Plutonism and Volcanism PDF

Plutonism and Volcanism Prepared by: Ms. Lorenze Anne F. Madrigal Earth and Life Science I Adviser Guide Questions 1. If you are a resident of the island, will you go back to your houses? Why or why not? 2. What do you think is the cause of sudden volcanic eruption of Taal? Why do...

Plutonism and Volcanism Prepared by: Ms. Lorenze Anne F. Madrigal Earth and Life Science I Adviser Guide Questions 1. If you are a resident of the island, will you go back to your houses? Why or why not? 2. What do you think is the cause of sudden volcanic eruption of Taal? Why do you think it stopped?  An endogenic process is a geological process that was formed, originated, and located below the surface of the earth. It involves geologic activities such as tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities and magmatism. Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special location deep in the crust or in the upper mantle. Magma forms from partial melting of mantle rocks. Rocks undergo partial melting because the minerals that compose them melt atdifferent temperature. Partial melting takes place because rocks are not purematerials. As temperature rises, some minerals melt and others remain solid. If thesame conditions are maintained at any given temperature, the same mixture of solid and melted rock is maintained.  To understand melting, pressure is also considered. Pressure increases with depth as a result of the increased weight of overlying rock. Geologists found out that as they melted rocks under various pressures, higher pressure led to higher melting points. According to Bayo-ang, et.al (2016), the two main mechanisms through which rocks melt are decompression melting and flux melting. Decompression melting takes place within Earth when a body of rock is held atapproximately the same temperature but the pressure is reduced. This happens because the rock is being moved toward the surface, either at a mantle plume (a.k.a., hot spot), or in the upwelling part of a mantle convection cell. If a rock that is hot enough which is close to its melting point is moved toward the surface, the pressure is reduced, and the rock can pass to the liquid side of its melting curve. At this point, partial melting starts to take place.  Flux melting happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the melting temperature is reduced and partial melting starts. As the magma moves toward the surface, and especially when it moves from the mantle into the lower crust, it interacts with the surrounding rock. This typically leads to partial melting of the surrounding rock because most such magmas are hotter than the melting temperature of a crustal rock. At very high temperatures (over 1300°C), most magmas are entirely liquid because there is too much energy for the atoms to bond together. As the temperature drops, usually because the magma is slowly moving upward, things start to change. Silicon and oxygen combine to form silica tetrahedra, and then, as cooling continues, the tetrahedra start to link together to make chains (polymerize). These silica chains have the important effect of making the magma more viscous (less runny), and magma viscosity has significant implications for more explosive volcanic eruptions.As the magma continues to cool, crystals start to form. What happens after magma is formed? Cuarto (2016) described that magma escaped in two forms: intrusion and extrusion. An intrusion is magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting. Like a balloon, this causes the volcano to grow on the inside. What is meant by the intrusion of magma is the inclusion of the rock layers forming the earth's  When the process of crystallization takes place inside the crust, the magmatic rocks produced are called plutonites, which is another major category of igneous rock formation. Plutonites are igneous rock formations that are created when the process of crystallization and solidification of magma takes places below the Earth's surface and particularly in the crust. An extrusion is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth. Magma extrusion causes the formation of volcanoes when the gas pressure is strong enough and there are cracks in the earth's crust. Magma that came out to the surface of the earth is called  Magma can move up because of a high pressure exerted by magma and gases. In the lithosphere, magma occupies a bag which is called magma chamber. The depth of the magma chamber causes the differences in the strength of volcanic eruptions. In general, the deeper the magma chamber, the stronger the explosion.  Volcanoes are created and formed when the energy generated by inductive currents flowing from the Earth's core towards the surface hits the upper layers in the form of pressure and smashes the overlaying rock formations. The presence of dilated water vapor plays an important role in the creation of craters by assisting the flow of magma towards the surface. This also explains why massive amounts of water vapor concentration in magmatic gases with an average value of 80% are emitted into the atmosphere during volcanic  Molten material in the form of lava that undergoes the process of crystallization on the natural terrestrial surface gives birth to rock formations known as volcanites. These are one of the major categories of igneous rock formations. Volcanites are composed of gray, dull pink colored track basaltic lava with large phenocrysts and pyroclastic.