PhysPsych Hunger, Eating & Health PDF

PHYSIO PSYCH HUNGER, EATING & HEALTH DIANA VIA PANAL, RPM Digestion Energy Storage Energy Utilization Theories of Hunger & Eating Factors that Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat Eating Disorders R.H. was a 48-year-old male whose progress in graduate school was interrupted by the developmen...

PHYSIO PSYCH HUNGER, EATING & HEALTH DIANA VIA PANAL, RPM Digestion Energy Storage Energy Utilization Theories of Hunger & Eating Factors that Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat Eating Disorders R.H. was a 48-year-old male whose progress in graduate school was interrupted by the development of severe amnesia for long-term explicit memory. The meals offered to R.H. were selected on the basis of interviews with him about the foods he liked: veal parmigiana (about 750 calories) plus all the apple juice he wanted. On one occasion, he was offered a second meal about 15 minutes after he had eaten the first, and he ate it. When offered a third meal 15 minutes later, he ate that, too. When offered a fourth meal he rejected it, claiming that his “stomach was a little tight.” Then, a few minutes later, R.H. announced that he was going out for a good walk and a meal. When asked what he was going to eat, his answer was “veal parmigiana.”  DIGESTION -the gastrointestinal process of breaking down food and absorbing its constituents into the body. Gut Microbiome -the bacteria and other organisms that live inside our gastrointestinal tract; it breaks down food that we ingest. Mouth Esophagus  Liver Stomach Large Intestine Kidneys  Small Bladder Intestines Rectum Anus ENERGY STORAGE IN THE BODY Energy is stored in three forms: (1) FAT (2) GLYCOGEN (3) PROTEINS Most of the body’s energy reserves are stored as fats, little as glycogen, and proteins.  WHY IS FAT THE BODY’S PREFERRED WAY OF STORING ENERGY? (1) A gram of fat can store almost twice as much energy as a gram of glycogen. (2) Glycogen, unlike fat, attracts and holds substantial quantities of water.  THREE PHASES OF ENERGY METABOLISM Energy Metabolism - chemical changes by which energy is made available for an organism’s use. CEPHALIC PHASE ABSORPTIVE FASTING PHASE PHASE -period which all of -preparatory -period during the unstored phase; initiated which the energy energy from the by the sight, absorbed into the previous meal has smell, or bloodstream from been used and the expectation of the meal. body is withdrawing food. energy. THEORIES OF HUNGER AND EATING SET-POINT ASSUMPTION after a meal, a person’s energy resources are assumed to be near their set point and to decline thereafter as the body uses energy to fuel its physiological processes. POSITIVE - INCENTIVE PERSPECTIVE humans and other animals are not normally driven to eat by internal energy deficits but are drawn to eat by the anticipated pleasure of eating - the anticipated pleasure of a behavior is called its positive-incentive value. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE WHAT WE EAT: Learned Taste Preferences and Aversions Learning to Eat Vitamins and Minerals FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE WHEN WE EAT: Premeal Hunger Pavlovian Conditioning of Hunger FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE WHEN WE EAT: Satiety Signals Sham Eating Appetizer Effect and Satiety  EATING DISORDERS  ANOREXIA NERVOSA - is a disorder of underconsumption; a serious condition. Julie was 17 years old when she first came for help. If you looked hard enough past her sunken eyes and pasty skin, you could see that she had once been attractive. But at present, she looked emaciated and unwell. Eighteen months earlier she had been overweight, weighing 140 pounds at 5 feet 1 inch. Her mother, a well-meaning but overbearing and demanding woman, nagged Julie incessantly about her appearance. Her friends were kinder but no less relentless. Julie, who had never had a date, was told by a friend she was cute and would have no trouble getting dates if she lost some weight. So she did! After many previous unsuccessful attempts, she was determined to succeed this time. After several weeks on a strict diet, Julie noticed she was losing weight. She felt a control and mastery that she had never known before. It wasn’t long before she received positive comments, not only from her friends but also from her mother. Julie began to feel good about herself. The difficulty was that she was losing weight too fast. She stopped menstruating.  But now nothing could stop her from dieting.By the time she reached our clinic, she weighed 75 pounds but she thought she looked fine and, perhaps, could even stand to lose a bit more weight. Her parents had just begun to worry about her. Julie did not initially seek treatment for her eating behavior. Rather, she had developed a numbness in her left lower leg and a left foot drop—an inability to lift up the front part of the foot—that a neurologist determined was caused by peritoneal nerve paralysis believed to be related to inadequate nutrition. The neurologist referred her to our clinic. Like most people with anorexia, Julie said she probably should put on a little weight, but she didn’t mean it. She thought she looked fine, but she had “lost all taste for food,” a report that may not have been true because most people with anorexia crave food at least some of the time but control their cravings. Nevertheless, she was participating in most of her usual activities and continued to do extremely well in school and in her extracurricular pursuits. Her parents were happy to buy her most of the workout videotapes available, and she began doing one every day, and then two. When her parents suggested she was exercising enough, perhaps too much, she worked out when no one was around. After every meal, she exercised with a workout tape until, in her mind, she burned up all the calories she had just taken in.  BULIMIA NERVOSA - is a disorder characterized by periods of not eating interrupted by bingeing followed by efforts to immediately eliminate the consumed calories from the body by voluntary purging (vomiting or excessive use of laxatives or diuretics.) Thanks