PM214 Final Exam (1st Sem) PDF

**[PD 1096]** **Presidential Decree No. 1096-** known as the National Building Code of the Philippines. -The primary goal is to ensure the safety, stability, and welfare of the individuals, properties, and environment. **1977-** The year it was enacted to establish a comprehensive framework for b...

**[PD 1096]** **Presidential Decree No. 1096-** known as the National Building Code of the Philippines. -The primary goal is to ensure the safety, stability, and welfare of the individuals, properties, and environment. **1977-** The year it was enacted to establish a comprehensive framework for building construction, maintenance, and safety standards. Covers **structural, electrical, plumbing, and mechanical systems** [ ] to ensure the durability and functionality of buildings Ensures that **materials and construction practices** meet safety and quality benchmarks. **Specifies structural requirements** to mitigate risks from natural disasters. Defines zoning classifications for **residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional** purposes to prevent overcrowding and ensure strategic urban planning. Mandates **minimum lot areas, building heights, and distance between structures** for safety and accessibility. **FOUR ZONING MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF PD 1096** **Residential Zones**- Features restriction on building heights, lot coverage, and proximity to industrial and hazardous areas. **Commercial Zones**- Positioned strategically near transportation hubs and urban centers of accessibility. **Industrial Zones-** Includes provisions for pollution control and buffers to protect neighboring zones. **Institutionalize Zones-** Designed for accessibility and safety, often located near residential zones to serve the population. **Drainage system-** It was required to manage rainwater runoff, reduce flooding, and protect infrastructure. **Fire-resistive materials**- It was enforced and designed to delay the spread of fire and safeguard occupants. **Building permit-** it was required for construction, ensuring plans adhere to the code's standards. Mandates inspections **during and after** **construction** to ensure compliance. Grants authority to local governments and building officials to enforce the code. Establishes **penalties for non-compliance, including stop-work orders and fines.** Encourages the integration of sustainable building practices to reduce environmental impact and adapt to climate change. **[DISASTERS AND EFFECTS ON BUILDINGS ]** **NATURAL DISASTERS** *(earthquakes, typhoons, floods)* **Earthquake** **Causes**: *Ground shaking, liquefaction, and structural collapse* **Key Vulnerability**: *Weak foundation and poor designs.* **Typhoons** **Result:** *High winds and flooding, damaging roofs, walls, and foundations.* **Key Vulnerability:** *Lack of wind-resistant designs.* **Floods** **Damage:** *Lower floors, electrical systems, and materials prone to water damage.* **Key Vulnerability:** *Inadequate drainage and elevation.* **HUMAN-INDUCED DISASTER** -*Fires, industrial explosions, and terrorist attacks* **Key Vulnerability:** *Flammable materials, absence of fire-resistant designs.* **STRUCTURAL VULNERABILITIES AND RESILIENCE** **Structural Failures-** Weak joints, columns, and beams lead to partial or total collapse. **Examples:** Pancakes collapse during an earthquake **Non-Structural Damage-** Damage to interiors, utilities, and equipment. **Example:** Flooded electrical systems during typhoons **Cascading Effects-** Building failures exacerbate disaster impacts. **Examples:** Broken levees intensify flooding **COMMON BUILDING WEAKNESSES** - Poor construction materials and techniques - Non-compliance in building codes - Lack of retrofitting for older structures **URBAN RISKS** - High population density increases disaster impacts - Limited access to safe evacuation spaces **STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING VULNERABILITIES** **Reinforced Foundations** - Use of shock-absorbing materials to minimize seismic damage **Flood Resilient Design** - Elevated structures in flood-prone areas **Retrofitting** - Strengthening old buildings with modern techniques **TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN BUILDING RESILIENCE THROUGH INFRASTRUCTURE** **CHALLENGES** **Engaging Stakeholders-** Community involvement in identifying risks and solutions. **Capacity Building-** Training local builders on disaster-resilient practices. **Zoning Policies-** Restricting construction in high-risk areas **Enhancing Building Resilience** -Strict enforcement -Mandatory retrofitting for critical infrastructure -Investment in research for innovative materials and designs **Collaboration-** Partnership between governments, private sectors, and communities. **[ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY INFRASTRUCTURE- GREEN BUILDING]** **Green building-** designing, constructing, and operating buildings to minimize environmental impact and enhance sustainability. *[**Importance**: ]* - Mitigating climate change - Enhancing disaster resilience **PRINCIPLES OF GREEN BUILDINGS** - Energy Efficiency - Water Conservation - Sustainable Materials - Indoor Environmental Quality - Site Selection And Land-Use **KEY CONTRIBUTION** - Structural Resilience - Adaptation to Climate Change - Community Safety *[Example: ]* -Use of permeable pavements and green roofs for flood control -Integrated solutions: - Urban planning incorporating green spaces - Water management systems to mitigate flooding - Renewable energy systems ensuring power during disasters **CHALLENGES** - High initial cost for green technologies - Lack of skilled professionals in green construction **RECOMMENDATIONS** - Promote awareness of green building benefits - Incentivize sustainable construction through government subsidies. - Strengthen policies to integrate disaster resilience with green building principles **SUMMARY** - Green buildings **integrate environmental sustainability and disaster resilience** - They are **essential for mitigating climate change and protecting communities** **CALL FOR ACTION** - **Advocate for policies** that promote green infrastructure - Encourage collaboration between governments, private sectors, and communities **[DISASTER RESILIENCE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SAFER SCHOOLS]** **Schools-** these are critical community hubs, making them central to disaster preparedness and response **Disaster-resilient school infrastructure-** it ensures the safety of students and staff while maintaining education continuity during emergencies **Reinforced design-** Building designed to withstand earthquakes, floods, and typhoons. **Use of durable materials-** Incorporation of weather-resistant materials for long-term safety **Hazard Assessment-** Identifying safe locations away from floodplains or fault lines **Accessibility-** Ensuring routes are safe and usable during emergencies **Emergency Facilities** - *Evacuation areas:* Multi-use spaces for shelter during disasters - *Emergency exits: Clearly marked and unobstructed escape route* **Resilient Utilities** - *BackUp power and water supply:* Ensuring access to essential services during disruptions - *Community systems:* Installation of radios or alarms for early warnings **STRATEGIES TO ENSURE STUDENT AND STAFF SAFETY** **Comprehensive Preparedness Plans** - Risk Mapping: Coordination with authority **Training and Drills** - Regulatory conducting evacuation drills for students and staff **Multi-Hazard Approach** - Designing buildings that address multiple risks, such as earthquakes and floods **Inclusion of stakeholders** - Active involvement of teachers, parents, and local authorities in safety planning **CHALLENGES** - Funding limitations - Lack of Technical expertise **RECOMMENDATIONS** - Increased investments - Capacity Building - Policy Implementation