Plant Biology Worksheet (PDF)

Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms (mosses) (ferns) (conifers) (flowering plants) ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Organization Of Plants Organism Plant Organ (part found above ground) System...

Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms (mosses) (ferns) (conifers) (flowering plants) ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Organization Of Plants Organism Plant Organ (part found above ground) System (part found below ground) Vegetative Organs Organs Reproductive Organs Meristematic Dermal Tissues Ground Vascular Parenchyma Cells Collenchyma Sclerenchyma 1. Meristematic Tissue ▪ ▪ a. Apical Meristem ▪ b. Lateral Meristem – vascular cambium ▪ Cylindrical regions responsible for increase in diameter of roots and stems 2. Dermal Tissue ▪ a. Epidermis ▪ b. Cuticle ▪ ▪ c. Root Hairs ▪ 3. Ground Tissue ▪ a. Parenchyma ▪ ▪ b. Collenchyma ▪ ▪ c. Sclerenchyma ▪ ▪ 4. Vascular Tissue ▪ a. Xylem ▪ ▪ b. Phloem ▪ ▪ Sieve Tube Companion Cell ▪ ▪ ▪ Use p. 552-554 in your textbook to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the three main functions of roots: i. ii. iii. 2. Describe two ways that roots can ensure access to limited water resources. i. ii. 3. Complete the following table comparing different root types. Type (example) Description/ Function Taproot Fibrous Root Modified Root 4. Trace the pathway of water in the following diagram. Explain the role of the endodermis in the flow of materials in an out of the root.  5. Label the following structures on the diagram below. Indicate the function of each. root cap, root hair, cortex, vascular tissue, endodermis, epidermis 6. Describe the key differences between monocot and dicot roots. Identify the following as a monocot or dicot root. Label the following structures on each diagram: Xylem, phloem, epidermis, endodermis, cortex Use p. 555 in your textbook to answer the following questions: 1. Identify the two main functions of stems: 2. What is the difference between herbaceous and woody stems? What plants have herbaceous stems? Which have woody stems? 3. What is bark? What is its purpose? What kind of tissue is bark made up of? 4. What tissue makes up ‘wood’? What happens to this tissue each year? 5. Complete the following table comparing types of stems: Type of Stem Diagram Function Plant Example tuber bulbs stolons rhizomes Vascular Bundles A collection of xylem and phloem tissue o Phloem tissue is towards the outside of the stem o Xylem tissue is towards the inside (middle) of the stem Vascular bundles are arranged differently in monocot and dicot plants Vascular Bundles in MONOCOT STEMS (cross-sectional view) Scattered and surrounded by ground tissue Label the following in the diagram above: Epidermis Ground tissue (pith) Vascular bundle Phloem Xylem Vascular Bundles in DICOT STEMS (cross-sectional view) Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Label the following in the diagram above: Epidermis Ground Tissue Vascular Bundle Phloem Xylem (Pith & Cortex) Lateral Meristem (vascular cambium) Use p. 556-557 in your textbook to answer the following questions: 1. Label the following diagram of a cross section through the leaf. (opening) (cells) 2. Complete the following table outlining the function of each leaf component. Structure Function Cuticle Epidermis (upper & lower) Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Stomata (p. 546) Guard cells (p. 546) 3. Use page 546 to label the following diagrams of stomata. Identify the time of day associated with each diagram and label the materials moving in and out of the leaf. 4. The main function of leafs is to increase the surface area available for photosynthesis to occur. Write out the word equation for photosynthesis. Explain how the leaf obtains each reactant and how it removes the products. Word equation: 5. Define venation. Use diagrams to show the difference between venation in monocots and in dicots. 6. Classify the following leaves using the criteria on page 557. sweet chestnut iris (Castanea) (Iris) Use section 14.1 of your text to complete the following note. 1. Label and describe the main function of the following flower structures: 2. Describe how flower structure differs in monocots and dicots. 3. What is the benefit or cross-pollination over self-pollination? 4. Describe two evolutionary mechanisms developed by plants to encourage each of the following types of pollination: a) Animal-pollination b) Wind-pollination 5. Describe three evolutionary mechanisms developed by plants to increase seed dispersal: a) b) c) 6. Define germination and describe the conditions that are required for germination to occur. 7. What is a cotyledon? Label the cotyledon in each of the following diagrams. 8. Classify each germinating plant as a monocot or dicot based on root, leaf, and cotyledon structure.  Pg 593-598 What are Hormones? Chemical signals between cells and tissues in different parts of a plant (communication). List the 5 main plant hormones and discuss their function. Hormone Selected Key Function Where produced or Found in a Plant Stimulatory Hormones Auxins Stimulate cell division and elongation in stems Developing leaves and seeds and roots Shoot tips Responds to light and gravity (tropism) Regulates the dropping of fruit and leaves Cytokinins Stimulates cell division Root tips Prevents ageing of leaves Gibberellins Stimulate cell elongation Young shoots, seeds Stimulate seed germination Inhibitory Hormones Ethylene Promotes ripening of fruit All parts, especially when ripe, aged, or under stress (bruises in bananas) Abscisic Acid Introduces and ensure dormancy of seeds Mature leaves Inhibits shoot growth Plants under stress Closes stomata (no photosynthesis) Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli Nastic Response A plants movement in response to some kind of stimulus (like touch) not associated with the direction of the stimulus Ex – Mimosa pudica - figure 14.14 It is temporary response and not associated with direction of stimulus whereas a tropism is associated with the direction of the stimulus Tropism A growth response of a plant to a stimulus coming from one direction in the environment Positive tropism: plant growth towards the stimulus Negative Tropism: plant growth away from the stimulus  Describe the three main types of tropisms below : Tropism Description Growth response to light as a result of unequal auxin distribution Phototropism There is less auxin on the side of the plant facing the sun and more on the side away from the sun Since auxin causes cell elongation, cells elongate on the side facing away from the sun causing that side of the stem to be longer causing the cell to curve towards the light. Growth response to gravity Gravitropism Stem – negative geotropism; grows opposite to the force of gravity Roots – positive geotropism; grows in the same direction of the force of gravity Growth response to mechanical stimuli (contact with wind or Thigmotropism another organism) Plants twist around fences or trees – positive tropism What is the function of the following nutrients for plants? Nutrient Description of Function Part of chlorophyll, proteins and nucleic acids Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Part of proteins, nucleic acids and cell membranes Potassium (K) Controls the opening and closing of stomata How does Soil pH affect plant growth? Plants can only survive in a narrow range of pH Most prefer slightly acidic soils (pH 6-7): pine, spruce, potatoes Less tolerate slightly basic soils (pH 7-8): petunia, geranium, beans  pp. 593-598 What are Hormones? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ List the 5 main plant hormones and describe their function. Location or Hormone Key Function Site of Production Auxins Cytokinins Gibberellins Abscisic Acid Ethylene What is a Tropism? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Describe the three main types of tropisms below: Tropism Description Phototropism Gravitropism Thigmotropism