Plagrism PDF

PLAGIARISM STW UNIT 02  WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? Definition of plagiarism. Plagiarism is using words, ideas, or work products, attributable to another identifiable person or source, without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained, in a situation in which there i...

PLAGIARISM STW UNIT 02  WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? Definition of plagiarism. Plagiarism is using words, ideas, or work products, attributable to another identifiable person or source, without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained, in a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship, in order to obtain some benefit, credit, or gain which need not be monetary.  Why it is crucial to understand and avoid Ethical Reasons 1.Intellectual Honesty: Plagiarism is a form of intellectual theft. It involves taking someone else's work, ideas, or expressions and presenting them as your own without proper acknowledgment. 2.Respect for Original Work: By not plagiarizing, you show respect for the original creators' effort and creativity. Acknowledging sources honors the contributions of others. Ex: A student who submits a plagiarized essay breaches the trust with their instructor and peers. This act not only misrepresents the student's capabilities but also disrespects the original author’s efforts.  Why it is crucial to understand and avoid… Legal Reasons 1.Copyright Laws: Plagiarism often violates copyright laws, leading to legal repercussions such as fines and lawsuits. 2.Intellectual Property Rights: Properly citing sources helps protect intellectual property rights, ensuring creators receive recognition and compensation for their work. Ex: J.K. Rowling vs. Adrian Jacobs Estate (2009): The estate of author Adrian Jacobs claimed that J.K. Rowling had plagiarized his book “The Adventures of Willy the Wizard” in her “Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire”. Although the case was dismissed, it underscores the legal ramifications and the potential damage to reputation and finances for the accused.  Why it is crucial to understand and avoid… Academic Reasons 1.Academic Integrity: Educational institutions place a high value on originality and honesty. Plagiarism undermines these values and can lead to severe academic penalties, including expulsion. 2.Quality of Education: Avoiding plagiarism fosters a culture of learning and critical thinking. Students who engage in original research and properly attribute sources develop deeper understanding and analytical skills. Ex: Senator John Walsh (2014):Walsh was appointed to the U.S. Senate in February 2014 to fill the vacancy. Walsh was found to have plagiarized his master’s thesis at the U.S. Army War College. The college revoked his degree, leading to a significant political fallout and ending his re-election campaign.  Why it is crucial to understand and avoid Professional Reasons 1.Reputation: In the professional world, being caught plagiarizing can severely damage your reputation and career prospects. Employers value integrity and originality. 2.Trustworthiness: Colleagues and clients must be able to trust that your work is your own. Plagiarism can erode this trust, leading to professional isolation and loss of opportunities. Ex:Case of Film Industry: The Indian film industry has faced several accusations of plagiarism. -Plagiarism in Journalism  10 MAIN FORMS OF PLAGIARISM COMMITTED BY STUDENTS (2015 TURNITIN SURVEY) 1. Submitting someone's work as their own. 6. Citing some, but not all, passages that 2. Taking passages from their own previous should be cited. work without adding citations 7. Melding together cited and uncited (self-plagiarism). sections of the piece. 3. Re-writing someone's work without 8. Providing proper citations, but failing to properly citing sources. change the structure and wording of the 4. Using quotations but not citing the source. borrowed ideas. 5. Interweaving various sources together in 9. Inaccurately citing a source. the work without citing. 10. Relying too heavily on other's work, failing to bring original thought.  Types of Plagiarism Direct Plagiarism: Copying text word-for-word. Self-Plagiarism: Reusing your own previous work without citation. Mosaic Plagiarism: Borrowing phrases without quotation marks or citation. Accidental Plagiarism: Unintentionally failing to cite sources correctly.  SELF-PLAGIARISM ▪Self-plagiarism, also known as "recycling fraud," occurs when an author reuses significant portions of their previously published work without proper citation. This practice misleads readers and publishers by presenting old content as new, which can lead to ethical issues and a loss of credibility. ▪Examples 1. Reusing own Text or data Without Citation 2. Duplicate Submissions 3. Redundant Publications A survey conducted in 2020 revealed that self-plagiarism was prevalent among Indian Ph.D. students. Academic institutions have since started implementing stricter guidelines and using plagiarism detection software to curb this practice.  HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM 1. Cite Sources Properly: Always give credit to the original authors of the information, ideas, or data you use. Follow the citation style required by your institution or publisher. 2. Use Plagiarism Detection Tools: Utilize tools like Turnitin or Grammarly to check your work for potential plagiarism before submitting it. 3. Paraphrase Effectively: When you use information from a source, rephrase it in your own words and provide proper citation. 4. Keep Track of Sources: Maintain meticulous notes on the sources you consult during research, ensuring you can accurately cite them later. 5. Understand What Constitutes Plagiarism: Familiarize yourself with the different forms of plagiarism, including direct copying, self-plagiarism, and mosaic plagiarism, to better avoid them.  HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM… 1. Quote if you are stating the exact words from your source. E.g., “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world." – Nelson Mandela 2. Quote when the writer's words are especially vivid, memorable, or expressive. E.g., “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." – Franklin D. Roosevelt As Einstein (1905) stated, "The distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.” 3. Quote when paraphrasing would be less clear and more wordy. E.g., RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules" (Fire et al., 1998).  HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM… 4. Quote when the exact, original words are important to your discussion. E.g., Darwin (1859) famously concluded, "It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.“ 5. Write summary in your own words, not copied from source. Original: "The structure of the DNA double helix was first described by Watson and Crick in 1953. This discovery laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and has had a profound impact on our understanding of genetics.“ Summary: In 1953, Watson and Crick introduced the DNA double helix model, revolutionizing molecular biology and significantly advancing genetic research.  HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM… 6. Do not use the same structure as the original with synonyms. E.g., Original: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they produce ATP, the cell's main energy-carrying molecule. Paraphrase: Mitochondria generate ATP, which is crucial for cellular energy, earning them the nickname "powerhouses of the cell.  HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM … 7. Begin your research process early. 8. Note down bibliographic information for source material as you read. 9. Indicate in notes all quotes, paraphrases or summaries. 10. Record all URLs of Web pages used for research. 11. Continue to add sources to your bibliography page. 12. Ask if you are unsure if something is plagiarism or not.  FOUR-LEVEL TYPOLOGY USED BY PLAGIARISM DETECTOR SOFTWARES 1. Characters-Preserving Plagiarism This level involves copying text with minimal changes, retaining the original sequence of characters. A. Verbatim Copying Without Proper Citation This is the most straightforward form of plagiarism, where the text is copied exactly as it is without crediting the original source. Example: Original Text: "Plagiarism undermines academic integrity." Plagiarized Text: "Plagiarism undermines academic integrity." In this case, the exact words are used without acknowledging the source.  FOUR-LEVEL TYPOLOGY USED BY PLAGIARISM DETECTOR SOFTWARES … 2. Syntax-Preserving Plagiarism This level maintains the original sentence structure but involves some modifications to the text. A. Synonym Substitution (Rogeting) Here, synonyms are substituted for some words in the original text, often without changing the sentence structure. Example: Original Text: "Plagiarism undermines academic integrity." Plagiarized Text: "Plagiarism compromises academic honesty." Although the words are different, the sentence structure and meaning remain the same.  FOUR-LEVEL TYPOLOGY USED BY PLAGIARISM DETECTOR SOFTWARES … B. Technical Disguise This involves making technical changes such as using similar-looking characters from another alphabet or altering the font to make detection harder. Example: Original Text: "Plagiarism undermines academic integrity." Plagiarized Text: "Рlаgіаrіsm undеrmіnеs асаdеmіс іntеgrіty." In this example, Cyrillic characters that look like their Latin counterparts are used to disguise the text.  FOUR-LEVEL TYPOLOGY USED BY PLAGIARISM DETECTOR SOFTWARES … 3. Semantics-Preserving Plagiarism This level retains the original meaning but changes the wording and possibly the language. A. Translation The text is translated from one language to another without crediting the original source. Example: Original Text (English): "Plagiarism undermines academic integrity." Plagiarized Text (Spanish): "El plagio socava la integridad académica." Although the language is different, the meaning is identical.  FOUR-LEVEL TYPOLOGY USED BY PLAGIARISM DETECTOR SOFTWARES … B. Paraphrase This involves rephrasing the text while keeping the original meaning. Example: Original Text: "Plagiarism undermines academic integrity." Plagiarized Text: "Copying others' work without attribution damages the honesty of academia." The wording is different, but the conveyed message remains the same.  FOUR-LEVEL TYPOLOGY USED BY PLAGIARISM DETECTOR SOFTWARES … 4. Idea-Preserving Plagiarism This level involves using the original ideas or structure of the text without copying the exact words or sentences. A. Appropriation of Ideas or Concepts: Taking the underlying ideas or theories from a source without giving proper credit. E.g., : Original: A study proposes a new method for detecting plagiarism using AI algorithms. Plagiarized: An article describes a novel approach to plagiarism detection with machine learning, without citing the original study. The specific ideas are used without acknowledgment.  FOUR-LEVEL TYPOLOGY USED BY PLAGIARISM DETECTOR SOFTWARES … B. Reusing Text Structure The overall organization and structure of the text are copied, even if the specific wording is not. Example: Original Structure: An article has sections on the definition of plagiarism, its types, consequences, and prevention strategies. Plagiarized Structure: Another article follows the same structure, covering the definition, types, consequences, and strategies to prevent plagiarism, but with different wording. The sequence and framework are copied, indicating a lack of originality.  Intellectual Property (IP) Intellectual Property (IP) refers to creations of the mind such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce. IP laws grant the creator exclusive rights to their creations, allowing them to benefit financially from their work and control its use. Types of Intellectual Property Rights and Their Importance 1.Copyright (E.g., Academic papers, textbooks, research articles) 1. Copyright protects original works of authorship, including literary, artistic, musical, and other creative works. 2. It ensures that creators have the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, perform, display, and create derivative works based on their original work. This encourages innovation and creativity by granting financial benefits to creators.  Intellectual Property (IP) … Patents: Patents protect new inventions or discoveries, granting the inventor exclusive rights to make, use, sell, or license the invention for a limited period (typically 20 years). Patents encourage technological advancement by providing inventors with a competitive edge and the potential for financial return on their innovations. Example in India: Baba Atomic Research Centre's Innovations: The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has developed numerous patents in nuclear technology. For instance, BARC's work on the development of advanced reactor designs and nuclear fuel processing is protected by patents, enabling them to control and benefit from their technological advancements.  Intellectual Property (IP) … Trademarks: Trademarks protect symbols, names, logos, or designs used to identify and distinguish goods or services. Trademarks help consumers identify the source of goods or services and ensure brand consistency and quality. They also provide businesses with protection against unfair competition. Example in India: Tata Group’s Trademarks: The Tata Group has numerous trademarks for its diverse range of products and services, including the Tata logo and names like Tata Steel and Tata Motors. These trademarks help maintain brand integrity and prevent other businesses from using similar marks that could confuse consumers.  PLAGIARISM & AI ▪Increase in plagiarism can be attributed to developments in artificial intelligence. ▪The emergence of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3 and ChatGPT raises discussions about the impact of artificial intelligence on writing and plagiarism. ▪The GPT-2 model, can generate paragraphs and perform basic tasks such as reading comprehension, machine translation, question answering, and summarization. ▪Detectors of AI language such as GPT Zero have been introduced to cope with this issue. ▪Noam Chomsky called ChatGPT "nothing more than high-tech plagiarism". THANK YOU!