Isolate & quarantine those with active TB  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.4 Zika) 1. What is Zika? Zika is a viral disease caused by the Zika virus, which is primarily transmitted to humans through (1.1 Hepatitis) the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes (can be transmitted through mosquitoes' bites, sexual intercourse & maternal-fetal transmission) 3. Signs & Symptoms: 4. Preventive Most people infected with Zika virus do not develop measures: symptoms, and those who do typically experience Using insect mild symptoms: repellent Fever wearing long- Rash sleeved clothing Joint pain using mosquito Muscle pain  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.5 Hands, Foot and Mouth Disease) 1. What is HFMD? ) Hand, Foot, and Mouth 4. Preventive measures: Disease (HFMD) is a Hand hygiene common viral illness that Avoid close contact with primarily affects infants and children, although it (1.1 Hepatitis) infected pt Cleaning & disinfecting can also occur in adults. It touched surfaces is typically caused by Isolate infected enteroviruses individuals 3. Signs & Symptoms: Good respiratory hygiene Fever Educate teachers & Sore throat caregiver Mouth sores Monitor outbreaks – Skin rash  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.6 Dysentery) 1. What is Dysentery? ) Dysentery is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by inflammation of the intestines, particularly the colon, and it results in severe diarrhea with blood and mucus in the stool. Caused by: Bacterial Infections (Shigella, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). (1.1 Hepatitis) These pathogens can contaminate food and water. Parasitic Infections (Entamoeba histolytica) 4. Preventive measures: 3. Signs & Symptoms: Hand hygiene Severe, bloody diarrhea Use & drink safe water Abdominal cramps and pain Eat cooked food (not raw) Mucus in the stool Avoid contaminated food & Fever beverages Nausea and vomiting Proper sanitation Dehydration Vaccination  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.6 Dysentery) ) (1.1 Hepatitis)  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.7 Typhoid) 1. What is Typhoid? ) It is a significant and potentially life-threatening disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, primarily transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. (1.1 Hepatitis) Typhoid fever is more common in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water, particularly in some parts of the developing world. 4. Preventive measures: 3. Signs & Symptoms: Vaccination Fever Safe food & water Headache Avoid risk food & water sources Fatigue Proper sanitation Rose spots Personal hygiene  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.8 Cholera) 1. What is Cholera? ) 4. Preventive Cholera is an acute and potentially severe measures: diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vaccination Vibrio cholerae. It is primarily transmitted Safe food & water through the consumption of contaminated water Avoid risk food & (1.1poor or food, particularly in areas with Hepatitis) sanitation water sources and limited access to clean water. Proper sanitation Personal hygiene 3. Signs & Symptoms: Sever diarrhea Vomiting Dehydration Muscle cramp Shock (in some cases, cholera can lead to  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.8 Diarrhea) 1. What is Diarrhea? ) Diarrhea is a common digestive problem characterized by the frequent passage of loose, watery, and often unformed stools. Common causes of diarrhea include: Infections: Common infections that cause diarrhea include norovirus, (1.1 rotavirus, E. coli, Salmonella, andHepatitis) giardia. Food Poisoning: Consumption of contaminated or spoiled food can result in diarrhea, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Medications: Some medications, especially antibiotics, can disrupt the balance of beneficial gut bacteria, leading to diarrhea as a side effect. Food Allergies or Intolerances: Allergies to certain foods or intolerances, such as lactose intolerance, can trigger diarrhea when specific foods are consumed. Stress and Anxiety: Emotional stress and anxiety can sometimes lead  E.O 1, 3 & 4 (1.8 Diarrhea) 3. Signs & Symptoms: ) Loose stools Increased frequency of bowel movement Abdominal pain Nausea (1.1 Hepatitis) Vomiting Dehydration sign 4. Preventive Weight loss measures: Vaccination Safe food & water Avoid risk food & water sources Proper sanitation Personal hygiene  E.O 2. List some of the new emerges pandemic diseases. What is Pandemic? A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that occurs on a global scale, affecting a significant proportion of the world's population. The term is typically used to describe the widespread and sustained transmission of a new infectious disease that can cause serious illness or death and can easily spread from person to person. Example of the new emerges (1.1pandemic Hepatitis)diseases: 1. Avian flu 2. Swine flu 3. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 4. COVID-19  E.O 2, 3 & 4 (2.1 Avian Flu) ) 2. What is Avian Flu? Avian flu is a contagious viral infection that primarily affects birds, particularly poultry. However, some strains of avian flu can also infect humans and other animals.(1.1 Hepatitis) 3. Signs & Symptoms: Fever CoughSore throat Muscle and joint pain Fatigue Headache Runny or stuffy nose  E.O 2, 3 & 4 (2.1 Avian Flu) 4. Preventive measures: ) Preventive measures for avian flu focus on reducing the risk of transmission of the virus from birds to humans. These measures are essential for both those working with poultry and individuals in areas where avian flu outbreaks have been reported. Here are some key preventive measures: (1.1 Hepatitis) Vaccination: In areas where avian flu is a significant concern, vaccinating poultry, particularly chickens and ducks, is a common preventive measure. Biosecurity Measures: Implement strict biosecurity practices on poultry farms to prevent the introduction and spread of avian flu. These measures include controlling access to farms, maintaining proper hygiene, and regularly disinfecting equipment and facilities. Restricted movement of people, animals, and vehicles can also help minimize the  E.O 2, 3 & 4 (2.1 Avian Flu) ) Avoid Close Contact: Minimize contact with sick or dead birds. Wear appropriate protective clothing, such as gloves and masks, when handling potentially infected birds. Proper Handling and Cooking of Poultry: Ensure that poultry and eggs are thoroughly cooked before consumption. Proper cooking kills (1.1raw the avian flu virus. Also, avoid Hepatitis) or undercooked poultry and egg products. Good Hygiene Practices Travel Precautions Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): In high-risk settings, such as poultry farms or during avian flu outbreaks, individuals should wear appropriate PPE, including masks, gloves, and protective clothing, to reduce the risk of transmission. Vaccination for High-Risk Individuals: In some cases, individuals at  E.O 2, 3 & 4 (2.1 Avian Flu) ) (1.1 Hepatitis)  E.O 2, 3 & 4 (2.2 Swine Flu) 2. What is Swine Flu? ) Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses that typically affect pigs. The most common subtypes in pigs are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. 3. Signs & Symptoms: Fever (1.1 Hepatitis) Cough Sore throat Body aches Fatigue Headache Chills Runny or stuffy nose Nausea or vomiting  E.O 2, 3 & 4 (2.2 Swine Flu) ) 4. Preventive measures: Get Vaccinated Practice Good Hygiene Avoid Close Contact Protective Clothing (1.1 Hepatitis) Safe Food Handling Antiviral Medications: In cases of confirmed or suspected swine flu infection, healthcare providers may prescribe antiviral medications to treat the illness or prevent its spread to close contacts. Travel Precautions  E.O 2, 3 & 4 (2.3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)) 3. Signs & )Symptoms: 2. What is SARS? Fever Severe Acute Chills Respiratory Syndrome Cough (SARS) is a viral Shortness of Breath respiratory illness (1.1 Hepatitis) Headache caused by the SARS Muscle and Joint Pain coronavirus (SARS- Fatigue CoV), which is a Chest Pain novel and highly Respiratory Distress: In severe cases, contagious virus that individuals with SARS can develop pneumonia can lead to severe and acute respiratory distress syndrome respiratory symptoms (ARDS). These conditions can lead to and, in some cases, significant difficulty breathing and may require  E.O 2, 3 & 4 (2.3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)) ) 4. Preventive measures: Surveillance and Reporting: Early detection and surveillance are critical – remain vigilant Isolation and Quarantine: (1.1 Hepatitis) Isolating confirmed and suspected cases of SARS is essential to prevent the spread of the virus. Quarantining individuals who have had close contact with infected individuals is also important to limit transmission. Travel Restrictions Research and Vaccine Development: Ongoing research into coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV, is vital to better understand the viruses and to develop vaccines or treatments in the event of future outbreaks. Personal Hygiene (handwashing & coughing etiquette)  E.O 2, 3 & 4 (2.3 COVID-19) 2. What is COVID-19? COVID-19, short for "Coronavirus Disease 2019," 4. Preventive (1.1illness is a highly contagious respiratory Hepatitis) caused measures: Wearing face by a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2. masks, 3. Signs & Symptoms: practicing physical COVID-19 can lead to a wide range of symptoms, distancing, from mild to severe, and some individuals may frequent remain asymptomatic (showing no symptoms at handwashing and all). Common symptoms include using hand fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, sanitizers. loss of taste or smell, and muscle aches. Vaccination against COVID-19  E.O 5. Provide effective nursing care based on the patient’s problems (5.1 Carry out barrier nursing effectively) ) Barrier nursing is a specialized approach to nursing and healthcare that focuses on preventing the transmission of infectious diseases, particularly communicable diseases, within (1.1 Hepatitis) healthcare settings. It involves the use of various measures and barriers to protect both healthcare workers and patients from exposure to infectious agents. The goal of barrier nursing is to break the chain of infection and minimize the risk of disease transmission.  E.O 5. Provide effective nursing care based on the patient’s problems (5.1 Carry out barrier nursing effectively) 1. Wear Personal Protective Equipment ) (PPE) 2. Frequent Hand Hygiene 3. Isolation Precautions: Patients with communicable diseases are placed in isolation rooms, which may have negative pressure and adequate ventilation to prevent the airborne transmission of pathogens. (1.1 Hepatitis) Isolation precautions are implemented based on the mode of disease transmission: Contact Isolation (direct or indirect contact transmission) - PPE, such as gowns and gloves, is worn. Droplet Isolation (respiratory droplets transmission) - PPE includes masks, gowns, and gloves. Airborne Isolation (small airborne particles transmission) - Healthcare workers use N95 respirators along with gowns and gloves.  E.O 5. Provide effective nursing care based on the patient’s problems (5.1 Carry out barrier nursing effectively) 4. Environmental Hygiene: Routine ) cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, equipment, and the patient's environment are crucial to maintain a clean and safe area. High-touch surfaces are given special attention. 5. Waste Management: Proper (1.1disposal Hepatitis) of medical waste and potentially contaminated materials is essential to prevent the spread of infection. This includes the use of biohazard containers and adherence to waste management guidelines. 6. Limiting Visitor Access: During outbreaks or when caring for patients with communicable diseases, visitor access may be restricted or regulated to prevent the transmission of infectious agents. 7. Patient Education: Educating patients about the importance of adherence to isolation precautions, proper hand hygiene, and respiratory  E.O 6. Educate patient to comply with treatment and medical follow up. Educating patients to comply with treatment and medical follow-up is critically important when dealing with communicable diseases to prevent their spread and ensure the best possible outcome for the patient. Here are specific guidelines for educating(1.1 Hepatitis) patients with communicable diseases: Explain the Medication Adherence: Communication: Motivation and Disease: Explain the importance of Provide clear Positive Start by taking prescribed medications contact information Reinforcement: explaining the as directed. For example, for healthcare Use motivational nature of the emphasize the need for providers and interviewing communicable antiviral medications or encourage patients techniques to help disease, antibiotics, if applicable. to reach out with patients find their including how it Provide a clear medication questions or own reasons for is transmitted schedule and instructions. concerns. compliance. and its potential Potential Side Effects: Encourage patients Offer praise and consequences. Discuss potential side effects of to communicate positive Use simple, medications or treatments. changes in reinforcement when clear language Explain when to contact symptoms promptly patients THANK YOU