Plant Kingdom Mind Maps PDF for NEET 2025

PLANT KINGDOM IMPORTANT POINTS Monerans, protists, Fungi were earlier included in plant Kingdom but not now BGA is also not an algae anymore....

PLANT KINGDOM IMPORTANT POINTS Monerans, protists, Fungi were earlier included in plant Kingdom but not now BGA is also not an algae anymore. Various Systems of classification Earlier systems were based on gross morphology like habitat, colour, no. & shape of leaves Artificial system Natural system Phylogenetic system Based mainly on vegetative characters Based on natural affinities among Most acceptable, based on (easily affected) or on the androecium organisms & consider external, internal, evolutionary relationships. structure. Eg- Linnaeus classification of ultra structure, anatomy, embryology, Organisms belonging to Same taxa plants based on no. of androecium. photochemistry. have common ancestor. It had drawbacks like it separated Eg- George Bentham & Joseph Dalton closely related species, were based on Hooker classification of flowering plants. few characters & equal weightage given to vegetative & sexual characters DIFFERENT KINDS OF TAXONOMY NUMERICAL CHEMOTAXONOMY TAXONOMY Chemical constituents of Based on all observable the plant to resolve confusions characters using computers (no. & codes are assigned to each character) Each character is given CYTOTAXONOMY equal importance. Based on chromosome no., structure, behaviour ALGAE/THALLOPHYTA INTRODUCTION ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE SIZE & FORM REPRODUCTION They are chlorophyll bearing simple They fix 1/2 of the total CO2. Chlamydomonas(microscopic They are primary producers & are energy thalloid, autotrophic & largely aquatic unicellular), Volvox(colonial), Ulothrix & source for aquatic animals Eg- Porphyra, VEGETATIVE: By fragmentation. Each (both fresh & marine) organisms. Laminaria, Sargassum are used as food. Spirogyra(filamentous), kelps (massive fragment develops into thallus. Some algae form association with fung Algin (brown algae) & carrageen (red marine form). algae) produce hydrocolloids (water (lichen) & with animals (as on sloth bear). holding substances.) ASEXUAL: By production of zoospores Agar is produced from Gelidium & (motile). gracilaria. Chlorella (rich in protein) is used as space food. SEXUAL: By fusion of 2 gametes. Isogamous Anisogamous Oogamous Gametes are similar in size Gametes are different in size but of same capability Female gamete is non motile but male is 1) if motile- Chlamydomonas to move Eg- some species of Chlamydomonas motile Ex- Volvox, Fucus 2) if non motile- Spirogyra i.e. Udorina  TYPES OF ALGAE Chlorophyceae /green algae: Plant body is unicellular/colonial/ filamentous. Possess chl-a & b. Possess different shapes. Have stored food as starch or oil. Have pyrenoid(starch synthesis) body in chloroplast for storing protein. Inner cell wall cellulose & outer wall pectose. Vegetative reproduction fragmentation, spores. Asexual by zoospores. Sexual isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy. Found in fresh, brackish, salty water. Have 2-8 equal & apical flagella Eg-chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara Phaeophyceae /brown algae: Branched, filamentous (Ectocarpus). Have chl a, c, xanthophylls, caroteins. Have stored food as laminarin or mannitol. Have cellulosic cell wall. Have gelatinous covering of ALGIN. Plant parts are Holdfast, stipe, frond. Vegetative by fragmentation; Asexual-by zoospores; Sexual by iso,aniso,oogamy. Gametes are pyriform (pear shaped) & bear a laterally placed flagella. Found rarely in fresh water, mostly in brackish & salt water. Have 2 unequal lateral flagella. Cellulose, pectin & polysulphate esters are found in cell wall. Eg-Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum,Fucus, Kelps (may reach a hight of 100 metres). Rhodophyceae /red algae: They are multicellular. Have red pigment r-phycoerethrin. Found in warmer areas & occur in all light regions. Stored food is floridean starch which is similar to amylopectin & glycogen in structure. Vegetative fragmentation Asexual nonmotile spores; Sexual oogamous by non motile spores. Found some in fresh & brackish water but most in salt water. Do not have any flagella. Eg- Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Glacilaria, Geledium BRYOPHYTES (AMPHIBIANS OF PLANT KINGDOM) Live in soil but dependent on water for sexual reproduction Play important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil They also INTRODUCTION have thalloid body but more differentiated than algae. Main members of bryophytes are mosses Sex organs are multicellular and jacketed. Male sex organ Antheridium (produce antherozoid); Female sex organ archaegonium (produce egg ) SEX ORGANS It is thallus like, prostrate & erect. Have rhizoids in place of roots. Lack true root, stem, leaf but may possess structure like STRUCTURE/PLANT BODY them. Main plant body is haploid (gamatophytic cause it to produce gametes) Antherozoids (n) released in water come in contact with archaegonium/egg(n) zygote (2n) sporophyte(2n) spores(n) germination gametophyte(n) FERTILISATION & DEVELOPMENT Some mosses provide food for herbaceous mammals, birds, other animals. Species of Sphagnum, a moss provide peat ECONOMIC that have long been used as fuel, and because of their capacity to hold water used as packing material for transshipment of living material. Mosses with lichens are first to colonise rocks & hence are of great ecological IMPORTANCE importance. Act as Decomposers of rocks making suitable for growth of higher plants. Form green mats & prevents soil erosion. Plant body is thalloid & thallus is dorsiventral & closely appressed to substratum. Leafy members have tiny leaf in rows looking like stem. Perform Asexual reproduction by fragmentation or gemmae formation & sexual reproduction as sex organs are present on same or different thalli. Sporophyte is consist of foot + setae + capsule. Spores are LIVERWORTS produced within capsule. They have free living gametophyte & sporophyte is parasitised on it. Eg- Marchantia. Predominant stage is gametophyte. Consists of 2 stages protonema & leafy. Protonema develops from spore, creeping MOSSES green, branched & frequently filamentous stage. Leafy develops from secondary protonema as a lateral bud,consist of spirally arranged leaves (this stage contains sex organs). Perform asexual reproduction by fragmentation & budding in secondary protonema or sexual reproduction by antheridia, archaegonia. After fertilisation zygote develops into sporophyte. They have elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal. Eg-funaria, Sphagnum, Polytrichum.  PTERIDOPHYTES Introduction 01. Includes horsetails and ferns. First terrestrial plant to possess vascular tissue. Found in cool, damp, shady places through some may flourish in sandy soil condition. Structure/plant body 02. Main plant body is sporophyte but also have free living gametophyte. Differentiation is seen in true root, stem & leaf. Leaves may be of 2 types:- microphylls (Selaginella) or macrophylls (Ferns) sporophyte bears sporangia that are subtended by leaf like appendages called sporophylls & sometime it may form compact structure called strobili or cones Eg-Selaginella, Equisetum. Sexual reproduction Gametophyte bears antheridia & archaegonia. Water is required for transfer of male gamete to archaegonium. Antherozoid + egg zygote(2n) and it will further form sporophyte. 03. Types of sporophyte - Homosporous-all spore of same kind. Eg-Dryopteris, Pteris, Equisetum (majority) Heterosporous-2 types of spores are produced(microspore & megaspore) Eg-Selaginella and Salvinia Development of zygote into young embryo takes place within the female gametophyte (precursor to seed habit considered an important step in evolution). Life cycle 04. Meiosis in sporangia Spores Germination Prothallus (Multicellular) Gametophyte Male and female gamete Fusion Zygote (2n) Sporophyte Economic importance Used for Medicinal purposes and they also act as soil binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals 05. Psilopsida-Psilotum Lycopsida-Selaginella, Lycopodium Sphenopsida-Equisetum Pteropsida-Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum GYMNOSPERMS (NAKED SEEDS) Ovules are exposed i.e. no ovary wall is present. Seeds are naked. They include medium trees, tall trees & shrubs. Giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest plants. Possess tap roots (Pinus have mycorrhiza & cycas have coralloid roots i.e. associated with N2 fixing BGA). Stems may be branched (Pinus, Cedrus) or unbranched (Cycas). They have simple,compound leaf. Cycas have pinnate leaf that remain for few years & withstand temperature, humidity & wind. All conifers have needle like leaves that reduces ANGIOSPERMS(COVERED SEEDS) the surface area & reduce water loss. They are always heterosporous. The sporophylls may arranged spirally to form lax/strobili/cones. Strobili bearing microsporophyll/ Smallest angiosperm Wolfia, tallest angiosperm Eucalyptus. They provide microsporangia is called microsporangiate/male strobili. Male & female cones on same tree Pinus, and male & female cone on different tree cycas food, fodder, fuel, medicines. Characteristic of dicots are tetramerous/pentamerous flower & that of monocot is trimerous flower. PEN (primary endosperm nucleus) develops into endosperm. Each embryo sac has 3 celled egg apparatus. Synergids and antipodals degenerate after fertilisation.