Earth Science Q2 M2 PDF

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula 11 Zest for Progress Z Peal of artnership Earth Science Quarter 2 -...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula 11 Zest for Progress Z Peal of artnership Earth Science Quarter 2 - Module 2: Geologic Processes: Volcanism and Metamorphism Name of Learner: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________ Name of School: ___________________________ 1 Module Geologic Processes: 2 Volcanism and Metamorphism What I Need to Know You’ve probably heard from the news about volcanic eruptions, or you might remember the eruption of Mt. Taal and Mt. Pinatubo. (Volcanoes can alter the landscape of a town, county, even country!) Perhaps you’ve even seen an active volcano. Although they are often a destructive force, volcanoes are an amazing facet of creation. They come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and eruption types. This module will help you understand how magma causes the volcanoes to erupt and what happens to the magma after the volcanic eruptions. The module covers: Lesson 2 – Volcanism and Metamorphism After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Describe what happens after magma is formed (S11ES -11c-25) 2. Describe the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature (metamorphism) (S11ES -11c-d-26) What’s In Activity 1. Complete Me! SCORE: ____/10 Directions: Fill in the boxes below with letters to form a word/s. These words are being described by the statements found under Across and Down. (1 point each) Across: 1. Chemical changes in at least some of the composition of the rock 4. Freezing and thawing of water inside the crack of a rock 5. Reaction of oxygen with minerals in the rock, forms oxides 7. On-site breakdown of rock and its eventual transformation into sediments 8. the process through which a distinctive saltwater layer creates a layer of freshwater because of density variations 10. breakdown of rock into unconnected grains or chunks without changes in its composition 2 Down: 2. splitting of rocks into onion-like sheets parallel to the surface 3. water is absorbed into the crystal structure of the mineral causing it to expand 6. certain minerals are dissolved in water 9. rock crack expansion due to plants growing on its surface 1 2 3 4 6 9 7 5 8 10 What’s New Activity 2. Volcano in a Cup SCORE: ____/10 https://www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/volcano-in-the-classroom/tr29801.tr Directions: Prepare all the materials, do the activity and follow the procedures carefully. Materials: Sand Beaker/Small Mason Jar Piece of Wax(candle) Water Small Frying Pan Matches Spoon Preparation: 1. Light the candle using a lighter or match. 2. Tilt the beaker to one side. 3. Drip melted candle wax into one side of the beaker, close to the bottom. See Fig. 2. You will need to accumulate about 2 tsp of wax. Note: When this demonstration is complete, the beaker may be cleaned and returned to regular laboratory use. Figure 1. Melted wax in beaker 3  4. Wait 5 min for the melted wax to cool and solidify. 5. Add a 1" layer of sand over the wax in the beaker. 6. Fill the beaker containing sand and wax with water until it is ¾ full. 7. Dampen the sand by gently lifting and stirring it with a spoon. Note: Be careful not to dislodge the melted wax in the beaker. 8. Wait 1 min for the sand to settle. Figure 2. Wax, sand, and water in beaker Procedure: 1. Slowly heat the beaker of wax, sand, and water on a hot plate using medium heat. See Fig. 3. 2. As the wax melts, it will push up into the sand layer. See Fig. 4. During this time, you may hear a faint bubbling sound and/or see a bulge in the sand. 3. Eventually melted wax will break through the sand, rise, and solidify as it enters the cool water. See Fig. 5. As with a real volcano, the process can be unpredictable. If after 5 min the wax has not broken through the sand, increase the hot plate temperature. Figure 3. Wax breaking Figure 4. Wax through sand solidifying in water 4. When melted wax stops breaking through the sand, turn off the hot plate. 5. Allow the beaker and hot plate to cool for 20 min. 6. Once the beaker has cooled, remove it from the hot plate and thoroughly clean it. Sand, water, and wax may not be reused. 4 Guide Questions: (5pts each) 1. What happens to the wax after doing the activity? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. What do you think would happen if a volcano erupts? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What is it Magma  the molten rocks that are found beneath Earth’s surface  they are less dense than the surrounding solid rock, and therefore capable of rising the surface  when magma emerges at the surface, it is called lava Formation of Magma Magmas are formed under certain circumstances in special locations deep in the crust or in the upper mantle/. They are formed when conditions are right to cause preexisting solid rocks to melt. The common notion that the crust floats over a sea of molten rock is wrong because the mantle is mostly solid. https://www.google.com/search?q=common+sites+of+magma+formation+in+the+mantle&sxsrf=ALeKk00sBHoguerWl5TH6Z_EKBR_aEtSLw:1600392508149&source=ln ms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY8svXxvHrAhXUPXAKHajiC7gQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1536&bih=754#imgrc=gROvtnkIaNo-dM Figure 5. Magma Formation Magma can be generated in several ways. Melting can occur when the temperature stays the same but the pressure decreases. This process is called decompression melting. This usually occurs in parts of the crust called rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges, and in volcanic hotspots. 5  Another melting trigger is when volatiles or gaseous substances are added into the hot solid rocks in a process called flux melting. The water vapor or carbon dioxide will react with the rocks and weaken or break their bonds and cause from solid to liquid state. this usually occurs in subduction zones. Magma can also be formed via process called heat transfer melting. It is the melting of surrounding rocks caused by very hot magma bringing in additional heat. A very hot magma (12000C) from the upper mantle could rise and cause melting of the rocks in the lower crust (5000C) which has a lower temperature. This occurs in rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges, hotspots, and subduction zones. Rocks are composed of several different minerals, which cause it to melt over a range of temperatures. The melting temperature of the rock, called eutectic temperature, is lower than the melting temperature of its constituent minerals. When a rock begins to melt, only certain minerals are melted. This process is called partial melting. The rock will eventually be melted completely when the temperature is high enough. The magma formed by partial melting has a different composition than the original solid rock. If the magma is separated from rock that has not undergone complete melting, the magma will consists of components that melted at lower temperature and the remaining solid rock will contain components with higher melting temperature. This process is called fractionation. During melting, the magma that are formed first tend to be richer in silica. Volcano A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust that allows molten rock, gases, and debris to escape to the surface. Alaska, Hawaii, California, and Oregon have the most active volcanoes, but other states and territories have active volcanoes, too. A volcanic eruption may involve lava and other debris that can flow up to 100 mph, destroying everything in their path. Volcanic ash can travel 100s of miles and cause severe health problems. Types of Volcano When magma erupts at the surface it can form different types of volcanoes depending on the viscosity, or stickiness, of the magma, the amount of gas in the magma, and the way in which the magma reached the surface. Different types of volcanoes include stratovolcanoes, shield, fissure vents, spatter cones and calderas. Stratovolcanoes These volcanoes are majestic giants with steep sides and a symmetrical cone shape. They form from very thick, viscous, or sticky, lava that won't flow easily. The lava therefore builds up around the vent forming a volcano with steep sides – we call this a stratovolcano and it has a familiar triangular shape. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/hazards/volcanoe s/types.html Figure 6. Stratovolcano 6  Because the magma is so viscous, gas can't leave the magma, therefore, when the magma rises to the surface the gas pressure builds up inside the volcano, resulting in an explosive eruption. Shield volcanoes Where a volcano produces low viscosity, runny, lava it spreads far from the source forming a volcano with gentle slopes. This type is called a shield volcano. Figure 7. Shield Volcano Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa are shield volcanoes. They are the world's largest active volcanoes, rising nearly 9 km above the sea floor around the island of Hawaii Cinder cone volcanoes Cinder cone volcanoes (also called scoria cones) are the most common type of volcano, and are the symmetrical cone-shaped volcanoes we typically think of. They may occur as single volcanoes or as secondary volcanoes known as "parasitic cones" on the sides of stratovolcanoes Figure 8. Cinder Cone or shield volcanoes. Airborne fragments of lava, called tephra are ejected from a single vent. The lava cools rapidly and fall as cinders that build up around the vent, forming a crater at the summit. Cinder cone volcanoes are fairly small, generally only about 300 feet (91 meters) tall and not rising more than 1,200 feet (366 meters). They can build up over short periods of a few months or years. Two predominant types of volcanic eruptions: Effusive eruptions – magma rises through the surface and flows out of the volcano as a viscous liquid called lava. Explosive eruptions – magma is torn apart as it rises and reaches the surface in pieces known as pyroclasts. Metamorphism Metamorphism, mineralogical and structural adjustments of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions differing from those under which the rocks originally formed. The most important agents of metamorphism include temperature, pressure, and fluids. Equally as significant are changes in chemical environment that result in two metamorphic processes: (1) mechanical dislocation where a rock is deformed, especially as a consequence of differential stress; and (2) chemical recrystallization where a mineral assemblage becomes out of equilibrium due to temperature and pressure Figure 9. Metamorphism changes and a new mineral assemblage forms. 7 Types of Metamorphism  Dynamic metamorphism, or cataclasis, results mainly from mechanical deformation with little long-term temperature change. Textures produced by such adjustments range from breccias composed of angular, shattered rock fragments to very fine-grained, granulated or powdered rocks with obvious foliation and lineation. Large, pre-existing mineral grains may be deformed as a result of stress.  Contact metamorphism occurs primarily as a consequence of increases in temperature when differential stress is minor. A common phenomenon is the effect produced adjacent to igneous intrusions where several metamorphic zones represented by changing mineral assemblages reflect the temperature gradient from the high-temperature intrusion to the low-temperature host rocks; these zones are concentric to the intrusion. Because the volume affected is small, the pressure is near constant. Resulting rocks have equidimensional grains because of a lack of stress and are usually fine-grained due to the short duration of metamorphism.  Regional metamorphism results from the general increase, usually correlated, of temperature and pressure over a large area. Grades or intensities of metamorphism are represented by different mineral assemblages that either give relative values of temperature or absolute values when calibrated against laboratory experiments. Regional metamorphism can be subdivided into different pressure-temperature conditions based on observed sequences of mineral assemblages. It may include an extreme condition, where partial melting occurs, called anatexis.  Retrograde metamorphism, the response of mineral assemblages to decreasing temperature and pressure  Metasomatism, the metamorphism that includes the addition or subtraction of components from the original assemblage; poly-metamorphism, the effect of more than one metamorphic event  Hydrothermal metamorphism, the changes that occur in the presence of water at high temperature and pressure which affect the resulting mineralogy and rate of reaction. What’s More Activity 3. Guess What? SCORE: ____/10 Directions: Unscramble the letters to form a word/s that best describe each picture. (1pt each) 1. YADMNIC PEHOSMTARIM 2. CTAONTC PEHOSMTARIM __________________________ ________________________________ 8 3. HIEDLS OVCALNO 4. OLAVCANOSTTOR ___________________________ ________________________________ 5. GIREOLAN PEHOSMTARIM 6. LUXF ETILMNG _____________________________ _______________________________ 7. DREINC ONEC 8. USIFEFVE PITEONRU __________________________ ____________________________ 9. EDPERMOCSSION ELTMING 10. PELXOIEVS TNIOPERU _____________________________ ________________________ 9  What I Have Learned SCORE: ____/15 Activity 4. Choose and Write Directions: Choose the word/s from the word bank below which is best described by each statement in the next page. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. (1pt each) Decompression Melting Flux Melting Contact Metamorphism Shield Volcano Stratovolcano Metamorphism Magma Regional Metamorphism Effusive Eruption Volcano Dynamic Metamorphism Cinder Cone Heat Transfer Melting Explosive Eruption Decompression Melting Metasomatism __________________1. magma rises through the surface and flows out of the volcano as a viscous liquid called lava __________________2. Melting that occurs when the temperature stays the same but the pressure decreases __________________3. results from the general increase, usually correlated, of temperature and pressure over a large area __________________4. the molten rocks that are found beneath Earth’s surface __________________5. melting of surrounding rocks caused by very hot magma bringing in additional heat __________________6. magma is torn apart as it rises and reaches the surface in pieces known as pyroclasts __________________7. an opening in the Earth’s crust that allows molten rock, gases, and debris to escape to the surface __________________8. mineralogical and structural adjustments of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions differing from those under which the rocks originally formed __________________9. the most common type of volcano, and are fairly small, generally only about 300 feet (91 meters) tall and not rising more than 1,200 feet (366 meters) __________________10. melting trigger is when volatiles or gaseous substances are added into the hot solid rocks __________________11. occurs primarily as a consequence of increases in temperature when differential stress is minor __________________12. a volcano produces low viscosity, runny, lava it spreads far from the source forming a volcano with gentle slopes __________________13. the metamorphism that includes the addition or subtraction of components from the original assemblage __________________14. volcanoes that are majestic giants with steep sides and a symmetrical cone shape __________________15. results mainly from mechanical deformation with little long-term temperature change 10  What I Can Do SCORE: ____/18 Activity 5. What should you do? Directions: Read the situation found in the next page and follow the instructions for the task you will do in this section. Kanlaon Volcano (also spelled Canlaon), located on the island of Negros, is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines. The town of Guintubdan is situated 5km west of the volcano. Given that you are the mayor of this place, how should you prepare your town for possible volcanic eruption? What should you and the town officials include in the municipality’s plan in order to reduce risk from a volcanic disaster? Fill in the table below to present your town’s emergency preparedness plan. (3pts each) EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLANNING PROCESS WORKSHEET Steps Details for Emergency Preparedness Plan 1. Gather Information 2. Identify Risks 3. Analyze Risks and Develop Scenarios 4. Review Operations and Management Considerations 5. Document and Distribute the Plan 6. Monitor, Review for Impact and Update Plan 11  Assessment SCORE: ____/15 Directions: Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best answer. Encircle the letter of your answer. 1. The major difference between metamorphism and metasomatism is: a. the temperature at which each occurs b. the minerals that are affected c. the area or region involved d. metasomatism is metamorphism with the introduction of additional ions from an external source 2. Regional metamorphism is associated with: a. divergent plate boundaries b. transform plate boundaries c. convergent plate boundaries d. all plate boundaries 3. The generally accepted temperature limits for metamorphism are: a. metamorphism occurs at all temperatures b. there are no temperature limits to metamorphism because it is a continuum c. metamorphism is limited by pressure, not temperature d. 200 degrees Celsius to rock melting 4. The principal agents of metamorphism are: a. heat and pressure b. heat and magma c. confining pressure and directed stress d. Sean Connery and Roger Moore 5. Contact metamorphism results whenever: a. rocks are buried deeply beneath the crust b. an earthquake occurs c. lithospheric plates are in contact d. magma is in contact with other rocks 6. Regional metamorphism: a. produces metamorphic rocks over large areas b. produces foliated metamorphic rocks c. is occurring as you read this question d. all of these 7. Residents at the base of which one of the following would face the greatest danger? a. Shield Volcano c. Geyser b. Cinder Cone d. Stratovolcano 8. Which type of magma is most likely to erupt effusively from a shield volcano? a. Cool, viscous (sticky) magma b. Hot, runny magma c. Magma that has already partly crystallized below ground d. All of these 9. Magma is: a. melted rock  b. the source of all igneous rocks c. the reason volcanoes form d. all of these 10. The most common type of volcano in the "Ring of Fire" is: a. a composite volcano b. a shield volcano c. a cinder cone d. a volcanic fissure 11. Volcanism does not usually occur: a. Along subduction boundaries where continental and oceanic plates collide b. Along sea floor spreading centers c. At hotspots d. Along the convergent boundary where two continental plates collide 12. The principal factor(s) influencing upward magma migration before cooling is (are): a. the magmatic water content. b. the magmatic gas content, combined with magma viscosity. c. the climate and temperature regime that affects the land surrounding the volcano. d. the time since the last eruption, combined with the density of the rocks overlying the volcano. 13. Which best describes “fractionation’? a. As minerals crystallize, they are isolated from the remaining magma and unable to react with it. b. As magma turns solid, the fraction of mafic minerals decreases as the fraction of felsic minerals increases. c. As magma cools, only a fraction of it turns solid at any one time. d. Only a fraction of all magma chambers turn solid before erupting. 14. Magma rises toward Earth’s surface because: a. It is hotter than the surrounding rocks b. It is less dense than the surrounding rocks c. It is more fluid than the surrounding rocks d. It is more mafic than the surrounding rock 15. The release of magma from a volcano: a. Epicenter b. Earthquake c. Hotspot d. Eruption Additional Activity Activity 7. Let’s Travel around the World SCORE: ____/30 Directions: 1. Create a slideshow of volcanoes found all over the world. The slideshow should contain the following information: a. type of the Volcano; b. name of the Volcano; and c. place where the volcano is located. 2. Your slideshow should be in mp4(video) format, not less 1 minute but not more than 3 minutes, and submit it to your science teacher through email. Table 1. Rubric for Slideshow Presentation Very Needs Category Excellent Satisfactory Satisfactory Improvement (10pts) (6pts) (8pts) (4pts) Concept The slideshow The slideshow The slideshow The slideshow clearly demonstrates demonstrates a does not demonstrates a key concepts. previous concept. demonstrate a key concept. clear concept. Design The quality and The quality and The quality and The quality materials in the materials in the materials in the and materials slideshow are very slideshow slideshow lacked in the well organized and adequately some organization slideshow are understandable. organized and and 50% clear. not organized somewhat clear. and lack clarity Final Final product looks Final product Final product l Final product professional and looks decent required more looks Product the concepts were and the revisions and the unrefined and visibly concepts were concepts were not the concepts demonstrated. somewhat clearly were not demonstrated. demonstrated. demonstrated.  References Images Magma: (2020, September 15). Retrieved from google.com: https://www.google.com/search?q=common+sites+of+magma+formation+in+the+mantle&sxsrf=ALeKk0 0sBHoguerWl5TH6Z_EKBR_aEtSLw:1600392508149&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj Y8svXxvHrAhXUPXAKHajiC7gQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1536&bih=754#imgrc=gROvtnkIaNo-dM Shield and Stratovolcano: (2020, September 15). Retrieved from google.com: https://www.ready.gov/volcanoes Cinder Cone: (2020, September 15). Retrieved from google.com: https://www.google.com/search?q=cinder+cone+volcano+vector&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwio- d7jzfbrAhUNhJQKHWU0DM4Q2- cCegQIABAA&oq=cinder+cone+volcano+vector&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BAgAEEM6BggAEAg QHjoECAAQGFDKsNUBWP7i1QFg7eTVAWgJcAB4AIABdIgB8QeSAQM2LjSYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd 2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=w7NmX- iLFo2I0gTl6LDwDA&bih=754&biw=1536#imgrc=N2kOjibPMnEsWM Websites Types of Volcano: (2020, September 15). Retrieved from google.com: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/hazards/volcanoes/types.html Metamorphism: (2020, September 15). Retrieved from google.com: https://www.britannica.com/science/metamorphism http://novella.mhhe.com/sites/0072402466/student_view0/chapter7/multiple_choice_quiz.html https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap3mult.html https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/page3638.html Volcanism: (2020, September 15). Retrieved from google.com: https://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_holden_physgeo_3/230/58968/15095954.cw/content/index.ht ml https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199965557/student/ch4/quiz/ https://www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/volcano-in-the-classroom/tr29801.tr Book Ramos, JD. A., et. Al., (2017). Phoenix. Exploring Life through Science: Earth Science. Phoenix Publishing House Development Team Mi Ultimo Adios Deja que el sol, ardiendo, las lluvias evapore Writer: Andrhea Mae Balaobao-Sumamban Adiós, Patria adorada, región del sol querida, Y al cielo tornen puras, con mi clamor en pos; Perla del mar de oriente, nuestro perdido Edén! Editors: Margie Lou C. Jacob A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida, Deja que un ser amigo mi fin temprano llore Y en las serenas tardes cuando por mí alguien ore, Laarni A. Adonis Y fuera más brillante, más fresca, más florida, También por ti la diera, la diera por tu bien. ¡Ora también, oh Patria, por mi descanso a Dios! Kathleen Joy B. Padilla Ora por todos cuantos murieron sin ventura, Joly C. Baradero En campos de batalla, luchando con delirio, Otros te dan sus vidas sin dudas, sin pesar; Por cuantos padecieron tormentos sin igual, Por nuestras pobres madres que gimen su amargura; El sitio nada importa, ciprés, laurel o lirio, Por huérfanos y viudas, por presos en tortura Reviewer: Sandy R. Albarico Cadalso o campo abierto, combate o cruel martirio, Lo mismo es si lo piden la patria y el hogar. Y ora por ti que veas tu redención final. Layout Artist: Y cuando en noche oscura se envuelva el cementerio Management Team: Yo muero cuando veo que el cielo se colora Y al fin anuncia el día tras lóbrego capuz; Y solos sólo muertos queden velando allí, No turbes su reposo, no turbes el misterio, si grana necesitas para teñir tu aurora, Tal vez accordes oigas de cítara o salterio, Vierte la sangre mía, derrámala en buen hora Majarani M. Jacinto, Ed.D., CESO VI Y dórela un reflejo de su naciente luz. Soy yo, querida Patria, yo que te canto a ti. SDS-ZDS Y cuando ya mi tumba de todos olvidada Mis sueños cuando apenas muchacho adolescente, No tenga cruz ni piedra que marquen su lugar, Mis sueños cuando joven ya lleno de vigor, Deja que la are el hombre, la esparza con la azada, Visminda Q. Valde, Ed.D. Fueron el verte un día, joya del mar de oriente, Y mis cenizas, antes que vuelvan a la nada, Secos los negros ojos, alta la tersa frente, ASDS Sin ceño, sin arrugas, sin manchas de rubor El polvo de tu alfombra que vayan a formar. Entonces nada importa me pongas en olvido. Ensueño de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo anhelo, Raymond M. Salvador, Ed.D. ¡Salud te grita el alma que pronto va a partir! Tu atmósfera, tu espacio, tus valles cruzaré. Vibrante y limpia nota seré para tu oído, ASDS ¡Salud! Ah, que es hermoso caer por darte vuelo, Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu cielo, Aroma, luz, colores, rumor, canto, gemido, Constante repitiendo la esencia de mi fe. Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad dormir. Juliet A. Magallanes, Ed.D. Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un día Mi patria idolatrada, dolor de mis dolores, Querida Filipinas, oye el postrer adiós. CID Chief Entre la espesa yerba sencilla, humilde flor, Ahí te dejo todo, mis padres, mis amores. Acércala a tus labios y besa al alma mía, Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos ni opresores, Y sienta yo en mi frente bajo la tumba fría, Donde la fe no mata, donde el que reina es Dios. Florencio R. Caballero, DTE De tu ternura el soplo, de tu hálito el calor. EPS-LRMDS Deja a la luna verme con luz tranquila y suave, Adiós, padres y hermanos, trozos del alma mía, Amigos de la infancia en el perdido hogar, Deja que el alba envíe su resplandor fugaz, Dar gracias que descanso del fatigoso día; Deja gemir al viento con su murmullo grave, Sandy R. Albarico Y si desciende y posa sobre mi cruz un ave, Adiós, dulce extranjera, mi amiga, mi alegría, Adiós, queridos seres, morir es descansar. EPS-Science Deja que el ave entone su cántico de paz. Dr.Jose Rizal Dr. Jose Rizal