Plumbing (Prelims) PDF

P l u m b i n g Definition the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried- wastes hazardous to...

P l u m b i n g Definition the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried- wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property; also the pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., the ‘plumbing system’ - NPC 217.6  H i s t o r y Plumbing Practice in the Philippines In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila. In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code for the City of Manila” was enacted and placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.  H i s t o r y In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon Magsaysay. On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang. Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as referral code in full text. The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.  P r i n c i p l e s 22 Basic Principles of the Plumbing Code All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.  P r i n c i p l e s Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.  P r i n c i p l e s All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.  P r i n c i p l e s Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.  P r i n c i p l e s Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage. Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.  C o m p o n e n t s WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM PLUMBING FIXTURES SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM  Nature of Water The Water Cycle: 3 Major Phases: Evaporation Condensation Precipitation  The Plumbing Cycle Components & Flow in Water Systems: S U P P L Y DISTRIBUTION U S E Pressure, Water Mains, Plumbing Piping Storage Tanks Fixtures Networks S O U R C E COLLECTION Gravity, Lakes, Rivers, Piping Reservoirs Networks TREATMENT DISPOSAL Treated water Sewage Plants, Sanitary and returned to the Natural Storm Sewers original source Purification  The Plumbing Cycle Water Functions Diagram: SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION U S E COLLECTION DISPOSAL Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always be only in one direction (from supply to disposal) The two sides should always be carefully separated from each other PLUMBING FIXTURES  Plumbing Fixtures Definition: Receptacles which are used to provide, receive and discharge water, liquid and water-carried wastes into a drainage system with which they are connected to Classifications: Soil Scullery Bathing Water Closets Kitchen Sinks Lavatories Urinals Laundry Tubs Bathtubs Slop Sinks Bar Sinks Shower Baths Bidets Foot/Sitz Tub Shower Receptors Shower Compartments  Soil Fixtures WATER CLOSETS - convey organic body wastes to the plumbing system Types: According to Type of Flushing Flush Tank water closets Direct Flush Valve ( DFV water closets) -Flushing action can be obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl  Soil Fixtures According to Flush Tank Types Integral Flush Tank Close Coupled Flush Tank Low Flush Tank High Flush Tank  Soil Fixtures According to Mounting Floor Mounted Wall Hung  Soil Fixtures According to Flushing Action Wash Down - Flushes through a simple wash down action - Discharges waste into a trapway located at the front of the bowl - Has a bulge on the front - Has a small amount of standing water - Cost less but is least efficient and noisiest Soil Fixtures Reverse Trap - Flushes through a siphon action created in the trapway Siphon Jet - Has a larger trapway making it less likely to clog - Quieter flushing action - Retains a large amount of standing water  Soil Fixtures Siphon Vortex - Less noisy and very efficient - Flushing action is started by a whirlpool motion followed by a complete flush down - Retains a large amount of standing water Direct Flush Valve - flushing action is obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl  Soil Fixtures Other Types of Water Closets Squat Type Washout Soil Fixtures Soil Fixtures  Soil Fixtures Minimum Requirements for Water Closets OCCUPANCY MIN. WC KIND & NO. OF USERS Dwelling or Apartment 1 family Elementary Schools 1 for 1-20 persons 2 For 21-50 persons 1 per additional 50 persons Assembly Places 1 per 1-100 males (Theaters and Auditoriums- for 2 per 101-200 males public use) 3 per 201-400 males 3 per 1-50 females 4 per 51-100 females 8 per 101-200 females 1 per additional 500 males over 400 2 per additional 300 females over 400 Dormitories 1 per 10 males 1 per 8 females 1 per additional 25 males, 20 females Industrial 1 per 1 - 10 persons 2 for 11 - 25 persons 3 for 26 - 50 persons 4 for 51 - 75 persons 5 for 76 - 100 persons 1 per additional 30 persons in excess of 100  Soil Fixtures Types: URINALS Wall Hung Pedestal Through Stall  Soil Fixtures Setting: Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 m Urinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m Flushing: Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks. (NPC 408.1) Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging a predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals. (NPC 408.2)  Soil Fixtures How a Waterless Urinal Works Cartridge acts as funnel. The non-stick, non-porous construction and funnel ensure urine passes to the cartridge and through sealant liquid that floats on top of the liquid beneath it. Sealant liquid provides an airtight barrier between urine restroom to prevent odors from escaping the drain, but allows urine to pass through because it is lighter than water. Urine penetrates the sealant liquid and flows to the drain. Uric sediment is collected by the cartridge, leaving an odor- free environment, clean pipes and absolutely no water waste  Soil Fixtures Minimum Requirements for Urinals OCCUPANCY MIN. # KIND & NO. OF USERS Schools: Elementary 1 per 75 males Secondary 1 per 35 males Office or Public Building 1 per 1-100 males 2 per 101-200 males 3 per 201-400 males 4 per 401-600 males 1 For each additional 300 males Assembly Places 1 per 1-100 males ( Theaters and auditoriums)- 2 per 101-200 males for public use) 3 per 201-400 males 4 per 401-600 males 1 For each additional 500 males Dormitories 1 Per 25 males 1 per 50 males in excess of 150 Industrial and Commercial 0 0  Scullery Fixtures Materials: Stainless Steel KITCHEN SINKS Cast Iron Enamel Formed Steel Coated with Porcelain Enamel Single, Double or Triple Well, Shallow and Deep well, etc.  Scullery Fixtures LAUNDRY TUBS Materials: Cement or Cement with Tiles Porcelain SLOP SINK/SERVICE SINK disposal of scrub water; deep sink to accommodate a scrub pail Where janitors clean & leave their mops BAR SINKS  Scullery Fixtures LAVATORIES/WASH BASIN Types: Pedestal Wall Hung Pullman or Counter Through  Bathing Fixtures BATHTUBS WHIRLPOOL BATHS with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access pump circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the trap pump and circulation piping shall be self draining Brand Name of luxury type bathtubs JACUZZIS  Bathing Fixtures BIDETS Used for cleaning private parts Sometimes referred to as female urinals Setting: Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75 m  Bathing Fixtures FLOOR DRAINS With approved-type hinged strainer plate having the sum of the areas of the small holes of the waterway equal to the cross- sectional area of the tailpiece Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor SHOWER RECEPTORS Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4% slope. Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door. For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.  Bathing Fixtures SHOWER BATHS/ COMPARTMENTS Metal enclosure containing shower head, valves and faucets Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6 sqm and shall be capable of encompassing a 762 mm diameter circle. This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain to a height of 1.78 m with no protrusions other than the fixture valve, shower head and safety grab rails. Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.9 m apart.  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLUMBING PIPES Approved Materials – marked for identification Embossed/Stamped – brass/copper fittings Molded – plastic fittings Indelible Marking – colored stripe/indelible letters Red Stripe – Type M Copper (Rigid) Blue Stripe – Type L Copper (Flexible/Rigid) Green Stripe – Type K Copper Yellow Stripe – Drain, Waste & Vent (DWV)Copper  PLUMBING MATERIALS WATER SERVICE MATERIALS:(Pipe -160 psi/73.4 ºF) 1. ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) – for pressure-rated potable water use 2. ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE – water mains 3. BRASS PIPE – metallic, threaded pipe (Water Service and Water Distribution) 4. CAST IRON PIPE – not used for individual water supplies; “ductile pipe” for water mains 5. COPPER PIPE – copper pipe with or without threads. Gray color code for water service use  PLUMBING MATERIALS WATER SERVICE MATERIALS:(Pipe -160 psi/73.4 ºF) 6. COPPER TUBING – soft copper/rolls (water service); rigid (water distribution) 3 TYPES: Type M thinnest Type L middle (water service) Type K thickest 7. cPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride) – white/cream colored plastic pipe for water distribution 8. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – with threaded fittings for water distribution; problem: rust  PLUMBING MATERIALS WATER SERVICE MATERIALS:(Pipe -160 psi/73.4 ºF) 9. PB (Polybutylene) – rolled coils/straight lengths Water service – water distribution pipe Blue color – water service use Gray color – water service/water distribution 10. PE (Polyethylene) – black/bluish for water services 11. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – drain/vent pipe – white : CWL (Cold Water Line) only  PLUMBING MATERIALS WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE: Minimum working pressure of 100 psi/temp. 180 ºF Pressure-reducing valve at the water service to reduce the pressure to no more than 80 psi 1. BRASS PIPE – once popular 2. COPPER PIPE/TUBING (more common choice) 3. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – rust-related problems 4. POLYBUTYLENE (PB) – ease of installation / resistance due to splitting due to freezing conditions / low cost  PLUMBING MATERIALS DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE: Range from 1½” – 4” dia. 1. ABS – black/gray color/ Schedule 40 (used above or below ground/joined by solvent-weld cement) 2. ALUMINUM TUBING – above-ground use only / joined by mechanical joints/coated to prevent corrosive action 3. BOROSILICATE GLASS – used above or below ground/underground/heavy pipe schedule 4. BRASS PIPE – rarely used  PLUMBING MATERIALS DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE: Range from 1½” – 4” dia. 5. CAST IRON PIPE (CIP) - hub and spigot style (joined by oakum/molten lead); hubless (mechanical joints – rubber coupling) referred as SOIL PIPE service weight pipe extra heavy pipe 6. COPPER PIPE – thin-walled/with yellow marking / time-consuming to install/used above/below ground 7. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – not to be installed closer than 6” in to the earth  PLUMBING MATERIALS DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE: Range from 1½” – 4” dia. 8. LEAD PIPE – limited to above-grade installations 9. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE – white rating of Sch.40 solvent weld joint become brittle in cold weather for BUILDING SEWER (ABS, CI, Vitrified Clay, PVC, Concrete, Asbestos Cement)  PLUMBING MATERIALS STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS: Interior / underground (for storm sewer) 1. INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE - ABS, DWV Copper, Type L Copper, Asbestos Cement, Cast Iron, Vitrified Clay Brass, Galvanized, PVC, Type M Copper, Type K Copper, Bituminized Fiber, Concrete, Aluminum, Lead, Black Steel 2. SUBSOIL DRAINS – collect/drain water entering the soil (Asbestos Cement, Vitrified Clay, Cast Iron Bituminized Fiber, PVC, PE)  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLASTIC PIPES: TYPE APPLICATION S uPVC Unplasticized ; electrical and telephone cables, sewer pipes and potable water supply. Polyvinyl chloride: third most widely produced after PE and PPR. PVC is widely used PVC in construction because it is cheap, durable, and easy to assemble. Chlorinated: thermoplastic produced by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin; hot and cold cPVC water pipe, and industrial liquid handling. used in sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, drainage systems, laboratories, industrial process lines, LDPE agricultural piping, irrigation and many other public utilities. HDP used water main schemes, potable water house connections, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, E drainage systems, laboratories, industrial process lines, agricultural piping, irrigation used in the manufacturing piping systems; both ones concerned with high-purity and ones designed PP-R for strength and rigidity (use in potable plumbing, hydronic heating and cooling, and reclaimed water); joined by heat fusion rather than gluing Cross-linked polyethylene; PEX or XLPE, is a form of polyethylene with cross-links; hydronic radiant heating systems, domestic water piping and insulation for high tension (high voltage) electrical PE-X cables; used for natural gas and offshore oil applications, chemical transportation, and transportation of sewage and slurries. PB used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLUMBING PIPES: (ABS, Aluminium, Borosilicate, Brass)  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLUMBING PIPES: (CI, Copper, GI, Lead)  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLUMBING PIPES: (PVC, VCP, Black Welded Steel, Pipe Ductile Iron Pipe, Galvanized Welded Steel Pipe)  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLUMBING PIPES: (Galvanized Steel Conduit Pipe, HDPE Pipe – Cable Pipe, HDPE Double Corrugated Wall – Sewer Pipe)  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLUMBING PIPES: (HDPE Double Wall Corrugated, HDPE Pipe – Water Supply, Wall Pipe – Drainage Pipe, Mild Steel Cement Line Pipe)  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLUMBING PIPES: (UPVC Socket Plain End Pipe – Grey, UPVC Pipe, UPVC SWV Pipe - White)  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLUMBING PIPES: (UPVC Underground Pipe – Brown, UPVC Underground Cable Pipe – Black, Seamless Steel Pipe)  PLUMBING MATERIALS PLUMBING PIPES: (Hubless Cast Iron Pipe, Welded Authentic, Welded Stainless Steel Tubing, Stainless Steel Pipe ) PIPES and FITTINGS  Pipes & Fittings Cast Iron Soil Pipe Most popular and generally specified material for drainage installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s. Durable, conveniently installed (