Indigenous People PDF

WORLD BANK DEFINITION INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 1991: DICTIONARY DEFINITION Close attachment to ancestral territories and to th...

WORLD BANK DEFINITION INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 1991: DICTIONARY DEFINITION Close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in these areas. native; born, growing or produced locally in a Self-identification and identification by country or region; not exotic, as corn and cotton others as members of a distinct cultural group. are indigenous to North America. Indigenous language innate; inherent; inborn. Presence of customary social and political Synonyms. original, native, aboriginal. institutions. Primarily subsistence-oriented production. UNITED NATIONS’ DEFINITION PHILIPPINE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON 1972: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE (NCIP) Indigenous populations are the descendants of the original inhabitants of a territory who In Philippine law, the term "Indigenous faced domination by outsiders through peoples" refers to groups who have lived in a conquest or settlement. Today, they often adhere specific area for a long time, claiming it as to their own cultural customs and traditions more their own. than to the dominant institutions of the country They share the same language, customs, and they live in, which reflect the majority population's cultural traits, and have resisted outside characteristics. influences like colonization and 1983: non-Indigenous religions. They are the descendants of groups, which were Indigenous peoples also include those whose in the territory at the time when other groups of ancestors lived in the Philippines during different cultures or ethnic origin arrived colonization or the introduction of there. non-Indigenous cultures. Even if they have moved from their ancestral lands, they still Due to their isolation from other groups, they maintain some or all of their traditional social, have largely preserved their ancestral customs economic, cultural, and political practices. and traditions, which are considered indigenous. They are formally integrated into a state SUMMARY structure that includes national, social and cultural features that are different from their own. In summary, the existing definition of IPs based on 1986 the frameworks of the different international Any individual considered indigenous if they organizations that aim to advance their rights and identify as such and are recognized as a interests highlights the following elements: member by their community. a. Self-identification b. Ancestral Roots and Descent INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION c. Historical Continuity of Way of Life DEFINITION d. Ancestral Language Sustained e. Ancestral Land Claim 1989: f. Distinct Way of Life and Non-Dominance Indigenous people are those who belong to g. Aspirations for Self-Preservation and tribal groups with unique cultures and Self-Determination traditions, often governed by their own customs or specific laws. Also includes those recognized indigenous because they are descended from populations that lived in the country during colonization. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ETHNIC PEOPLE EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE PH Groups who are native Communities with Tagbanwa of Central Philippines to a particular region & shared culture, Agta of Sierra Madre maintain their ancestral language or ancestry; Isinai of Northern Luzon culture and tradition may include groups formed over time through migration, ORIGIN colonization ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE Groups that are Not necessarily be Tabon Skull fragments in Palawan suggest characterized by their native to specific region early inhabitants as far back as Pleistocene close attachment to and may have ancestral lands, distinct assimilated/adapted to Period 22,000 years ago. languages and cultural dominant national LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE tradition culture There are two key facts about language that enable linguists to make informed decisions Identified through self Example: Ilocanos, about the relationships between them, that is, ascription and their Tagalogs, Cebuanos resistance to colonial - which ones are close sisters cultural and political - which ones are distant cousins systems - which ones are not related at all. HISTORICAL CONTEXT THEORIES ON THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES Often face social Evolved through marginalization and historical migration historical pattern & often form a AUSTRONESIAN INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT displacement part of a country’s HYPOTHESIS majority/minority Human evolution occurred within the population Austronesian region. Maintained unique Have integrated into systems of mainstream society MULTIPLE HOMELAND HYPOTHESIS governance, customary Multiple origins of people in the Philippines laws, and spiritual beliefs closely tied to MELANESIAN HOMELAND HYPOTHESIS the land and nature Originated from Melanesia (3,500 BC). Bearers of ancient traditions and UNIQUE SOUTH CHINA SEA HOMELAND practices, such as HYPOTHESIS hunting and indigenous argues that the peopling of the Philippines knowledge systems was related to the thriving of trade relations happening around Borneo and the Celebes EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE PH Sea. 1. Ifugao - CAR. Known for their Rice Terraces. UNIQUE MAINLAND SOUTHEASTERN CHINA 2. Aeta - Known for distinct physical features HYPOTHESIS and hunter-gatherer lifestyle. made use of linguistic evidence (lexicon and 3. Mangyan - Reside in Mindoro with a unique morphology) to demonstrate the origins of script, the Hanunoo Script, a pre-Hispanic the movements of people to the Philippines. writing system still in use. 4. Lumad - Groups in Mindanao like Manobo, SUGGS AND SHUTLER THEORY Higaonon, T’boli, B’laan, and Bagobo maintains that the movement of people to the 5. Kalinga - Known for the bodong (peace Philippines started in China, proceeding to pact) and traditional tattooing practices. Formosa, then to the Batanes Islands until the group scattered around the archipelago and reached as far as Borne  Societies can safeguard valuable traditional Indigenous Peoples (IPs) in the Philippines knowledge related to medicine, agriculture, Katutubo. and environmental management In Mindanao, IPs are collectively called Empower Indigenous groups to maintain Lumad to distinguish from Islamized groups. control over their cultural expressions, Republic Act No. 8371 (Indigenous education, and societal roles​ Peoples' Rights Act/IPRA of 1997) defines Empowers Indigenous groups in cultural IPs or Indigenous Cultural Communities expressions, education, and roles. (ICCs) as groups of people identified by self-ascription and recognized by others, who have continuously lived as organized communities on communally bounded territories. CHARACTERISTICS OF IPs IN THE PH Historical Continuity They have a connection to pre-colonial societies that inhabited their lands long before the establishment of modern states. Territorial Ties Indigenous peoples maintain a strong connection to their ancestral lands, often passed down through generations Non-Dominance IIPs often form non-dominant sectors of society, meaning they are politically and economically marginalized in comparison to the mainstream population. Geographical Distribution of IPs in the Philippines Indigenous groups are spread across the Philippines, particularly in Luzon & Mindanao Luzon: The northern mountain ranges of the Cordillera are home to groups like the Ibaloi, Ifugao, Kalinga Mindanao: The largest concentration of IPs can be found here, where groups such as the Manobo, Subanen, T’boli The Importance of Respecting Cultural Diversity and Heritage fosters inclusivity and prevents the erosion of traditional knowledge systems. ensures the survival of unique languages, customs, and traditions that have been passed down through generations​ helps address historical injustices, particularly land dispossession, marginalization, and discrimination​  There are many Agta tribes, scattered over CENTRAL PHILIPPINES Regions I to V.. The Isarog Agtas (also known as (Inagta MANGYAN Partido) live on Mt. Isarog, east of Naga City in Camarines Sur, Bicol Region. LOCATION This tribe is by far the most endangered Mindoro Island, with some in the Island of ethnolinguistic Negrito population, as only a Tablas, Sibuyan (Romblon), Albay, Negros, few remain today. and Palawan. Negrito group with ancestral lands on Mt. Northern Tribes: Iraya, Alangan, Tadyawan. Isarog (east of Naga City, Bicol Region). Southern Tribes: Buhid, Bangon, Batangon, Considered aboriginal inhabitants of the Hanunuo. Philippines, migrating over 20,000-30,000 HISTORY years ago. Originally coast dwellers who moved to Endangered group with distinct language inland areas and mountains to avoid the and heritage among other Aeta populations. Influx and Influence of foreign settlers that Mount Isarog has been the ancestral territory resulted in colonial conquest and religious of the indigenous Isarog Agta people for conversions. thousands of years prior to the arrival of the LANGUAGE Spanish. They were among the first On the average Mangyan Tribes only share inhabitants in the entire Philippines and are of Negrito origin. They are a group of Aeta 40% of words in their mutual languages. people with a distinct language and heritage Some tribes also have the variety of physical unique from others. and ethnogenetic appearances: LANGUAGE ○ Iraya: Veddoid Inagta (Mt. Iriga Agta) : ○ Tadyawan: Mongoloid - The original language, now extinct or ○ Hanunuo: Proto-Malayan nearly extinct. CULTURE Rinconada Bikol (Mt. Iriga) The Mangyan have a non-warrior society, The language adopted by Aeta/Agta around known for being peaceful, shy, and friendly. Mount Iriga. Primarily subsistence agriculturalists, CULTURE cultivating sweet potato, upland rice (dry Tapis (skirt) for women and bahag cultivation) , and taro. (breechcloth) for men. RELIGION UBAN a cloth slung from shoulders. Animistic beliefs with 10% practicing BUTUKAN - temporary shelters Christianity (Catholicism and Evangelical - No formal leaders; some live in semi-nomadic Protestantism). settings SPIRITUAL FIGURE KATAPUSAN MAHAL NA MAKAAKO - In social gatherings, where young Agtas can Supreme being who creates life by gaze. mingle, and many marry by age 14 with partners chosen by parents. BINAYI MAIN SUBSISTENCE is hunting using: Owner of a garden for spirits. - GALUD (pointed sticks) for birds, wild BINAYO deer, monkeys, and pigs. Sacred female spirit for rice. - SUMBLING - It is used for hunting fish RELIGION BULUNGABON Animists, although Roman Catholicism has Spirit with 12 fierce dogs, punishes erring modified some of their beliefs souls by boiling water. Binayo’s husband Agta strongly believes in a spirit world containing many classes of supernatural AGTA (ISAROG) beings The only religious ceremonies are herbal LOCATION & HISTORY medicinal treatments, séances, and simple Commonly referred to as Negritos, Agtas do sacrifices. belong to the Negrito ethnolinguistic group.  “Dumago” is a ritual dance of Agta portraying - MOLBOG how they welcome their visitors and pray to MALUBUGON An Austronesian their unknown gods Name of Balabac Island Language spoken in after some time. the Philippines and Inhabitants were called Sabah, Malaysia. ATI Mulbog PANDAY BLANCHETTI - raditional birth LOCATION HISTORY - According to him, attendant Molbog were once EATING BARANGKAS PANAY ISLAND They are said to have an indigenous Believed that the (Visayas; island of first arrive in the Palawan subgroup fetus inside the Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Philippines some 20, 00 that converted to womb would be Leyte, Samary, Panay, - 30, 000 years ago Islam eaten by this Masbate, Negros, from Borneo by foot PILANDOK Guimaras), the central through ISTHMUS, (mouse deer) portion of the Philippine which is now part of Archipelago Palawan RELIGION SPIRITS RELIGION LANGUAGE Part of the Muslim Busaw Minority (consisting of - infant killer Animism BINISAYA NGA INATI 13 groups) Wakwak Taglugar / Tagpuyo - Spoken by Intermarriages among - Who sucks the (inhabiting place) Aboriginal Atis and Tausugs & Molbogs blood of the baby - Negros Atis refer Ati gave rise to Islamization inside the mother’s to the spirits as SOGODNIN of the latter. womb these KINARAY HILIGAYNON KOLIBUGAN Kikik Offspring of the - Little flying intermarriage. creature TAKBUYAN Babal THE LOST UTOPIA -> - They call their - Monkey-like ancestral land, famously creature, who known as Boracay, this. has the ability to Ati-Atihan change its appearance Festival, which as Engkanto the name suggests, - Lives in balete CULTURE honors who they tree together & -> TRADITIONS are as people with busaw Dinagyang Festival Ilo-ilo City. CUYUNON LOCATION / HISTORY LANGUAGE MOLBOG Cuyo Island; Central Considered as elite Palawan class among the HISTORY CULTURE hierarchy of native Biasayan Palawenos Migrants from the Fishing, subsistence northern part of Borneo. farming, barter During Spanish trading in Sulu and Colonization, Cuyo was Prior to the arrival of the Sabah Market one of the territories of Spaniards, the Molbogs (Malaysia) Palawan that had the were the earliest They grow coconuts strongest Spanish inhabitants of Balabac and sell copra presence, even the Bamboo fabric capital of the entire “MALUBOG” Palawan province at “murky”/ turbid water LANGUAGE one point.  1. Quezon Palawan (Central Palawano) RELIGION CULTURE 2. Bugsuk Palawano (South Palawano) Roman Catholic INSTRUMENTS 3. Brooke’s Point Palawano Diwata ng - Bagtungtung 4. Southwest Palawano Kagubatan - Palakupan HISTORY - Goddess of the - Lantoy Formerly nomadic; agrarian settlers occupied forest honored - Subbing their vast lands, leading them to exploit fertile on top of the Mt. DANCE Caimana in - Toting Dance areas and move to new islands. Cuyo Island Believed to have one of the shortest lifespans, Neguno though no statistical data confirms this. - God of the sea RELIGION cursed a selfish Majority Religion in Southwest Palawano (and man by turning some other areas): him into the first shark ○ Ethnic Religion: 80% ○ Islam: 10% ○ Christianity: 10% Protestantism: 8% PALAWANO Catholicism: 2% CULTURE & TRADITION Settlements: Typically on hillsides near rivers LOCATION / HISTORY or streams, 15-20 feet above ground. LANGUAGE Hunting: Use spears with lethal poison for wild animals and special root sap to catch fish. Cuyo Island; Central Considered as elite Dogs are preferred for hunting; rarely Palawan class among the domesticate chickens or hogs. hierarchy of native Biasayan Palawenos Socializing: Cautious around outsiders due to fear of illness, often seen as naive; will leave During Spanish areas to avoid sickness. Colonization, Cuyo was Time Concept: No concept of years or days, one of the territories of but calendars are adopted due to Palawan that had the globalization. Age is determined by the size of strongest Spanish tall trees. presence, even the capital of the entire Palawan province at TAGBANUA one point. Location RELIGION CULTURE Inhabit central Palawan, including eastern Roman Catholic INSTRUMENTS and western coasts between Mindoro and Diwata ng - Bagtungtung Borneo. Kagubatan - Palakupan Concentrated in municipalities like Aborlan, - Goddess of the - Lantoy Quezon, and Puerto Princesa. forest honored - Subbing HISTORY on top of the Mt. DANCE "Tagbanwa" means "people from our place"; Caimana in - Toting Dance "banwa" means country or place. Cuyo Island Neguno One of the oldest tribes, existing for about - God of the sea 22,000–24,000 years. cursed a selfish RELIGION man by turning Primarily follow animism, with ancestral spirit him into the worship and historic ritual offerings. first shark Some are converted to Catholicism and Protestantism. ORIGIN & LANGUAGE ○ Babaylan: Religious leader. Also known as Palaw’an, Palawanon, or LANGUAGE Palawano. Own native language; also use: Divided into four ethnolinguistic subgroups: ○ Tagalog  ○ Cuyunon Dance: Known for the "Binanog" dance, ○ Palawano mimicking the Philippine eagle’s flight with ○ Calamian Tagbanwa agung ensemble accompaniment. ○ Aborlan Tagbanwa Music (Sugidanon): Chants narrating early DIALECTS history, culture, and beliefs, significant in daily Tandulanon, Silanganon, Baras life. Culture and Traditions Musical Instruments: Traditional instruments CLOTHING accompany cultural practices. - Men wear loincloths with rattan waistbands; Binukot: Practice of hiding/keeping the prettiest - Women wear skirts made of bark. daughter or only daughter from the public. HANDICRAFTS ○ Rosita Silva Guillermo Caballero: Last Known for basket weaving and animal known "binukot" of the Caballero family from sculptures. the Panay Bukidnon tribe, died in 2017 at 74. Music: Known instrument—Lantege. Dance: Known dances—Kalindapan and TAU’T BATO Panay. Meaning PANAY BUKIDNON "People of the Rocks" or "Stone People"; (Food Basket Region) "Tau't Bato" combines "tao" (man) and "bato" (stone or cave). "Panay" refers to Panay Island. Location "Bukidnon" refers to local natives in the Singnapan Basin, Southern Palawan. mountainous area. Population LOCATION Approximately 500 people. Indigenous group residing in the central History mountains of Panay Island, Philippines. Known as “dwellers of the rock” residing in Found mainly in Iloilo, Capiz, and Antique Singnapan Basin, a bowl-shaped valley in provinces. Palawan. HISTORY Religion/Belief Also known as Suludnon, Panayanon sulud, Centered around spirit beliefs. or Tumandok. Language Descended from Indonesian migrants from Speak a unique form of Palawano, distinct in Mainland Asia. phonetics and phonology, important for Name origin: preserving cultural heritage. "Panay" refers to Panay Island. Culture "Bukidnon" refers to local natives in the Lifestyle: mountainous area. - Simple, with men wearing bark and cloth Economy: Relies on shifting cultivation G-strings; women wear "patadyong" (skirt) (kaingin), hunting, fishing, and local trade; covering lower body. Bark Cloth & agriculture guided by signs and omens. Patadyong: Religion - Utilized for traditional clothing. Folk Christianity (primarily Roman Catholic). DEATH & TRADITION Languages - Dead body remains in the family’s house for a Ligbok (Sulod) maximum of one day. Hiligaynon MUSIC Kinaray-a - Skilled in instruments like "Kubing" and Aklanon "Kudlong," and also use gongs. Culture and Traditions Social Unit: Embroidery (Panubok): Traditional - "Ka-asawahan" serves as their basic social embroidery of Panay Bukidnon women; structure. “tubok” means "to embroider." Clothing: Unique traditional attire. BATAK Housing: Uses cogon for roofing; bamboo laths for flooring; woven bulo or dulit for walls; Location tied with rattan (uway).  The Batak are primarily found in the Depend on a combination of agriculture northeastern parts of Palawan. (kaingin farming), hunting (wild pigs), and Originally settled along the coastline and fishing in rivers and coastal areas. river valleys northeast of Puerto Princesa, the capital of Palawan. KEY GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS Libtong: Deep-water spots in the river. Origin Simang: Streams in the area. The term “Batak” comes from an old Patag: Flat lands and floodplains. Cuyonon word meaning "mountain people." Bulod: Hills and mountains. They are believed to have originated from the first wave of human populations who crossed the land bridges connecting the Philippine islands with mainland Asia, up to 50,000 years ago. HISTORY Religion / Belief The Batak practice a mix of animism and Christianity. Their spiritual practices involve rituals led by Datu, who are ritual specialists within the community. They distinguish between good spirits (Diwata) and bad spirits (Panya'en). CULTURE & TRADITIONS Known for intricate weaving and basket-making skills. Basket-making materials include lawas (bamboo), arurung (rattan vine), kulagbaw and balingasaw (types of leaves), and bagtik. CLOTHING: - Batak men wear G-strings made from bark cloth. - Batak women wear "tapis" skirts, also made from bark cloth. DANCE Kagutangan Dance: Traditional dance. Saad Dance / War Dance. MUSICAL INSTRUMENT: Bamboo Guitar. LANGUAGE The Batak people speak the Batak language, also known as Binatak. The Batak language does not have a traditional script. ECONOMIC ACTIVITES  piracy in the 1960s, many transitioned to land. Some still fish and dive, but poverty has led many to beg on land. RELIGION Predominantly Muslim, with some practicing Christianity. Their spiritual beliefs include: Tuhan: Supreme God Omboh Dilaut: God of the Seas Dayang Dayang Mangilai: Lady of the forest Umboh: Ancestral spirits Saitan and Jinn: Evil and familiar spirits, respectively CULTURAL ELEMENT PANGALAY (Igal or Janggay): A traditional dance adapted from the Samal group of Sulu, typically performed by women. Male performers accompany on drums. WEDDINGS Traditionally prearranged marriages, celebrated with dancing and singing for three nights and two days, organized by community elders. MANOBO TRIBE The name Manobo means "person" or "people," possibly derived from Mansuba, meaning "river people” They are descended from early Malay settlers in Southeast Asia and live in northeastern Mindanao's hillsides and river valleys. LANGUAGE: Manobo language family RELIGION AND BELIEFS: Practice animism and polytheism, worshipping nature INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN SOUTHERN and ancestral spirits. PHILIPPINES CULTURE Known for vocal music types, including ritual songs, BADJAO TRIBE lullabies, and songs celebrating nature. Known as "Fisherfolk" or "Man of the Seas," the Their traditional dances include Aabaka, Badjao are a nomadic, sea-faring tribe commonly Bangkakow, Inamungan, Kalasag, Tagudturan, called the “Sea Gypsies” of the Sulu and Celebes Pungko, Natarin, and Kulutawi. Seas. LOCATION: TASADAY TRIBE Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, Basilan, and parts of Zamboanga City. Known as a forest-dwelling people from southern LANGUAGE: Sinama Mindanao. Historically portrayed as "stone-age" CLOTHING: people, they were believed to live isolated in caves - Patadyong (Tadjong/Patadjung) Both until exposed to modern civilization in the 1970s. genders wear a wraparound skirt that serves LANGUAGE: Tasaday dialect, related to Cotabato multiple purposes. Manobo - Sawwal (loose trousers), with richer fabrics RELIGION: Practice animism, believing in a spiritual reserved for special occasions, particularly for connection with nature. women. CONTROVERSY: LIVELIHOOD: Manuel Elizalde Jr. claimed to have discovered the Traditionally lived on houseboats and made a living Tasaday in 1971, though later reports suggested they from fishing (spearfishing) and pearl diving. Due to may have been staged to appear "primitive" for publicity.  B’LAAN TRIBE TIRURAY TRIBE The B'laan are known for their deep cultural heritage and strong ties to nature, primarily inhabiting areas Also known as Teduray, they live in Maguindanao like Soccsksargen, Davao, and near Lake Sebu. and nearby regions. LANGUAGE: Blaan, along with Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Their name derives from Tiru (origin, birth, or Tagalog, and Ilocano due to regional interactions. residence) and Ray (upper river). CLOTHING & CRAFTS Population: Approximately 50,000 Women wear tubular skirts with intricate Language: Tiruray embroidery, beads, and brass. RELIGION: Men wear short trousers and vests. Polytheistic with deities like Minaden (female Known for brasswork, beadwork, and tabih creator) and Tulus (chief good spirit). They also weaving (ikat weaving style). believe in busaw (bad spirits). LIVELIHOOD TRADITIONAL ATTIRE Engage in agriculture, hunting, fishing, and civet Coastal Tirurays wear G-strings and shirts, while coffee production. mountain men wear short trousers and carry GOVERNANCE hunting weapons. The Blaan have a “community-based governance LIVELIHOOD: system” Farming, hunting, fishing, and basket weaving are headed by its "Fulong" or the tribal chieftain integral. RELIGION: Coastal Tirurays practice fishing, Animistic beliefs with a pantheon that includes: While mountain people focus on dry field MELU: Creator of the universe agriculture. LAMOT TA MANGAYO: God of war MUSIC & DANCE DIWATA: God of harvest Known for musical forms like balikata (debates), lendugan (love songs), and dances like Mag-asik DANCE AND MUSIC (seed-sowing) and Kefesayaw Teilawan. BLIT B’LAAN A courtship dance performed during festivals. Use instruments like the FOGLONG (string instrument) to accompany performances. JAMA MAPUN YAKAN TRIBE Origin: "Jama" means "people," and "Mapun" refers to the Island Municipality of Mapun, derived from the Indigenous to Basilan Island in the Sulu Archipelago, Malay term "maaf," meaning "forgiveness." Primarily believed to be descendants of the Dayaks of located on Mapun Island in Cagayan de Sulu. Indonesia. POPULATION LANGUAGE: 206,000 in the Philippines; also found in Pullun Mapun, a Sama-Bajau language of the Malaysia Austronesian family. LANGUAGE: Bissa Yakan (Austronesian) CULTURE RELIGION Predominantly Muslim. Known for their creativity, especially in weaving tipo mats from pandanus leaves. CLOTHING They practice dry-rice agriculture, copra Known for colorful, handwoven clothing, with production, and trading. specific designs for different age groups and Nanay Janeth Sabtal Hanapi, who is a ceremonial occasions. master weaver of tipo mats and a Jama DANCE: Mapun. Their tipo mats are made from the TUMAHIK dance performed by the groom to leaves of a pandanus plant and have display bravery. intricate designs. RITUALS: Include face-painting for marriage and Tipo or Pandan - weaving blessings for planting. Jama Mapun School of Living Traditons  livelihood - Dry-rice agriculture, copra Known for "dreamweaving" production, and trading. T'nalak cloth, a tradition where women receive designs in dreams from the goddess POLITICAL SYSTEM: Fu Dalu. They also create intricate Organized similarly to a state, with metalworks and beadwork. governance under a Sultan and villages managed by headmen. BAGOBO TRIBE RELIGION: Predominantly Sunni Islam, practicing the The term "Bagobo" is from "bago" (new) and Five Pillars of Islam. "obo" (person). Inhabit areas around Davao Gulf, TRADITION: particularly near Mt. Apo. Celebratory gatherings like the traditional Population: Around 60,000, one of the largest dance and song, Lunsay, performed at Manobo subgroups. weddings, where participants stomp bamboo LANGUAGE Bagobo Tagabawa to create rhythmic sounds. CLOTHING Known for their colorful abaca clothing with intricate TAUSUG TRIBE beadwork. Men wear knee-length trousers (saroar), and women wear tubular skirts (sonnod). "Tau" means "man," and "Sug" means "current" – LIVELIHOOD translating to "People of the Current." Primarily Settled people, practicing agriculture as well as reside in the Sulu Archipelago. hunting and fishing. Their chief crop is rice. Since LIVELIHOOD: Fishing and farming. this grain is their staple food, the whole routine of CLOTHING: Men wear Badjuh Lapih (upper) and its cultivation is most closely bound up with their Kuput (pants); women wear religious beliefs and practices. - Batawi and Sablay for formal occasions, and POLITICAL SYSTEM: Led by chieftains and councils - Sambra and Supa-Supa for daily wear. of elders. BELIEFS AND PRACTICES RELIGION: Burial rituals consist of four steps—Sutchihun, Polytheistic beliefs in gods and nine heavens. Saputan, Sambayanganun, and Hikubul. Major deities include Eugpamulak Manobo and They practice Panggunting and traditional Tigyama. Pangalay fingernail dance for celebrations. ART & DANCE: Known for LAWIN-LAWIN SYMBOL: DANCE, symbolizing the maturation of an eagle The colorful Vinta boat, also known as and serving as a rite of passage for the son of a lepa-lepa or sakayan, symbolizes Tausug, Datu. Sama-Bajau, and Yakan cultures. SAMA TRIBE T’BOLI TRIBE Derived from "sama-sama," meaning Origin: Derived from "Tao Belil," meaning "man "togetherness." They are known as sea nomads. living in the hills." Primarily found in South Cotabato LANGUAGE and Sarangani provinces. Sinama, with dialectal variations based on the LANGUAGE: island. T'boli (also known as Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul, or LIVELIHOOD Tagabilil). Seafaring lifestyle, primarily fishing and trading. LIVELIHOOD: CLOTHING Primarily hunter-gatherers, with farming, fishing, Men wear sarong, and women wear baju kurung and hunting. with colorful woven fabrics and accessories. GOVERNANCE: Political System: Governed by community leaders Society ruled by datus with no fixed hierarchy and elders. or jurisdiction. RELIGION RELIGION: Sunni Islam; they follow traditional rituals and Animistic beliefs in a seven-level upper world dances like "Igal Tariray" from Sitangkai, with gods like Kadaw La Sambad and Bulan Tawi-Tawi. La Magoaw. Environmental Practices: Noted for marine ART & TRADITION conservation practices like seasonal fishing bans and reef protection, highlighting their sustainable approach to marine life. SUBANON TRIBE Origin: The name "Subanon" is from "soba" or "suba" (river), meaning "people of the river." They are indigenous to the Zamboanga peninsula. LANGUAGE: Subanon. LIVELIHOOD: Traditionally shifting agriculture with a focus on rice and livestock. ATTIRE & SYMBOLS :Traditional costumes reflect meanings associated with colors: black (worship), white (peace), red (defense), green (nature), yellow (supernatural). POLITICAL SYSTEM Governed by a Timuay, a communal leader responsible for conflict resolution. RELIGION No formal religion; traditionally polytheistic with distinct marriage practices, including arranged marriages and polygamy. MUSIC & DANCE Instruments include the gagong (brass gong), kolintang, durugan (drum log), and drums. Chants and songs such as dionli (love song) and giloy (funeral song) play important roles in ceremonies.